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Alterations in the abundance and diversity of\n                      <jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic>\n                      species may affect immune dysregulation, neuroinflammatory responses, anxiety- and depressive-like behaviors, and neuroprotective mechanisms activated in response to TBI.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aims to evaluate the protective and preventive effects of Pan-probiotic (PP) treatment on the inflammatory response during both the acute and chronic phases of TBI.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Males and female mice underwent controlled cortical impact (CCI) injury or sham. They received a PP mixture in drinking water containing strains of\n                      <jats:italic>Lactobacillus plantarum<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>L. reuteri<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>L. helveticas<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>L. fermentum<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>L. rhamnosus<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>L. gasseri<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>L. casei.<\/jats:italic>\n                      In the acute group, mice received PP or vehicle (VH) treatment for 7 weeks before TBI, continuing until 3 days post-injury (dpi). In the chronic group, treatment began 2 weeks before TBI and was extended through 35 dpi. The taxonomic microbiome profiles of fecal samples were evaluated using 16S rRNA V1-V3 sequencing analysis, and Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) were measured. Immunohistochemical, in situ hybridization, and histological analyses were performed to assess neuroinflammation post-TBI, while behavioral assessments were conducted to evaluate sensorimotor and cognitive functions.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Our findings suggest that a 7-week PP administration induces specific microbial changes, including increased abundance of beneficial bacteria such as\n                      <jats:italic>Lactobacillaceae<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Limosilactobacillus<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>Lactiplantibacillus<\/jats:italic>\n                      . PP treatment reduces lesion volume and cell death at 3 dpi, elevates SCFA levels at 35 dpi, and decreases microglial activation at both time points, particularly in males. Additionally, PP treatment improved motor recovery in males and alleviated depressive-like behaviors in females.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our findings indicate that PP administration modulates microbiome composition, reduces neuroinflammation, and improves motor deficits following TBI, with these effects being particularly pronounced in male mice.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-025-03419-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,20]],"date-time":"2025-04-20T13:07:26Z","timestamp":1745154446000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Probiotic treatment induces sex-dependent neuroprotection and gut microbiome shifts after traumatic brain injury"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Morgan","family":"Holcomb","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Austin G.","family":"Marshall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannah","family":"Flinn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariana","family":"Lozano-Cavazos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sirena","family":"Soriano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernando","family":"Gomez-Pinilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Todd J.","family":"Treangen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6174-4113","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sonia","family":"Villapol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"3419_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2021.01.042","volume":"52","author":"GF Miller","year":"2021","unstructured":"Miller GF, et al. 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