{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T00:31:11Z","timestamp":1788481871439,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]],"date-time":"2025-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740787200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]],"date-time":"2025-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740787200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82070969"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82070969"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82070969"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82070969"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82070969"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82070969"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82070969"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82070969"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82070969"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82070969"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82070969"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82070969"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"2024 Graduate Education Innovation Program Project"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100021171","name":"Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2021A1515010689"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021A1515010689"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100021171","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100021171","name":"Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2024A1515010518"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024A1515010518"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100021171","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Guangzhou Municipal University Joint Funding Project","award":["SL2023A03J00488"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SL2023A03J00488"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Neuroinflammation"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-025-03391-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]],"date-time":"2025-03-01T07:36:36Z","timestamp":1740814596000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["cGAMP promotes inner blood-retinal barrier breakdown through P2RX7-mediated transportation into microglia"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Xiangyu","family":"Ge","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xingfei","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingsen","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhaotian","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ming","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mi","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haifeng","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ziqing","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuebin","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rong","family":"Ju","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiangcheng","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyan","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lili","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"Suppl 6","key":"3391_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.5301\/EJO.2010.6049","volume":"21","author":"J Cunha-Vaz","year":"2011","unstructured":"Cunha-Vaz J, Bernardes R, Lobo C. Blood-retinal barrier. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2011;21(Suppl 6):S3-9. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5301\/EJO.2010.6049.","journal-title":"Eur J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"3391_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2024.101245","volume":"99","author":"O Tomkins-Netzer","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tomkins-Netzer O, Niederer R, Greenwood J, Fabian ID, Serlin Y, Friedman A, Lightman S. Mechanisms of blood-retinal barrier disruption related to intraocular inflammation and malignancy. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2024;99: 101245. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2024.101245.","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"key":"3391_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2013.02.001","volume":"34","author":"I Klaassen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Klaassen I, Van Noorden CJ, Schlingemann RO. Molecular basis of the inner blood-retinal barrier and its breakdown in diabetic macular edema and other pathological conditions. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2013;34:19\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2013.02.001.","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"key":"3391_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.16330","volume":"290","author":"F O'Leary","year":"2023","unstructured":"O\u2019Leary F, Campbell M. The blood-retina barrier in health and disease. FEBS J. 2023;290:878\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/febs.16330.","journal-title":"FEBS J"},{"key":"3391_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2013.4154","author":"SB Bressler","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bressler SB, Qin H, Melia M, Bressler NM, Beck RW, Chan CK, Grover S, Miller DG. Diabetic retinopathy clinical research N. Exploratory analysis of the effect of intravitreal ranibizumab or triamcinolone on worsening of diabetic retinopathy in a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2013. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2013.4154.","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"3391_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1001\/archophthalmol.2012.1043","volume":"130","author":"MS Ip","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ip MS, Domalpally A, Hopkins JJ, Wong P, Ehrlich JS. Long-term effects of ranibizumab on diabetic retinopathy severity and progression. Arch Ophthalmol. 2012;130:1145\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archophthalmol.2012.1043.","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"3391_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2137","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.15217","volume":"314","author":"JG Gross","year":"2015","unstructured":"Writing Committee for the Diabetic Retinopathy Clinical Research N, Gross JG, Glassman AR, Jampol LM, Inusah S, Aiello LP, Antoszyk AN, Baker CW, Berger BB, Bressler NM, et al. Panretinal photocoagulation vs Intravitreous Ranibizumab for proliferative diabetic retinopathy: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2015;314:2137\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2015.15217.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"3391_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1232458","volume":"339","author":"L Sun","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sun L, Wu J, Du F, Chen X, Chen ZJ. Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase is a cytosolic DNA sensor that activates the type I interferon pathway. Science. 2013;339:786\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1232458.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"3391_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08476","volume":"461","author":"H Ishikawa","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ishikawa H, Ma Z, Barber GN. STING regulates intracellular DNA-mediated, type I interferon-dependent innate immunity. Nature. 2009;461:788\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature08476.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"3391_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1390","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1244040","volume":"341","author":"XD Li","year":"2013","unstructured":"Li XD, Wu J, Gao D, Wang H, Sun L, Chen ZJ. Pivotal roles of cGAS-cGAMP signaling in antiviral defense and immune adjuvant effects. Science. 2013;341:1390\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1244040.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"3391_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1229963","volume":"339","author":"J Wu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wu J, Sun L, Chen X, Du F, Shi H, Chen C, Chen ZJ. Cyclic GMP-AMP is an endogenous second messenger in innate immune signaling by cytosolic DNA. Science. 2013;339:826\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1229963.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"3391_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12306","volume":"498","author":"A Ablasser","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ablasser A, Goldeck M, Cavlar T, Deimling T, Witte G, Rohl I, Hopfner KP, Ludwig J, Hornung V. cGAS produces a 2\u2032-5\u2032-linked cyclic dinucleotide second messenger that activates STING. Nature. 2013;498:380\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature12306.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"3391_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2013.04.046","volume":"153","author":"P Gao","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gao P, Ascano M, Wu Y, Barchet W, Gaffney BL, Zillinger T, Serganov AA, Liu Y, Jones RA, Hartmann G, et al. Cyclic [G(2\u2032,5\u2032)pA(3\u2032,5\u2032)p] is the metazoan second messenger produced by DNA-activated cyclic GMP-AMP synthase. Cell. 2013;153:1094\u2013107. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cell.2013.04.046.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"3391_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2013.05.022","volume":"51","author":"X Zhang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Zhang X, Shi H, Wu J, Zhang X, Sun L, Chen C, Chen ZJ. Cyclic GMP-AMP containing mixed phosphodiester linkages is an endogenous high-affinity ligand for STING. Mol Cell. 2013;51:226\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.molcel.2013.05.022.","journal-title":"Mol Cell"},{"key":"3391_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aat8657","author":"A Ablasser","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ablasser A, Chen ZJ. cGAS in action: expanding roles in immunity and inflammation. Science. 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.aat8657.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"3391_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2020.10.008","volume":"44","author":"BD Paul","year":"2021","unstructured":"Paul BD, Snyder SH, Bohr VA. Signaling by cGAS-STING in neurodegeneration, neuroinflammation, and aging. Trends Neurosci. 2021;44:83\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tins.2020.10.008.","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"key":"3391_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06373-1","volume":"620","author":"MF Gulen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gulen MF, Samson N, Keller A, Schwabenland M, Liu C, Gluck S, Thacker VV, Favre L, Mangeat B, Kroese LJ, et al. cGAS-STING drives ageing-related inflammation and neurodegeneration. Nature. 2023;620:374\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-023-06373-1.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"3391_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-021-00524-z","volume":"21","author":"A Decout","year":"2021","unstructured":"Decout A, Katz JD, Venkatraman S, Ablasser A. The cGAS-STING pathway as a therapeutic target in inflammatory diseases. Nat Rev Immunol. 2021;21:548\u201369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41577-021-00524-z.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"3391_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20180139","volume":"215","author":"T Li","year":"2018","unstructured":"Li T, Chen ZJ. The cGAS-cGAMP-STING pathway connects DNA damage to inflammation, senescence, and cancer. J Exp Med. 2018;215:1287\u201399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1084\/jem.20180139.","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"3391_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-023-06140-0","volume":"14","author":"X Wu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wu X, Yu N, Ye Z, Gu Y, Zhang C, Chen M, Wang K. Inhibition of cGAS-STING pathway alleviates neuroinflammation-induced retinal ganglion cell death after ischemia\/reperfusion injury. Cell Death Dis. 2023;14:615. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41419-023-06140-0.","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"key":"3391_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.4155\/fmc-2022-0301","volume":"15","author":"B Hu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hu B, Ma JX, Duerfeldt AS. The cGAS-STING pathway in diabetic retinopathy and age-related macular degeneration. Future Med Chem. 2023;15:717\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4155\/fmc-2022-0301.","journal-title":"Future Med Chem"},{"key":"3391_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4450","volume":"24","author":"N Kerur","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kerur N, Fukuda S, Banerjee D, Kim Y, Fu D, Apicella I, Varshney A, Yasuma R, Fowler BJ, Baghdasaryan E, et al. cGAS drives noncanonical-inflammasome activation in age-related macular degeneration. Nat Med. 2018;24:50\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nm.4450.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"3391_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1816","DOI":"10.1038\/s41418-022-00967-4","volume":"29","author":"M Zou","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zou M, Ke Q, Nie Q, Qi R, Zhu X, Liu W, Hu X, Sun Q, Fu JL, Tang X, et al. Inhibition of cGAS-STING by JQ1 alleviates oxidative stress-induced retina inflammation and degeneration. Cell Death Differ. 2022;29:1816\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41418-022-00967-4.","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ"},{"key":"3391_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2021.11.040","volume":"178","author":"M Zou","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zou M, Gong L, Ke Q, Qi R, Zhu X, Liu W, Sun Q, Tang X, Luo Z, Gong X, et al. Heterochromatin inhibits cGAS and STING during oxidative stress-induced retinal pigment epithelium and retina degeneration. Free Radic Biol Med. 2022;178:147\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2021.11.040.","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"3391_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-023-02804-y","volume":"20","author":"X Zhu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhu X, Liu W, Tang X, Chen Y, Ge X, Ke Q, Liang X, Gan Y, Zheng Y, Zou M, et al. The BET PROTAC inhibitor dBET6 protects against retinal degeneration and inhibits the cGAS-STING in response to light damage. J Neuroinflammation. 2023;20:119. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12974-023-02804-y.","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"3391_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2208934119","volume":"119","author":"X Ma","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ma X, Wu W, Liang W, Takahashi Y, Cai J, Ma JX. Modulation of cGAS-STING signaling by PPARalpha in a mouse model of ischemia-induced retinopathy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2022;119: e2208934119. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2208934119.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"3391_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2022.07.014","volume":"174","author":"VE Mekers","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mekers VE, Kho VM, Ansems M, Adema GJ. cGAS\/cGAMP\/STING signal propagation in the tumor microenvironment: key role for myeloid cells in antitumor immunity. Radiother Oncol. 2022;174:158\u201367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.radonc.2022.07.014.","journal-title":"Radiother Oncol"},{"key":"3391_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1553-0","volume":"573","author":"RD Luteijn","year":"2019","unstructured":"Luteijn RD, Zaver SA, Gowen BG, Wyman SK, Garelis NE, Onia L, McWhirter SM, Katibah GE, Corn JE, Woodward JJ, et al. SLC19A1 transports immunoreactive cyclic dinucleotides. Nature. 2019;573:434\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-019-1553-0.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"372\u2013381","key":"3391_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2019.05.006","volume":"75","author":"C Ritchie","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ritchie C, Cordova AF, Hess GT, Bassik MC, Li L. SLC19A1 is an importer of the immunotransmitter cGAMP. Mol Cell. 2019;75(372\u2013381): e375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.molcel.2019.05.006.","journal-title":"Mol Cell"},{"key":"3391_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1021\/acscentsci.1c00440","volume":"7","author":"AF Cordova","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cordova AF, Ritchie C, Bohnert V, Li L. Human SLC46A2 is the dominant cGAMP importer in extracellular cGAMP-sensing macrophages and monocytes. ACS Cent Sci. 2021;7:1073\u201388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acscentsci.1c00440.","journal-title":"ACS Cent Sci"},{"issue":"767\u2013781","key":"3391_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2020.03.016","volume":"52","author":"C Zhou","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhou C, Chen X, Planells-Cases R, Chu J, Wang L, Cao L, Li Z, Lopez-Cayuqueo KI, Xie Y, Ye S, et al. Transfer of cGAMP into bystander cells via LRRC8 volume-regulated anion channels augments STING-mediated interferon responses and anti-viral immunity. Immunity. 2020;52(767\u2013781): e766. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.immuni.2020.03.016.","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"issue":"578\u2013591","key":"3391_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2020.10.021","volume":"80","author":"LJ Lahey","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lahey LJ, Mardjuki RE, Wen X, Hess GT, Ritchie C, Carozza JA, Bohnert V, Maduke M, Bassik MC, Li L. LRRC8A:C\/E heteromeric channels are ubiquitous transporters of cGAMP. Mol Cell. 2020;80(578\u2013591): e575. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.molcel.2020.10.021.","journal-title":"Mol Cell"},{"issue":"1799\u20131812","key":"3391_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2022.08.006","volume":"55","author":"JH Maltbaek","year":"2022","unstructured":"Maltbaek JH, Cambier S, Snyder JM, Stetson DB. ABCC1 transporter exports the immunostimulatory cyclic dinucleotide cGAMP. Immunity. 2022;55(1799\u20131812): e1794. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.immuni.2022.08.006.","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"issue":"357\u2013373","key":"3391_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2020.01.014","volume":"52","author":"Y Zhou","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhou Y, Fei M, Zhang G, Liang WC, Lin W, Wu Y, Piskol R, Ridgway J, McNamara E, Huang H, et al. Blockade of the phagocytic receptor MerTK on tumor-associated macrophages enhances P2X7R-dependent STING activation by tumor-derived cGAMP. Immunity. 2020;52(357\u2013373): e359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.immuni.2020.01.014.","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"3391_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2017.06.020","volume":"47","author":"F Di Virgilio","year":"2017","unstructured":"Di Virgilio F, Dal Ben D, Sarti AC, Giuliani AL, Falzoni S. The P2X7 receptor in infection and inflammation. Immunity. 2017;47:15\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.immuni.2017.06.020.","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"3391_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-018-1353-8","volume":"15","author":"L Janks","year":"2018","unstructured":"Janks L, Sharma CVR, Egan TM. A central role for P2X7 receptors in human microglia. J Neuroinflammation. 2018;15:325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12974-018-1353-8.","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"3391_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-020-0278-5","volume":"16","author":"JB Cole","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cole JB, Florez JC. Genetics of diabetes mellitus and diabetes complications. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2020;16:377\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41581-020-0278-5.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Nephrol"},{"key":"3391_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16012","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2016.12","volume":"2","author":"TY Wong","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wong TY, Cheung CM, Larsen M, Sharma S, Simo R. Diabetic retinopathy. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2016;2:16012. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrdp.2016.12.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"3391_CR39","first-page":"180","volume":"29","author":"W Liu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liu W, Zhu X, Ge X, Chen Y, Li DW, Gong L. Light damage induces inflammatory factors in mouse retina and vitreous humor. Mol Vis. 2023;29:180\u20137.","journal-title":"Mol Vis"},{"key":"3391_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xpro.2022.101747","volume":"3","author":"H Quek","year":"2022","unstructured":"Quek H, Cuni-Lopez C, Stewart R, Lim YC, Roberts TL, White AR. A robust approach to differentiate human monocyte-derived microglia from peripheral blood mononuclear cells. STAR Protoc. 2022;3: 101747. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.xpro.2022.101747.","journal-title":"STAR Protoc"},{"issue":"3573\u20133587","key":"3391_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.04.048","volume":"184","author":"Y Hao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hao Y, Hao S, Andersen-Nissen E, Mauck WM 3rd, Zheng S, Butler A, Lee MJ, Wilk AJ, Darby C, Zager M, et al. Integrated analysis of multimodal single-cell data. Cell. 2021;184(3573\u20133587): e3529. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cell.2021.04.048.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"3391_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4902","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-12780-8","volume":"10","author":"M Menon","year":"2019","unstructured":"Menon M, Mohammadi S, Davila-Velderrain J, Goods BA, Cadwell TD, Xing Y, Stemmer-Rachamimov A, Shalek AK, Love JC, Kellis M, et al. Single-cell transcriptomic atlas of the human retina identifies cell types associated with age-related macular degeneration. Nat Commun. 2019;10:4902. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-019-12780-8.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"3391_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D721","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gky900","volume":"47","author":"X Zhang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhang X, Lan Y, Xu J, Quan F, Zhao E, Deng C, Luo T, Xu L, Liao G, Yan M, et al. Cell marker: a manually curated resource of cell markers in human and mouse. Nucl Acid Res. 2019;47:D721\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/nar\/gky900.","journal-title":"Nucl Acid Res"},{"key":"3391_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10494","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-88698-3","volume":"11","author":"K Becker","year":"2021","unstructured":"Becker K, Klein H, Simon E, Viollet C, Haslinger C, Leparc G, Schultheis C, Chong V, Kuehn MH, Fernandez-Albert F, et al. In-depth transcriptomic analysis of human retina reveals molecular mechanisms underlying diabetic retinopathy. Sci Rep. 2021;11:10494. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-021-88698-3.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"3391_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.757607","volume":"12","author":"SK Boneva","year":"2021","unstructured":"Boneva SK, Wolf J, Hajdu RI, Prinz G, Salie H, Schlecht A, Killmer S, Laich Y, Faatz H, Lommatzsch A, et al. In-depth molecular characterization of neovascular membranes suggests a role for hyalocyte-to-myofibroblast transdifferentiation in proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Front Immunol. 2021;12: 757607. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2021.757607.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"3391_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9989","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1820387116","volume":"116","author":"Y Okunuki","year":"2019","unstructured":"Okunuki Y, Mukai R, Nakao T, Tabor SJ, Butovsky O, Dana R, Ksander BR, Connor KM. Retinal microglia initiate neuroinflammation in ocular autoimmunity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2019;116:9989\u201398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1820387116.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"3391_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.137317","author":"A Usui-Ouchi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Usui-Ouchi A, Usui Y, Kurihara T, Aguilar E, Dorrell MI, Ideguchi Y, Sakimoto S, Bravo S, Friedlander M. Retinal microglia are critical for subretinal neovascular formation. JCI Insight. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1172\/jci.insight.137317.","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"issue":"723\u2013737","key":"3391_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2019.02.007","volume":"50","author":"EG O'Koren","year":"2019","unstructured":"O\u2019Koren EG, Yu C, Klingeborn M, Wong AYW, Prigge CL, Mathew R, Kalnitsky J, Msallam RA, Silvin A, Kay JN, et al. Microglial function is distinct in different anatomical locations during retinal homeostasis and degeneration. Immunity. 2019;50(723\u2013737): e727. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.immuni.2019.02.007.","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"issue":"1276\u20131290","key":"3391_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.05.018","volume":"169","author":"H Keren-Shaul","year":"2017","unstructured":"Keren-Shaul H, Spinrad A, Weiner A, Matcovitch-Natan O, Dvir-Szternfeld R, Ulland TK, David E, Baruch K, Lara-Astaiso D, Toth B, et al. A unique microglia type associated with restricting development of Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Cell. 2017;169(1276\u20131290): e1217. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cell.2017.05.018.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"3391_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-60327-360-2_13","volume":"605","author":"N van Rooijen","year":"2010","unstructured":"van Rooijen N, Hendrikx E. Liposomes for specific depletion of macrophages from organs and tissues. Method Mol Biol. 2010;605:189\u2013203. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-1-60327-360-2_13.","journal-title":"Method Mol Biol"},{"key":"3391_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.172062","author":"K Corano Scheri","year":"2023","unstructured":"Corano Scheri K, Lavine JA, Tedeschi T, Thomson BR, Fawzi AA. Single-cell transcriptomics analysis of proliferative diabetic retinopathy fibrovascular membranes reveals AEBP1 as fibrogenesis modulator. JCI Insight. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1172\/jci.insight.172062.","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"3391_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.123.065547","volume":"148","author":"J Su","year":"2023","unstructured":"Su J, Coleman P, Ntorla A, Anderson R, Shattock MJ, Burgoyne JR. Sensing cytosolic DNA lowers blood pressure by direct cGAMP-dependent PKGI activation. Circulation. 2023;148:1023\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.123.065547.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"3391_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1312625","volume":"371","author":"Y Liu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Liu Y, Jesus AA, Marrero B, Yang D, Ramsey SE, Sanchez GAM, Tenbrock K, Wittkowski H, Jones OY, Kuehn HS, et al. Activated STING in a vascular and pulmonary syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2014;371:507\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa1312625.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"3391_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.041460","volume":"141","author":"W Luo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Luo W, Wang Y, Zhang L, Ren P, Zhang C, Li Y, Azares AR, Zhang M, Guo J, Ghaghada KB, et al. Critical role of cytosolic DNA and its sensing adaptor STING in aortic degeneration, dissection, and rupture. Circulation. 2020;141:42\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.041460.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"3391_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e223","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.122.321587","volume":"132","author":"W Luo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Luo W, Zou X, Wang Y, Dong Z, Weng X, Pei Z, Song S, Zhao Y, Wei Z, Gao R, et al. Critical role of the cGAS-STING pathway in doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity. Circ Res. 2023;132:e223\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.122.321587.","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"3391_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2613","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2024.03.011","volume":"14","author":"X He","year":"2024","unstructured":"He X, Wen S, Tang X, Wen Z, Zhang R, Li S, Gao R, Wang J, Zhu Y, Fang D, et al. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists rescued diabetic vascular endothelial damage through suppression of aberrant STING signaling. Acta Pharm Sin B. 2024;14:2613\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apsb.2024.03.011.","journal-title":"Acta Pharm Sin B"},{"key":"3391_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.117914","volume":"256","author":"S Pal","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pal S, Rao GN, Pal A. High glucose-induced ROS accumulation is a critical regulator of ERK1\/2-Akt-tuberin-mTOR signalling in RGC-5 cells. Life Sci. 2020;256: 117914. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.117914.","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"3391_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-022-05058-3","volume":"13","author":"J Garcia-Revilla","year":"2022","unstructured":"Garcia-Revilla J, Boza-Serrano A, Espinosa-Oliva AM, Soto MS, Deierborg T, Ruiz R, de Pablos RM, Burguillos MA, Venero JL. Galectin-3, a rising star in modulating microglia activation under conditions of neurodegeneration. Cell Death Dis. 2022;13:628. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41419-022-05058-3.","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"key":"3391_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20231011","author":"C Yu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yu C, Lad EM, Mathew R, Shiraki N, Littleton S, Chen Y, Hou J, Schlepckow K, Degan S, Chew L, et al. Microglia at sites of atrophy restrict the progression of retinal degeneration via galectin-3 and Trem2. J Exp Med. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1084\/jem.20231011.","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"issue":"1627\u20131644","key":"3391_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2022.07.014","volume":"55","author":"MA Margeta","year":"2022","unstructured":"Margeta MA, Yin Z, Madore C, Pitts KM, Letcher SM, Tang J, Jiang S, Gauthier CD, Silveira SR, Schroeder CM, et al. Apolipoprotein E4 impairs the response of neurodegenerative retinal microglia and prevents neuronal loss in glaucoma. Immunity. 2022;55(1627\u20131644): e1627. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.immuni.2022.07.014.","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"3391_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-022-02589-6","volume":"19","author":"M Tabel","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tabel M, Wolf A, Szczepan M, Xu H, Jagle H, Moehle C, Chen M, Langmann T. Genetic targeting or pharmacological inhibition of galectin-3 dampens microglia reactivity and delays retinal degeneration. J Neuroinflammation. 2022;19:229. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12974-022-02589-6.","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"3391_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2022.114942","volume":"198","author":"CBM Platania","year":"2022","unstructured":"Platania CBM, Drago F, Bucolo C. The P2X7 receptor as a new pharmacological target for retinal diseases. Biochem Pharmacol. 2022;198: 114942. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bcp.2022.114942.","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"key":"3391_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-022-04786-w","volume":"13","author":"H Kong","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kong H, Zhao H, Chen T, Song Y, Cui Y. Targeted P2X7\/NLRP3 signaling pathway against inflammation, apoptosis, and pyroptosis of retinal endothelial cells in diabetic retinopathy. Cell Death Dis. 2022;13:336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41419-022-04786-w.","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"key":"3391_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3032","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI129862","volume":"129","author":"A Usui-Ouchi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Usui-Ouchi A, Friedlander M. Anti-VEGF therapy: higher potency and long-lasting antagonism are not necessarily better. J Clin Invest. 2019;129:3032\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1172\/JCI129862.","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"3391_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2013.08.015","volume":"121","author":"JE Grunwald","year":"2014","unstructured":"Grunwald JE, Daniel E, Huang J, Ying GS, Maguire MG, Toth CA, Jaffe GJ, Fine SL, Blodi B, Klein ML, et al. Risk of geographic atrophy in the comparison of age-related macular degeneration treatments trials. Ophthalmology. 2014;121:150\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ophtha.2013.08.015.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"3391_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.168945","author":"H Liu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liu H, Ghosh S, Vaidya T, Bammidi S, Huang C, Shang P, Nair AP, Chowdhury O, Stepicheva NA, Strizhakova A, et al. Activated cGAS\/STING signaling elicits endothelial cell senescence in early diabetic retinopathy. JCI Insight. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1172\/jci.insight.168945.","journal-title":"JCI Insight"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neuroinflammation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12974-025-03391-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12974-025-03391-w\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12974-025-03391-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]],"date-time":"2025-03-01T07:36:44Z","timestamp":1740814604000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jneuroinflammation.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12974-025-03391-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3391"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12974-025-03391-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["1742-2094"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1742-2094","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"18 October 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 February 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 March 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"58"}}