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Although recent studies have begun to elucidate the involvement of microglia in cryptococcosis, our knowledge of these CNS resident phagocytes in the control of cryptococcosis is limited.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>We investigated microglial responses to <jats:italic>Cn<\/jats:italic> infection and the effect of active capsular production by comparing wild-type H99 and acapsular mutant <jats:italic>cap59<\/jats:italic> strains using the CX3CR1-EGFP transgenic mouse and a stereotaxic intracerebral infection model.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Microglia had difficulty combating <jats:italic>Cn<\/jats:italic> H99 infection. Active production and secretion of the capsular material altered the morphology and distribution of microglia around cryptococcomas or fungal brain lesions. It also affected the infiltration of peripheral immune cells to CNS fungal infection. Moreover, RNA sequencing analyses supported the importance of capsule production in immune modulation. Chemotaxis assays demonstrated that active capsular production by <jats:italic>Cn<\/jats:italic> H99, and especially GXM, impaired microglial motility and fungal phagocytosis.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Our findings suggest that microglia may not be able to control cryptococcal CNS infection and that active capsular production and release may contribute to the progression and persistence of cerebral cryptococcosis.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-025-03384-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]],"date-time":"2025-03-04T09:44:54Z","timestamp":1741081494000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Active Cryptococcus neoformans glucuronoxylomannan production prevents elimination of cryptococcal CNS infection in vivo"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Vanessa","family":"Enriquez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa E.","family":"Munzen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luz M.","family":"Porras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia L.","family":"Charles-Ni\u00f1o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fahong","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karina","family":"Alvi\u00f1a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raddy L.","family":"Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael R.","family":"Dores","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paola","family":"Giusti-Rodriguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis R.","family":"Martinez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]]},"reference":[{"issue":"12","key":"3384_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1748","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(22)00499-6","volume":"22","author":"R Rajasingham","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rajasingham R, Govender NP, Jordan A, Loyse A, Shroufi A, Denning DW, Meya DB, Chiller TM, Boulware DR. 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