{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T04:23:18Z","timestamp":1792815798502,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,5]],"date-time":"2024-10-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728086400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,5]],"date-time":"2024-10-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728086400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AG081419"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AG081419"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014605","name":"Sage Therapeutics","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014605","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Neuroinflammation"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-024-03233-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,5]],"date-time":"2024-10-05T09:01:33Z","timestamp":1728118893000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["25-hydroxycholesterol promotes brain cytokine production and leukocyte infiltration in a mouse model of lipopolysaccharide-induced neuroinflammation"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Johnathan","family":"Romero","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danira","family":"Toral-Rios","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinsheng","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven M.","family":"Paul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anil G.","family":"Cashikar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,5]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"3233_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-022-01854-7","volume":"28","author":"Y Chen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chen Y, Dai J, Tang L, et al. Neuroimmune transcriptome changes in patient brains of psychiatric and neurological disorders. Mol Psychiatry. 2023;28(2):710\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41380-022-01854-7.","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"3233_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-019-0262-0","volume":"20","author":"M Colonna","year":"2020","unstructured":"Colonna M, Brioschi S. Neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in human brain at single-cell resolution. Nat Rev Immunol. 2020;20(2):81\u20132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41577-019-0262-0.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"3233_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xing C, Huang X, Wang D, Yu D, Hou S, Cui H, et al. Roles of bile acids signaling in neuromodulation under physiological and pathological conditions. Cell Biosci. 2023;13(1):106.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13578-023-01053-z"},{"issue":"7357","key":"3233_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10280","volume":"475","author":"S Hannedouche","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hannedouche S, Zhang J, Yi T, et al. Oxysterols direct immune cell migration via EBI2. Nature. 2011;475(7357):524\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature10280.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"6197","key":"3233_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1254790","volume":"345","author":"A Reboldi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Reboldi A, Dang EV, McDonald JG, Liang G, Russell DW, Cyster JG. 25-Hydroxycholesterol suppresses interleukin-1\u2013driven inflammation downstream of type I interferon. Science. 2014;345(6197):679\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1254790.","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"3233_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2012.11.005","volume":"38","author":"SY Liu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Liu SY, Aliyari R, Chikere K, et al. Interferon-Inducible cholesterol-25-Hydroxylase broadly inhibits viral entry by production of 25-Hydroxycholesterol. Immunity. 2013;38(1):92\u2013105. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.immuni.2012.11.005.","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"issue":"36","key":"3233_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11929","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1860-14.2014","volume":"34","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Chen K, Sloan SA, et al. An RNA-Sequencing transcriptome and Splicing Database of Glia, neurons, and vascular cells of the cerebral cortex. J Neurosci. 2014;34(36):11929\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1860-14.2014.","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"3233_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.11.013","volume":"89","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Sloan SA, Clarke LE, et al. Purification and characterization of progenitor and mature human astrocytes reveals transcriptional and functional differences with Mouse. Neuron. 2016;89(1):37\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.11.013.","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"3233_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bauman DR, Bitmansour AD, McDonald JG, Thompson BM, Liang G, Russell DW. 25-Hydroxycholesterol secreted by macrophages in response to Toll-like receptor activation suppresses immunoglobulin A production. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2009;106(39):16764\u201316769. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.0909142106","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0909142106"},{"issue":"7","key":"3233_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.05.018","volume":"169","author":"H Keren-Shaul","year":"2017","unstructured":"Keren-Shaul H, Spinrad A, Weiner A, et al. A Unique Microglia Type Associated with Restricting Development of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease. Cell. 2017;169(7):1276\u2013e129017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cell.2017.05.018.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"3","key":"3233_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2017.08.008","volume":"47","author":"S Krasemann","year":"2017","unstructured":"Krasemann S, Madore C, Cialic R, et al. The TREM2-APOE pathway drives the Transcriptional phenotype of dysfunctional microglia in neurodegenerative diseases. Immunity. 2017;47(3):566\u2013e5819. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.immuni.2017.08.008.","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"issue":"1","key":"3233_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-020-01869-3","volume":"17","author":"MY Wong","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wong MY, Lewis M, Doherty JJ, et al. 25-Hydroxycholesterol amplifies microglial IL-1\u03b2 production in an apoE isoform-dependent manner. J Neuroinflammation. 2020;17(1):192. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12974-020-01869-3.","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"issue":"11","key":"3233_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3755","volume":"14","author":"JG Cyster","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cyster JG, Dang EV, Reboldi A, Yi T. 25-Hydroxycholesterols in innate and adaptive immunity. Nat Rev Immunol. 2014;14(11):731\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nri3755.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"3233_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlr.2023.100350","volume":"25","author":"A Cashikar","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cashikar A, Rios D, Timm D, et al. Regulation of astrocyte lipid metabolism and ApoE secretion by the microglial oxysterol, 25-hydroxycholesterol. J Lipid Res Published Online Febr. 2023;25:100350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jlr.2023.100350.","journal-title":"J Lipid Res Published Online Febr"},{"issue":"1","key":"3233_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1186\/1465-9921-13-63","volume":"13","author":"A Koarai","year":"2012","unstructured":"Koarai A, Yanagisawa S, Sugiura H, et al. 25-hydroxycholesterol enhances cytokine release and toll-like receptor 3 response in airway epithelial cells. Respir Res. 2012;13(1):63. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1465-9921-13-63.","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"issue":"29","key":"3233_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10666","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1404271111","volume":"111","author":"ES Gold","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gold ES, Diercks AH, Podolsky I, et al. 25-Hydroxycholesterol acts as an amplifier of inflammatory signaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2014;111(29):10666\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1404271111.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"3233_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.08.021","volume":"49","author":"C Guo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Guo C, Chi Z, Jiang D, et al. Cholesterol homeostatic Regulator SCAP-SREBP2 integrates NLRP3 inflammasome activation and cholesterol Biosynthetic Signaling in macrophages. Immunity. 2018;49(5):842\u2013e8567. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.08.021.","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"issue":"11","key":"3233_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2258","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M900107-JLR200","volume":"50","author":"U Diczfalusy","year":"2009","unstructured":"Diczfalusy U, Olofsson KE, Carlsson AM, et al. Marked upregulation of cholesterol 25-hydroxylase expression by lipopolysaccharide. J Lipid Res. 2009;50(11):2258\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1194\/jlr.M900107-JLR200.","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"key":"3233_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2019.01.029","volume":"79","author":"OC Oliveira-Lima","year":"2019","unstructured":"Oliveira-Lima OC, Carvalho-Tavares J, Rodrigues MF, et al. Lipid dynamics in LPS-induced neuroinflammation by DESI-MS imaging. Brain Behav Immun. 2019;79:186\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbi.2019.01.029.","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"issue":"1","key":"3233_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2908","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-06894-1","volume":"12","author":"M Blank","year":"2022","unstructured":"Blank M, Enzlein T, Hopf C. LPS-induced lipid alterations in microglia revealed by MALDI mass spectrometry-based cell fingerprinting in neuroinflammation studies. Sci Rep. 2022;12(1):2908. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-022-06894-1.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"10","key":"3233_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1370","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-018-0236-8","volume":"21","author":"TM Dawson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dawson TM, Golde TE, Lagier-Tourenne C. Animal models of neurodegenerative diseases. Nat Neurosci. 2018;21(10):1370\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41593-018-0236-8.","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"issue":"8","key":"3233_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3168","volume":"15","author":"RM Ransohoff","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ransohoff RM. Animal models of multiple sclerosis: the good, the bad and the bottom line. Nat Neurosci. 2012;15(8):1074\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nn.3168.","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"issue":"5","key":"3233_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.20467","volume":"55","author":"L Qin","year":"2007","unstructured":"Qin L, Wu X, Block ML, et al. Systemic LPS causes chronic Neuroinflammation and Progressive Neurodegeneration. Glia. 2007;55(5):453\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/glia.20467.","journal-title":"Glia"},{"issue":"1","key":"3233_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-020-01759-8","volume":"17","author":"CA Thomson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Thomson CA, McColl A, Graham GJ, Cavanagh J. Sustained exposure to systemic endotoxin triggers chemokine induction in the brain followed by a rapid influx of leukocytes. J Neuroinflamm. 2020;17(1):94. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12974-020-01759-8.","journal-title":"J Neuroinflamm"},{"issue":"6","key":"3233_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0610318","volume":"88","author":"K Park","year":"2010","unstructured":"Park K, Scott AL. Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase production by dendritic cells and macrophages is regulated by type I interferons. J Leukoc Biol. 2010;88(6):1081\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1189\/jlb.0610318.","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"issue":"49","key":"3233_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10054","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1502-21.2021","volume":"41","author":"Y Izumi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Izumi Y, Cashikar AG, Krishnan K, et al. A proinflammatory stimulus disrupts hippocampal plasticity and learning via Microglial activation and 25-Hydroxycholesterol. J Neurosci. 2021;41(49):10054\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1502-21.2021.","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"13","key":"3233_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107843","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.107843","volume":"31","author":"K Srinivasan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Srinivasan K, Friedman BA, Etxeberria A, et al. Alzheimer\u2019s patient microglia exhibit enhanced aging and unique transcriptional activation. Cell Rep. 2020;31(13):107843. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.107843.","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"issue":"8","key":"3233_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M014084","volume":"52","author":"A Honda","year":"2011","unstructured":"Honda A, Miyazaki T, Ikegami T, et al. Cholesterol 25-hydroxylation activity of CYP3A. J Lipid Res. 2011;52(8):1509\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1194\/jlr.M014084.","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"3233_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20232000","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20232000","volume":"221","author":"D Toral-Rios","year":"2024","unstructured":"Toral-Rios D, Long JM, Ulrich JD, et al. Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase mediates neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in a mouse model of tauopathy. J Exp Med. 2024;221(4):e20232000. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1084\/jem.20232000.","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"3233_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4303","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-24632-5","volume":"12","author":"EA Monson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Monson EA, Crosse KM, Duan M, et al. Intracellular lipid droplet accumulation occurs early following viral infection and is required for an efficient interferon response. Nat Commun. 2021;12(1):4303. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-021-24632-5.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"2","key":"3233_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-019-0566-1","volume":"23","author":"J Marschallinger","year":"2020","unstructured":"Marschallinger J, Iram T, Zardeneta M, et al. Lipid-droplet-accumulating microglia represent a dysfunctional and proinflammatory state in the aging brain. Nat Neurosci. 2020;23(2):194\u2013208. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41593-019-0566-1.","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"issue":"7953","key":"3233_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-05788-0","volume":"615","author":"X Chen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chen X, Firulyova M, Manis M, et al. Microglia-mediated T cell infiltration drives neurodegeneration in tauopathy. Nature. 2023;615(7953):668\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-023-05788-0.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"4","key":"3233_CR33","first-page":"631","volume":"34","author":"PL Eckman","year":"1958","unstructured":"Eckman PL, King WM, Brunson JG. Studies on the blood brain barrier. I. effects produced by a single injection of gramnegative endotoxin on the permeability of the cerebral vessels. Am J Pathol. 1958;34(4):631\u201343.","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"3233_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1700890205","volume":"89","author":"IV Allen","year":"1965","unstructured":"Allen IV, THE EFFECT OF BACTERIAL PYROGEN ON THE BLOOD-BRAIN. BARRIER FOR TRYPAN BLUE. J Pathol Bacteriol. 1965;89:481\u201394.","journal-title":"J Pathol Bacteriol"},{"key":"3233_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lawrence JH, Patel A, King MW, Nadarajah CJ, Daneman R, Musiek ES. Microglia drive diurnal variation in susceptibility to inflammatory blood-brain barrier breakdown. bioRxiv. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2024.04.10.588924.","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.04.10.588924"},{"issue":"4","key":"3233_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI113736","volume":"82","author":"B Wispelwey","year":"1988","unstructured":"Wispelwey B, Lesse AJ, Hansen EJ, Scheld WM. Haemophilus influenzae lipopolysaccharide-induced blood brain barrier permeability during experimental meningitis in the rat. J Clin Invest. 1988;82(4):1339\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1172\/JCI113736.","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"1","key":"3233_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/s40035-020-00221-2","volume":"9","author":"HS Kwon","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kwon HS, Koh SH. Neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative disorders: the roles of microglia and astrocytes. Translational Neurodegeneration. 2020;9(1):42. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40035-020-00221-2.","journal-title":"Translational Neurodegeneration"},{"issue":"3","key":"3233_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-020-00435-y","volume":"17","author":"F Leng","year":"2021","unstructured":"Leng F, Edison P. Neuroinflammation and microglial activation in Alzheimer disease: where do we go from here? Nat Rev Neurol. 2021;17(3):157\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41582-020-00435-y.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"issue":"3","key":"3233_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3102","volume":"16","author":"MT Heneka","year":"2015","unstructured":"Heneka MT, Golenbock DT, Latz E. Innate immunity in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Nat Immunol. 2015;16(3):229\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ni.3102.","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"3233_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Marsh SE, Abud EM, Lakatos A et al. The adaptive immune system restrains Alzheimer\u2019s disease pathogenesis by modulating microglial function. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2016;113(9):E1316-E1325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1525466113","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1525466113"},{"issue":"12","key":"3233_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2022.10.016","volume":"55","author":"X Chen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chen X, Holtzman DM. Emerging roles of innate and adaptive immunity in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Immunity. 2022;55(12):2236\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.immuni.2022.10.016.","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"issue":"10","key":"3233_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181b6bb95","volume":"73","author":"C Holmes","year":"2009","unstructured":"Holmes C, Cunningham C, Zotova E, et al. Systemic inflammation and disease progression in Alzheimer disease. Neurology. 2009;73(10):768\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181b6bb95.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"1","key":"3233_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2012-302883","volume":"84","author":"A Semmler","year":"2013","unstructured":"Semmler A, Widmann CN, Okulla T, et al. Persistent cognitive impairment, hippocampal atrophy and EEG changes in sepsis survivors. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2013;84(1):62\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jnnp-2012-302883.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"3233_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-140621","volume":"43","author":"P Maheshwari","year":"2015","unstructured":"Maheshwari P, Eslick GD. Bacterial infection and Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: a Meta-analysis. J Alzheimer\u2019s Disease. 2015;43(3):957\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/JAD-140621.","journal-title":"J Alzheimer\u2019s Disease"},{"issue":"6","key":"3233_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9060679","volume":"9","author":"RF Itzhaki","year":"2021","unstructured":"Itzhaki RF. Overwhelming evidence for a major role for Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 (HSV1) in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease (AD); underwhelming evidence against. Vaccines (Basel). 2021;9(6):679. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vaccines9060679.","journal-title":"Vaccines (Basel)"},{"issue":"7","key":"3233_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2022.12.029","volume":"111","author":"KS Levine","year":"2023","unstructured":"Levine KS, Leonard HL, Blauwendraat C, et al. Virus exposure and neurodegenerative disease risk across national biobanks. Neuron. 2023;111(7):1086\u2013e10932. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuron.2022.12.029.","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"6628","key":"3233_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eadd1236","DOI":"10.1126\/science.add1236","volume":"379","author":"Doh Seo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Seo Doh, O\u2019Donnell D, Jain N, et al. ApoE isoform\u2013 and microbiota-dependent progression of neurodegeneration in a mouse model of tauopathy. Science. 2023;379(6628):eadd1236. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.add1236.","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"3233_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresrev.2008.09.001","volume":"59","author":"E Okun","year":"2009","unstructured":"Okun E, Griffioen KJ, Lathia JD, Tang SC, Mattson MP, Arumugam TV. Toll-like receptors in neurodegeneration. Brain Res Rev. 2009;59(2):278\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brainresrev.2008.09.001.","journal-title":"Brain Res Rev"},{"key":"3233_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-8-92","volume":"8","author":"M Song","year":"2011","unstructured":"Song M, Jin J, Lim JE, et al. TLR4 mutation reduces microglial activation, increases A\u03b2 deposits and exacerbates cognitive deficits in a mouse model of Alzheimer\u2019s disease. J Neuroinflammation. 2011;8:92. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1742-2094-8-92.","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"3233_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2018.12.003","volume":"76","author":"M Campolo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Campolo M, Paterniti I, Siracusa R, Filippone A, Esposito E, Cuzzocrea S. TLR4 absence reduces neuroinflammation and inflammasome activation in Parkinson\u2019s diseases in vivo model. Brain Behav Immun. 2019;76:236\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbi.2018.12.003.","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"issue":"3","key":"3233_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0151081","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0151081","volume":"11","author":"M Ide","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ide M, Harris M, Stevens A, et al. Periodontitis and Cognitive decline in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease. PLoS ONE. 2016;11(3):e0151081. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0151081.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"9","key":"3233_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2350501","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.202350501","volume":"53","author":"Q Shi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shi Q, Zhan T, Bi X, Ye B, ce, Qi N. Cholesterol-autoxidation metabolites in host defense against infectious diseases. Eur J Immunol. 2023;53(9):2350501. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/eji.202350501.","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"issue":"5","key":"3233_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.09.029","volume":"171","author":"EV Dang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dang EV, McDonald JG, Russell DW, Cyster JG. Oxysterol restraint of cholesterol synthesis prevents AIM2 inflammasome activation. Cell. 2017;171(5):1057\u2013e107111. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cell.2017.09.029.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"1","key":"3233_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-11-132","volume":"11","author":"J Cazareth","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cazareth J, Guyon A, Heurteaux C, Chabry J, Petit-Paitel A. Molecular and cellular neuroinflammatory status of mouse brain after systemic lipopolysaccharide challenge: importance of CCR2\/CCL2 signaling. J Neuroinflamm. 2014;11(1):132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1742-2094-11-132.","journal-title":"J Neuroinflamm"},{"issue":"7638","key":"3233_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1038\/nature21029","volume":"541","author":"SA Liddelow","year":"2017","unstructured":"Liddelow SA, Guttenplan KA, Clarke LE, et al. Neurotoxic reactive astrocytes are induced by activated microglia. Nature. 2017;541(7638):481\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature21029.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"3233_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Liddelow SA, Barres BA. Reactive Astrocytes: Production, Function, and, Potential T. Immunity. 2017;46(6):957\u2013967. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.immuni.2017.06.006","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2017.06.006"},{"issue":"2","key":"3233_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1640","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24021640","volume":"24","author":"MA Erickson","year":"2023","unstructured":"Erickson MA, Shulyatnikova T, Banks WA, Hayden MR. Ultrastructural remodeling of the blood\u2013brain barrier and neurovascular unit by Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Neuroinflammation. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24(2):1640. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms24021640.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"11","key":"3233_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2489","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-021-00757-x","volume":"18","author":"I Galea","year":"2021","unstructured":"Galea I. The blood\u2013brain barrier in systemic infection and inflammation. Cell Mol Immunol. 2021;18(11):2489\u2013501. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41423-021-00757-x.","journal-title":"Cell Mol Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"3233_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e55328","DOI":"10.15252\/embr.202255328","volume":"24","author":"F Ruiz","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ruiz F, Peter B, Rebeaud J, et al. Endothelial cell-derived oxysterol ablation attenuates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. EMBO Rep. 2023;24(3):e55328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15252\/embr.202255328.","journal-title":"EMBO Rep"},{"issue":"11","key":"3233_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1892","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-019-0497-x","volume":"22","author":"RN Munji","year":"2019","unstructured":"Munji RN, Soung AL, Weiner GA, et al. Profiling the mouse brain endothelial transcriptome in health and disease models reveals a core blood\u2013brain barrier dysfunction module. Nat Neurosci. 2019;22(11):1892\u2013902. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41593-019-0497-x.","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"3233_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613733","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2020.613733","volume":"8","author":"YR Kim","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kim YR, Kim YM, Lee J, Park J, Lee JE, Hyun YM. Neutrophils return to Bloodstream through the brain blood Vessel after Crosstalk with Microglia during LPS-Induced Neuroinflammation. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2020;8:613733. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcell.2020.613733.","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol"},{"issue":"2","key":"3233_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2004.06.001","volume":"19","author":"S Ching","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ching S, He L, Lai W, Quan N. IL-1 type I receptor plays a key role in mediating the recruitment of leukocytes into the central nervous system. Brain Behav Immun. 2005;19(2):127\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbi.2004.06.001.","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"issue":"4","key":"3233_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1002\/jlb.51.4.343","volume":"51","author":"H Shau","year":"1992","unstructured":"Shau H, Kim A, Golub SH. Modulation of natural killer and lymphokine-activated killer cell cytotoxicity by lactoferrin. J Leukoc Biol. 1992;51(4):343\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jlb.51.4.343.","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3233_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27711","DOI":"10.1038\/srep27711","volume":"6","author":"H He","year":"2016","unstructured":"He H, Geng T, Chen P, et al. NK cells promote neutrophil recruitment in the brain during sepsis-induced neuroinflammation. Sci Rep. 2016;6(1):27711. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/srep27711.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"3233_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-023-01324-9","volume":"21","author":"Z Ning","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ning Z, Liu Y, Guo D, Lin WJ, Tang Y. Natural killer cells in the central nervous system. Cell Commun Signal. 2023;21(1):341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12964-023-01324-9.","journal-title":"Cell Commun Signal"},{"issue":"38","key":"3233_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23995","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.272.38.23995","volume":"272","author":"M Schwarz","year":"1997","unstructured":"Schwarz M, Lund EG, Lathe R, Bj\u00f6rkhem I, Russell DW. Identification and characterization of a mouse oxysterol 7\u03b1-Hydroxylase cDNA*. J Biol Chem. 1997;272(38):23995\u20134001. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1074\/jbc.272.38.23995.","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"5","key":"3233_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2017.01.020","volume":"18","author":"F Wanke","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wanke F, Moos S, Croxford AL, et al. EBI2 is highly expressed in multiple sclerosis lesions and promotes early CNS Migration of Encephalitogenic CD4 T cells. Cell Rep. 2017;18(5):1270\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.celrep.2017.01.020.","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"issue":"5","key":"3233_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glr003","volume":"66A","author":"Y Yang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Yang Y, Kozloski M. Sex differences in Age trajectories of physiological dysregulation: inflammation, metabolic syndrome, and allostatic load. Journals Gerontology: Ser A. 2011;66A(5):493\u2013500. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/gerona\/glr003.","journal-title":"Journals Gerontology: Ser A"},{"issue":"3","key":"3233_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2013.10.005","volume":"11","author":"G Ch\u00eane","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ch\u00eane G, Beiser A, Au R, et al. Gender and incidence of dementia in the Framingham Heart Study from mid-adult life. Alzheimer\u2019s Dement. 2015;11(3):310\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jalz.2013.10.005.","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dement"},{"issue":"4","key":"3233_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2011.03.050","volume":"145","author":"K Saijo","year":"2011","unstructured":"Saijo K, Collier JG, Li AC, Katzenellenbogen JA, Glass CK. An ADIOL-ER\u03b2-CtBP transrepression pathway negatively regulates microglia-mediated inflammation. Cell. 2011;145(4):584\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cell.2011.03.050.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"1","key":"3233_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e16631","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0016631","volume":"6","author":"R Lappano","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lappano R, Recchia AG, Francesco EMD, et al. The cholesterol metabolite 25-Hydroxycholesterol activates estrogen receptor \u03b1-Mediated signaling in Cancer cells and in Cardiomyocytes. PLoS ONE. 2011;6(1):e16631. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0016631.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"3233_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btp616","volume":"26","author":"MD Robinson","year":"2010","unstructured":"Robinson MD, McCarthy DJ, Smyth GK. edgeR: a Bioconductor package for differential expression analysis of digital gene expression data. Bioinformatics. 2010;26(1):139\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btp616.","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"7","key":"3233_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e47","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkv007","volume":"43","author":"ME Ritchie","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ritchie ME, Phipson B, Wu D, et al. Limma powers differential expression analyses for RNA-sequencing and microarray studies. Nucleic Acids Res. 2015;43(7):e47. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/nar\/gkv007.","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"issue":"15","key":"3233_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e97","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkv412","volume":"43","author":"R Liu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Liu R, Holik AZ, Su S, et al. Why weight? Modelling sample and observational level variability improves power in RNA-seq analyses. Nucleic Acids Res. 2015;43(15):e97. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/nar\/gkv412.","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"3233_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1523","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-09234-6","volume":"10","author":"Y Zhou","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhou Y, Zhou B, Pache L, et al. Metascape provides a biologist-oriented resource for the analysis of systems-level datasets. Nat Commun. 2019;10(1):1523. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-019-09234-6.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"11","key":"3233_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2498","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.1239303","volume":"13","author":"P Shannon","year":"2003","unstructured":"Shannon P, Markiel A, Ozier O, et al. Cytoscape: a software environment for integrated models of biomolecular interaction networks. Genome Res. 2003;13(11):2498\u2013504. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/gr.1239303.","journal-title":"Genome Res"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neuroinflammation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12974-024-03233-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12974-024-03233-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12974-024-03233-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,6]],"date-time":"2024-10-06T01:01:54Z","timestamp":1728176514000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jneuroinflammation.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12974-024-03233-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,5]]},"references-count":76,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3233"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12974-024-03233-1","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-4784189\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1742-2094"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1742-2094","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 July 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 September 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 October 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Research using mouse as a model system of neuroinflammation was approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) of the Washington University School of Medicine.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"251"}}