{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T17:45:31Z","timestamp":1787161531494,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]],"date-time":"2025-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745971200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]],"date-time":"2025-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745971200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"NIH","award":["R35NS127248"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R35NS127248"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Neuroinflammation"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-025-03450-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]],"date-time":"2025-05-02T07:10:09Z","timestamp":1746169809000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["An expanded polyglutamine in ATAXIN1 results in a loss-of-function that exacerbates severity of Multiple Sclerosis in an EAE mouse model"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Gourango","family":"Talukdar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Duvick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Praseuth","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brennon","family":"O\u2019Callaghan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gavin J.","family":"Fuchs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marija","family":"Cvetanovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harry T.","family":"Orr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"3450_CR1","unstructured":"Klement IA, Skinner PJ, Kaytor MD et al. Ataxin-1 nuclear localization and aggregation: Role in polyglutamine-induced disease in SCA1 transgenic mice."},{"issue":"3","key":"3450_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1038\/ng0793-221","volume":"4","author":"HT Orr","year":"1993","unstructured":"Orr HT, Chung M, yi, Banfi S, et al. Expansion of an unstable trinucleotide CAG repeat in spinocerebellar ataxia type 1. Nat Genet. 1993;4(3):221\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ng0793-221.","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"issue":"15","key":"3450_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2232","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22288","volume":"23","author":"C Globas","year":"2008","unstructured":"Globas C, Du Montcel ST, Baliko L, et al. Early symptoms in spinocerebellar ataxia type 1, 2, 3, and 6. Mov Disord. 2008;23(15):2232\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.22288.","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"3450_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2019.01008","volume":"10","author":"L Guzman-Martinez","year":"2019","unstructured":"Guzman-Martinez L, Maccioni RB, Andrade V, Navarrete LP, Pastor MG, Ramos-Escobar N. Neuroinflammation as a common feature of neurodegenerative disorders. Front Pharmacol. 2019;10:1008. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2019.01008.","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"3450_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2015.01.003","volume":"289","author":"M Cvetanovic","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cvetanovic M, Ingram M, Orr H, Opal P. Early activation of microglia and astrocytes in mouse models of spinocerebellar ataxia type 1. Neuroscience. 2015;289:289\u201399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2015.01.003.","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"issue":"23","key":"3450_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23619","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.103700","volume":"12","author":"YJ Chiu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chiu YJ, Lin SA, Chen WL, et al. Pathomechanism characterization and potential therapeutics identification for SCA3 targeting neuroinflammation. Aging. 2020;12(23):23619\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18632\/aging.103700.","journal-title":"Aging"},{"issue":"38","key":"3450_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23742","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2003798117","volume":"117","author":"A Didonna","year":"2020","unstructured":"Didonna A, Canto Puig E, Ma Q, et al. Ataxin-1 regulates B cell function and the severity of autoimmune experimental encephalomyelitis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2020;117(38):23742\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2003798117.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"issue":"1","key":"3450_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s13041-020-00715-0","volume":"14","author":"Q Ma","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ma Q, Didonna A. The novel multiple sclerosis susceptibility gene ATXN1 regulates B cell receptor signaling in B-1a cells. Mol Brain. 2021;14(1):19. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13041-020-00715-0.","journal-title":"Mol Brain"},{"issue":"4","key":"3450_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1111\/imcb.12622","volume":"101","author":"Q Ma","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ma Q, Didonna A. Ataxin-1 controls the expression of specific noncoding RNAs in B cells upon autoimmune demyelination. Immunol Cell Biol. 2023;101(4):358\u201367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/imcb.12622.","journal-title":"Immunol Cell Biol"},{"issue":"8","key":"3450_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1186","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.51618","volume":"9","author":"Q Ma","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ma Q, Oksenberg JR, Didonna A. Epigenetic control of ataxin-1 in multiple sclerosis. Ann Clin Transl Neurol. 2022;9(8):1186\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/acn3.51618.","journal-title":"Ann Clin Transl Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"3450_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.12499","volume":"171","author":"H Takeuchi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Takeuchi H. Midkine and multiple sclerosis. Br J Pharmacol. 2014;171(4):931\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bph.12499.","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"issue":"9","key":"3450_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-006-0503-6","volume":"254","author":"M Calabrese","year":"2007","unstructured":"Calabrese M, Atzori M, Bernardi V, et al. Cortical atrophy is relevant in multiple sclerosis at clinical onset. J Neurol. 2007;254(9):1212\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00415-006-0503-6.","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"issue":"16","key":"3450_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6214","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.21-16-06214.2001","volume":"21","author":"R Meyer","year":"2001","unstructured":"Meyer R, Weissert R, Diem R, et al. Acute neuronal apoptosis in a rat model of multiple sclerosis. J Neurosci. 2001;21(16):6214\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.21-16-06214.2001.","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"12","key":"3450_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4312","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21124312","volume":"21","author":"M Bross","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bross M, Hackett M, Bernitsas E. Approved and emerging disease modifying therapies on neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis. IJMS. 2020;21(12):4312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms21124312.","journal-title":"IJMS"},{"issue":"23","key":"3450_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2188","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1100648","volume":"365","author":"CF Lucchinetti","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lucchinetti CF, Popescu BFG, Bunyan RF, et al. Inflammatory cortical demyelination in early multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med. 2011;365(23):2188\u201397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa1100648.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"3450_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-007-0036-0","volume":"7","author":"H Lassmann","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lassmann H. New concepts on progressive multiple sclerosis. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2007;7(3):239\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11910-007-0036-0.","journal-title":"Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"3450_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.64.3.402","volume":"64","author":"JN Lycke","year":"1998","unstructured":"Lycke JN, Karlsson JE, Andersen O, Rosengren LE. Neurofilament protein in cerebrospinal fluid: a potential marker of activity in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1998;64(3):402\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jnnp.64.3.402.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"3450_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"fcac284","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcac284","volume":"4","author":"AD Senol","year":"2022","unstructured":"Senol AD, Pinto G, Beau M, et al. Alterations of the axon initial segment in multiple sclerosis grey matter. Brain Commun. 2022;4(6):fcac284. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/braincomms\/fcac284.","journal-title":"Brain Commun"},{"issue":"9","key":"3450_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e176057","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.176057","volume":"9","author":"L Duvick","year":"2024","unstructured":"Duvick L, Southern WM, Benzow KA, et al. Mapping SCA1 regional vulnerabilities reveals neural and skeletal muscle contributions to disease. JCI Insight. 2024;9(9):e176057. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1172\/jci.insight.176057.","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"issue":"14","key":"3450_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5508","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.18-14-05508.1998","volume":"18","author":"A Matilla","year":"1998","unstructured":"Matilla A, Roberson ED, Banfi S, et al. Mice lacking Ataxin-1 display learning deficits and decreased hippocampal Paired-Pulse facilitation. J Neurosci. 1998;18(14):5508\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.18-14-05508.1998.","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"7","key":"3450_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.23307","volume":"66","author":"S Stone","year":"2018","unstructured":"Stone S, Wu S, Jamison S, Durose W, Pallais JP, Lin W. Activating transcription factor 6\u03b1 deficiency exacerbates oligodendrocyte death and Myelin damage in immune-mediated demyelinating diseases. Glia. 2018;66(7):1331\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/glia.23307.","journal-title":"Glia"},{"issue":"33","key":"3450_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6444","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1156-20.2020","volume":"40","author":"Z Lei","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lei Z, Yue Y, Stone S, Wu S, Lin W. NF-\u03baB activation accounts for the cytoprotective effects of PERK activation on oligodendrocytes during EAE. J Neurosci. 2020;40(33):6444\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1156-20.2020.","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"12","key":"3450_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7425","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.R800041200","volume":"284","author":"HY Zoghbi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Zoghbi HY, Orr HT. Pathogenic mechanisms of a Polyglutamine-mediated neurodegenerative disease, spinocerebellar Ataxia type 1. J Biol Chem. 2009;284(12):7425\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1074\/jbc.R800041200.","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"5","key":"3450_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1007\/s11307-016-0944-y","volume":"18","author":"H Liu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Liu H, Jin H, Yue X, et al. PET imaging study of S1PR1 expression in a rat model of multiple sclerosis. Mol Imaging Biol. 2016;18(5):724\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11307-016-0944-y.","journal-title":"Mol Imaging Biol"},{"issue":"5","key":"3450_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.22634","volume":"62","author":"Y Hussien","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hussien Y, Cavener DR, Popko B. Genetic inactivation of PERK signaling in mouse oligodendrocytes: normal developmental myelination with increased susceptibility to inflammatory demyelination: Oligodendrocyte-Specific PERK inactivation. Glia. 2014;62(5):680\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/glia.22634.","journal-title":"Glia"},{"issue":"3","key":"3450_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1318","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-023-03618-y","volume":"61","author":"B Hou","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hou B, Yin J, Liu S, et al. Inhibiting the NLRP3 inflammasome with MCC950 alleviates neurological impairment in the brain of EAE mice. Mol Neurobiol. 2024;61(3):1318\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12035-023-03618-y.","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"3450_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2008.05.017","volume":"87","author":"KS Shindler","year":"2008","unstructured":"Shindler KS, Ventura E, Dutt M, Rostami A. Inflammatory demyelination induces axonal injury and retinal ganglion cell apoptosis in experimental optic neuritis. Exp Eye Res. 2008;87(3):208\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exer.2008.05.017.","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"3450_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awh032","volume":"127","author":"MJ Craner","year":"2004","unstructured":"Craner MJ. Co-localization of sodium channel Nav1.6 and the sodium-calcium exchanger at sites of axonal injury in the spinal cord in EAE. Brain. 2004;127(2):294\u2013303. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/awh032.","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"5","key":"3450_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3566","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00434.2003","volume":"90","author":"AC Lo","year":"2003","unstructured":"Lo AC, Saab CY, Black JA, Waxman SG. Phenytoin protects spinal cord axons and preserves axonal conduction and neurological function in a model of neuroinflammation in vivo. J Neurophysiol. 2003;90(5):3566\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/jn.00434.2003.","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"3450_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.22616","volume":"62","author":"R Brambilla","year":"2014","unstructured":"Brambilla R, Morton PD, Ashbaugh JJ, Karmally S, Lambertsen KL, Bethea JR. Astrocytes play a key role in EAE pathophysiology by orchestrating in the CNS the inflammatory response of resident and peripheral immune cells and by suppressing remyelination. Glia. 2014;62(3):452\u201367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/glia.22616.","journal-title":"Glia"},{"issue":"18","key":"3450_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8416","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0910627107","volume":"107","author":"SN Giraud","year":"2010","unstructured":"Giraud SN, Caron CM, Pham-Dinh D, Kitabgi P, Nicot AB. Estradiol inhibits ongoing autoimmune neuroinflammation and NF\u03baB-dependent CCL2 expression in reactive astrocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2010;107(18):8416\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.0910627107.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"issue":"1","key":"3450_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201242679","volume":"43","author":"X Wang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wang X, Haroon F, Karray S, Martina Deckert, Schl\u00fcter D. Astrocytic F as ligand expression is required to induce T -cell apoptosis and recovery from experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Eur J Immunol. 2013;43(1):115\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/eji.201242679.","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"issue":"5","key":"3450_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2016.01.004","volume":"186","author":"W Hao","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hao W, Decker Y, Schn\u00f6der L, et al. Deficiency of I\u03baB kinase \u0392 in myeloid cells reduces severity of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Am J Pathol. 2016;186(5):1245\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajpath.2016.01.004.","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"3450_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00710","volume":"10","author":"SA Sonar","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sonar SA, Lal G. The iNOS activity during an immune response controls the CNS pathology in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Front Immunol. 2019;10:710. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00710.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"3450_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2016.11.008","volume":"303","author":"A Warnecke","year":"2017","unstructured":"Warnecke A, Musunuri S, N\u2019diaye M, et al. Nitration of MOG diminishes its encephalitogenicity depending on MHC haplotype. J Neuroimmunol. 2017;303:1\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2016.11.008.","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3450_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8272","DOI":"10.1038\/srep08272","volume":"5","author":"E Kim","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kim E, Park S, Choi N, et al. Deficiency of Capicua disrupts bile acid homeostasis. Sci Rep. 2015;5(1):8272. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/srep08272.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"3450_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1111\/neup.12612","volume":"40","author":"AJ Jahan-Abad","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jahan-Abad AJ, Karima S, Shateri S, et al. Serum pro\u2010inflammatory and anti\u2010inflammatory cytokines and the pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Neuropathology. 2020;40(1):84\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/neup.12612.","journal-title":"Neuropathology"},{"issue":"2","key":"3450_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2990.2010.01122.x","volume":"37","author":"K Kemp","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kemp K, Gordon D, Wraith DC, et al. Fusion between human mesenchymal stem cells and rodent cerebellar purkinje cells. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol. 2011;37(2):166\u201378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2990.2010.01122.x.","journal-title":"Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3450_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-016-0513-y","volume":"13","author":"A Valentin-Torres","year":"2016","unstructured":"Valentin-Torres A, Savarin C, Hinton DR, Phares TW, Bergmann CC, Stohlman SA. Sustained TNF production by central nervous system infiltrating macrophages promotes progressive autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neuroinflammation. 2016;13(1):46. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12974-016-0513-y.","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"issue":"4","key":"3450_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1007\/s12015-010-9178-6","volume":"6","author":"K Kemp","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kemp K, Gray E, Mallam E, Scolding N, Wilkins A. Inflammatory cytokine induced regulation of superoxide dismutase 3 expression by human mesenchymal stem cells. Stem Cell Rev Rep. 2010;6(4):548\u201359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12015-010-9178-6.","journal-title":"Stem Cell Rev Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"3450_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1186\/scrt228","volume":"4","author":"Y Hou","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hou Y, Ryu CH, Park KY, Kim SM, Jeong CH, Jeun SS. Effective combination of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and Minocycline in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mice. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2013;4(4):77. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/scrt228.","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res Ther"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"3450_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2014.02.039","volume":"340","author":"Y Hidaka","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hidaka Y, Inaba Y, Matsuda K, et al. Cytokine production profiles in chronic relapsing\u2013remitting experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis: IFN-\u03b3 and TNF-\u03b1 are important participants in the first attack but not in the relapse. J Neurol Sci. 2014;340(1\u20132):117\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jns.2014.02.039.","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"issue":"20","key":"3450_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3323","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11203323","volume":"11","author":"JG Rosa","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rosa JG, Hamel K, Sheeler C, et al. Spatial and Temporal diversity of astrocyte phenotypes in spinocerebellar Ataxia type 1 mice. Cells. 2022;11(20):3323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells11203323.","journal-title":"Cells"},{"issue":"1","key":"3450_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1186\/2051-5960-1-70","volume":"1","author":"P Jukkola","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jukkola P, Guerrero T, Gray V, Gu C. Astrocytes differentially respond to inflammatory autoimmune insults and imbalances of neural activity. Acta Neuropathol Commun. 2013;1(1):70. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/2051-5960-1-70.","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol Commun"},{"key":"3450_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104892","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104892","volume":"78","author":"J Remlinger","year":"2023","unstructured":"Remlinger J, Bagnoud M, Meli I, et al. Modelling MOG antibody-associated disorder and neuromyelitis Optica spectrum disorder in animal models: spinal cord manifestations. Multiple Scler Relat Disorders. 2023;78:104892. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104892.","journal-title":"Multiple Scler Relat Disorders"},{"issue":"37","key":"3450_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11511","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1514-09.2009","volume":"29","author":"RR Voskuhl","year":"2009","unstructured":"Voskuhl RR, Peterson RS, Song B, et al. Reactive astrocytes form Scar-Like perivascular barriers to leukocytes during adaptive immune inflammation of the CNS. J Neurosci. 2009;29(37):11511\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1514-09.2009.","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"4","key":"3450_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10040857","volume":"10","author":"SK Yadav","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yadav SK, Ito N, Soin D, Ito K, Dhib-Jalbut S. Dimethyl fumarate suppresses demyelination and axonal loss through reduction in Pro-Inflammatory Macrophage-Induced reactive astrocytes and complement C3 deposition. JCM. 2021;10(4):857. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm10040857.","journal-title":"JCM"},{"issue":"10","key":"3450_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3681","volume":"20","author":"L Mayo","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mayo L, Trauger SA, Blain M, et al. Regulation of astrocyte activation by glycolipids drives chronic CNS inflammation. Nat Med. 2014;20(10):1147\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nm.3681.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"3450_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-017-0880-z","volume":"14","author":"W Qu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Qu W, Johnson A, Kim JH, Lukowicz A, Svedberg D, Cvetanovic M. Inhibition of colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor early in disease ameliorates motor deficits in SCA1 mice. J Neuroinflammation. 2017;14(1):107. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12974-017-0880-z.","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neuroinflammation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12974-025-03450-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12974-025-03450-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12974-025-03450-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]],"date-time":"2025-05-06T04:27:31Z","timestamp":1746505651000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jneuroinflammation.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12974-025-03450-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3450"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12974-025-03450-2","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-5664390\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1742-2094"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1742-2094","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"17 December 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 April 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 April 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"127"}}