{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T23:31:30Z","timestamp":1787614290947,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,13]],"date-time":"2025-07-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752364800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,13]],"date-time":"2025-07-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752364800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003042","name":"Else Kr\u00f6ner-Fresenius-Stiftung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019-A54"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019-A54"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003042","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003042","name":"Else Kr\u00f6ner-Fresenius-Stiftung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019-A54"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019-A54"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003042","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001013","name":"The Buoniconti Fund to Cure Paralysis","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001013","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000065","name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RM1NS133003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RM1NS133003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000065","name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RM1NS133003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RM1NS133003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000065","name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RM1NS133003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RM1NS133003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000065","name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RM1NS133003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RM1NS133003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Neuroinflammation"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-025-03494-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,13]],"date-time":"2025-07-13T15:03:12Z","timestamp":1752418992000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Molecular pathology of acute spinal cord injury in middle-aged mice"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Corey","family":"Fehlberg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danny","family":"John","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James S.","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susana","family":"Cerqueira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexis","family":"Brake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jae K.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"3494_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3101489","volume":"41","author":"G Scivoletto","year":"2003","unstructured":"Scivoletto G, Morganti B, Ditunno P, Ditunno JF, Molinari M. Effects on age on spinal cord lesion patients\u2019 rehabilitation. Spinal Cord. 2003;41:457\u201364.","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"3494_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1707","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2009.0888","volume":"26","author":"JC Furlan","year":"2009","unstructured":"Furlan JC, Fehlings MG. The impact of age on mortality, impairment, and disability among adults with acute traumatic spinal cord injury. J Neurotrauma. 2009;26:1707\u201317.","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"3494_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.00282","volume":"10","author":"A Alizadeh","year":"2019","unstructured":"Alizadeh A, Dyck SM, Karimi-Abdolrezaee S. Traumatic spinal cord injury: an overview of pathophysiology, models and acute injury mechanisms. Front Neurol. 2019;10:282.","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"3494_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.2007.11753930","volume":"30","author":"PW New","year":"2007","unstructured":"New PW, Epi MC. Influence of age and gender on rehabilitation outcomes in nontraumatic spinal cord injury. J Spinal Cord Med. 2007;30:225\u201337.","journal-title":"J Spinal Cord Med"},{"key":"3494_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8904","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1146-14.2014","volume":"34","author":"AM Fenn","year":"2014","unstructured":"Fenn AM, Hall JC, Gensel JC, Popovich PG, Godbout JP. IL-4 signaling drives a unique arginase+\/IL-1beta\u2009+\u2009microglia phenotype and recruits macrophages to the inflammatory CNS: consequences of age-related deficits in IL-4Ralpha after traumatic spinal cord injury. J Neurosci. 2014;34:8904\u201317.","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"3494_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2005.09.060","volume":"393","author":"T Genovese","year":"2006","unstructured":"Genovese T, Mazzon E, Di Paola R, Crisafulli C, Muia C, Bramanti P, Cuzzocrea S. Increased oxidative-related mechanisms in the spinal cord injury in old rats. Neurosci Lett. 2006;393:141\u20136.","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"3494_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2008.06.015","volume":"213","author":"MM Siegenthaler","year":"2008","unstructured":"Siegenthaler MM, Ammon DL, Keirstead HS. Myelin pathogenesis and functional deficits following SCI are age-associated. Exp Neurol. 2008;213:363\u201371.","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"3494_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2024.06.023","volume":"120","author":"Z Lei","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lei Z, Ritzel RM, Li Y, Li H, Faden AI, Wu J. Old age alters inflammation and autophagy signaling in the brain, leading to exacerbated neurological outcomes after spinal cord injury in male mice. Brain Behav Immun. 2024;120:439\u201351.","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"3494_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2016.07.029","volume":"47","author":"B Zhang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhang B, Bailey WM, McVicar AL, Gensel JC. Age increases reactive oxygen species production in macrophages and potentiates oxidative damage after spinal cord injury. Neurobiol Aging. 2016;47:157\u201367.","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging"},{"key":"3494_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2018.11.013","volume":"76","author":"B Zhang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhang B, Bailey WM, McVicar AL, Stewart AN, Veldhorst AK, Gensel JC. Reducing age-dependent monocyte-derived macrophage activation contributes to the therapeutic efficacy of NADPH oxidase Inhibition in spinal cord injury. Brain Behav Immun. 2019;76:139\u201350.","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"3494_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1895","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.259606","volume":"14","author":"AN Stewart","year":"2019","unstructured":"Stewart AN, Gensel JC, Zhang B. Therapeutic implications of advanced age at time of spinal cord injury. Neural Regen Res. 2019;14:1895\u20136.","journal-title":"Neural Regen Res"},{"key":"3494_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2016.03.028","volume":"15","author":"CG Geoffroy","year":"2016","unstructured":"Geoffroy CG, Hilton BJ, Tetzlaff W, Zheng B. Evidence for an Age-Dependent decline in axon regeneration in the adult mammalian central nervous system. Cell Rep. 2016;15:238\u201346.","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"3494_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2011.07.002","volume":"231","author":"A Jaerve","year":"2011","unstructured":"Jaerve A, Schiwy N, Schmitz C, Mueller HW. Differential effect of aging on axon sprouting and regenerative growth in spinal cord injury. Exp Neurol. 2011;231:284\u201394.","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"3494_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2020.9599","volume":"21","author":"A Kaneko","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kaneko A, Naito K, Nakamura S, Miyahara K, Goto K, Obata H, Nagura N, Sugiyama Y, Kaneko K, Ishijima M. Influence of aging on the peripheral nerve repair process using an artificial nerve conduit. Exp Ther Med. 2021;21:168.","journal-title":"Exp Ther Med"},{"key":"3494_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1529-8027.2000.00026.x","volume":"5","author":"E Verdu","year":"2000","unstructured":"Verdu E, Ceballos D, Vilches JJ, Navarro X. Influence of aging on peripheral nerve function and regeneration. J Peripher Nerv Syst. 2000;5:191\u2013208.","journal-title":"J Peripher Nerv Syst"},{"key":"3494_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2023.04.011","volume":"111","author":"AFM Salvador","year":"2023","unstructured":"Salvador AFM, Dykstra T, Rustenhoven J, Gao W, Blackburn SM, Bhasiin K, Dong MQ, Guimaraes RM, Gonuguntla S, Smirnov I, et al. Age-dependent immune and lymphatic responses after spinal cord injury. Neuron. 2023;111:2155\u2013e21692159.","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"3494_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07504-y","volume":"631","author":"MA Skinnider","year":"2024","unstructured":"Skinnider MA, Gautier M, Teo AYY, Kathe C, Hutson TH, Laskaratos A, de Coucy A, Regazzi N, Aureli V, James ND, et al. Single-cell and Spatial atlases of spinal cord injury in the tabulae paralytica. Nature. 2024;631:150\u201363.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"3494_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-021-02161-8","volume":"18","author":"AN Stewart","year":"2021","unstructured":"Stewart AN, Lowe JL, Glaser EP, Mott CA, Shahidehpour RK, McFarlane KE, Bailey WM, Zhang B, Gensel JC. Acute inflammatory profiles differ with sex and age after spinal cord injury. J Neuroinflammation. 2021;18:113.","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"3494_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Milich LM, Choi JS, Ryan C, Cerqueira SR, Benavides S, Yahn SL, Tsoulfas P, Lee JK. Single-cell analysis of the cellular heterogeneity and interactions in the injured mouse spinal cord. J Exp Med 2021;218.","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20210040"},{"key":"3494_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2014.10.024","volume":"74","author":"Y Zhu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zhu Y, Soderblom C, Krishnan V, Ashbaugh J, Bethea JR, Lee JK. Hematogenous macrophage depletion reduces the fibrotic Scar and increases axonal growth after spinal cord injury. Neurobiol Dis. 2015;74:114\u201325.","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis"},{"key":"3494_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2006.23.635","volume":"23","author":"DM Basso","year":"2006","unstructured":"Basso DM, Fisher LC, Anderson AJ, Jakeman LB, McTigue DM, Popovich PG. Basso mouse scale for locomotion detects differences in recovery after spinal cord injury in five common mouse strains. J Neurotrauma. 2006;23:635\u201359.","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"3494_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin JP, Brake A, Donadieu M, Lee A, Kawaguchi R, Sati P, Geschwind DH, Jacobson S, Schafer DP, Reich DS. A 4D transcriptomic map for the evolution of multiple sclerosis-like lesions in the marmoset brain. bioRxiv 2023.","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.09.25.559371"},{"key":"3494_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2667","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-05083-x","volume":"9","author":"JA Griffiths","year":"2018","unstructured":"Griffiths JA, Richard AC, Bach K, Lun ATL, Marioni JC. Detection and removal of barcode swapping in single-cell RNA-seq data. Nat Commun. 2018;9:2667.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"3494_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-019-1662-y","volume":"20","author":"ATL Lun","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lun ATL, Riesenfeld S, Andrews T, Dao TP, Gomes T. Participants in the 1st human cell atlas J, marioni JC: emptydrops: distinguishing cells from empty droplets in droplet-based single-cell RNA sequencing data. Genome Biol. 2019;20:63.","journal-title":"Genome Biol"},{"key":"3494_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cels.2018.11.005","volume":"8","author":"SL Wolock","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wolock SL, Lopez R, Klein AM. Scrublet: computational identification of cell doublets in Single-Cell transcriptomic data. Cell Syst. 2019;8:281\u2013e291289.","journal-title":"Cell Syst"},{"key":"3494_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2642","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btac141","volume":"38","author":"M Andreatta","year":"2022","unstructured":"Andreatta M, Berenstein AJ, Carmona SJ. ScGate: marker-based purification of cell types from heterogeneous single-cell RNA-seq datasets. Bioinformatics. 2022;38:2642\u20134.","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"3494_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-018-0276-y","volume":"20","author":"D Aran","year":"2019","unstructured":"Aran D, Looney AP, Liu L, Wu E, Fong V, Hsu A, Chak S, Naikawadi RP, Wolters PJ, Abate AR, et al. Reference-based analysis of lung single-cell sequencing reveals a transitional profibrotic macrophage. Nat Immunol. 2019;20:163\u201372.","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"3494_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114035","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2022.114035","volume":"352","author":"SR Cerqueira","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cerqueira SR, Benavides S, Lee HE, Ayad NG, Lee JK. BET protein Inhibition promotes non-myeloid cell mediated neuroprotection after rodent spinal cord contusion. Exp Neurol. 2022;352:114035.","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"3494_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13882","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2524-13.2013","volume":"33","author":"C Soderblom","year":"2013","unstructured":"Soderblom C, Luo X, Blumenthal E, Bray E, Lyapichev K, Ramos J, Krishnan V, Lai-Hsu C, Park KK, Tsoulfas P, Lee JK. Perivascular fibroblasts form the fibrotic Scar after contusive spinal cord injury. J Neurosci. 2013;33:13882\u20137.","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"3494_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-04369-3","volume":"603","author":"AC Yang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yang AC, Vest RT, Kern F, Lee DP, Agam M, Maat CA, Losada PM, Chen MB, Schaum N, Khoury N, et al. A human brain vascular atlas reveals diverse mediators of alzheimer\u2019s risk. Nature. 2022;603:885\u201392.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"3494_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.226405","volume":"13","author":"M Hao","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hao M, Ji XR, Chen H, Zhang W, Zhang LC, Zhang LH, Tang PF, Lu N. Cell cycle and complement inhibitors May be specific for treatment of spinal cord injury in aged and young mice: transcriptomic analyses. Neural Regen Res. 2018;13:518\u201327.","journal-title":"Neural Regen Res"},{"key":"3494_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1619","DOI":"10.1038\/s43587-024-00692-2","volume":"4","author":"X Shen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Shen X, Wang C, Zhou X, Zhou W, Hornburg D, Wu S, Snyder MP. Nonlinear dynamics of multi-omics profiles during human aging. Nat Aging. 2024;4:1619\u201334.","journal-title":"Nat Aging"},{"key":"3494_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2023.106370","volume":"190","author":"CB Ryan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ryan CB, Choi JS, Kang B, Herr S, Pereira C, Moraes CT, Al-Ali H, Lee JK. PI3K signaling promotes formation of lipid-laden foamy macrophages at the spinal cord injury site. Neurobiol Dis. 2024;190:106370.","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis"},{"key":"3494_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1837","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0236-y","volume":"24","author":"AM Falcao","year":"2018","unstructured":"Falcao AM, van Bruggen D, Marques S, Meijer M, Jakel S, Agirre E, Samudyata, Floriddia EM, Vanichkina DP, Ffrench-Constant C, et al. Disease-specific oligodendrocyte lineage cells arise in multiple sclerosis. Nat Med. 2018;24:1837\u201344.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"3494_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3887","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-11638-3","volume":"10","author":"L Kirby","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kirby L, Jin J, Cardona JG, Smith MD, Martin KA, Wang J, Strasburger H, Herbst L, Alexis M, Karnell J, et al. Oligodendrocyte precursor cells present antigen and are cytotoxic targets in inflammatory demyelination. Nat Commun. 2019;10:3887.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"3494_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-019-02073-1","volume":"139","author":"A Fernandez-Castaneda","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fernandez-Castaneda A, Chappell MS, Rosen DA, Seki SM, Beiter RM, Johanson DM, Liskey D, Farber E, Onengut-Gumuscu S, Overall CC, et al. The active contribution of OPCs to neuroinflammation is mediated by LRP1. Acta Neuropathol. 2020;139:365\u201382.","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"3494_CR37","first-page":"782","volume":"123","author":"JH Seo","year":"2013","unstructured":"Seo JH, Miyamoto N, Hayakawa K, Pham LD, Maki T, Ayata C, Kim KW, Lo EH, Arai K. Oligodendrocyte precursors induce early blood-brain barrier opening after white matter injury. J Clin Invest. 2013;123:782\u20136.","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"3494_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-024-00742-8","volume":"19","author":"O Zveik","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zveik O, Rechtman A, Ganz T, Vaknin-Dembinsky A. The interplay of inflammation and remyelination: rethinking MS treatment with a focus on oligodendrocyte progenitor cells. Mol Neurodegener. 2024;19:53.","journal-title":"Mol Neurodegener"},{"key":"3494_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3745","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2023.09.002","volume":"111","author":"R Pietila","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pietila R, Del Gaudio F, He L, Vazquez-Liebanas E, Vanlandewijck M, Muhl L, Mocci G, Bjornholm KD, Lindblad C, Fletcher-Sandersjoo A, et al. Molecular anatomy of adult mouse leptomeninges. Neuron. 2023;111:3745\u2013e37643747.","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"3494_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04521-7","volume":"603","author":"FJ Garcia","year":"2022","unstructured":"Garcia FJ, Sun N, Lee H, Godlewski B, Mathys H, Galani K, Zhou B, Jiang X, Ng AP, Mantero J, et al. Single-cell dissection of the human brain vasculature. Nature. 2022;603:893\u20139.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"3494_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6321","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-50564-x","volume":"15","author":"X Xue","year":"2024","unstructured":"Xue X, Wu X, Fan Y, Han S, Zhang H, Sun Y, Yin Y, Yin M, Chen B, Sun Z, et al. Heterogeneous fibroblasts contribute to fibrotic Scar formation after spinal cord injury in mice and monkeys. Nat Commun. 2024;15:6321.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"3494_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2933","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-30467-5","volume":"13","author":"I Francos-Quijorna","year":"2022","unstructured":"Francos-Quijorna I, Sanchez-Petidier M, Burnside ER, Badea SR, Torres-Espin A, Marshall L, de Winter F, Verhaagen J, Moreno-Manzano V, Bradbury EJ. Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans prevent immune cell phenotypic conversion and inflammation resolution via TLR4 in rodent models of spinal cord injury. Nat Commun. 2022;13:2933.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"3494_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4822","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4369-13.2014","volume":"34","author":"K Bartus","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bartus K, James ND, Didangelos A, Bosch KD, Verhaagen J, Yanez-Munoz RJ, Rogers JH, Schneider BL, Muir EM, Bradbury EJ. Large-scale chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan digestion with chondroitinase gene therapy leads to reduced pathology and modulates macrophage phenotype following spinal cord contusion injury. J Neurosci. 2014;34:4822\u201336.","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"3494_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.00802","volume":"11","author":"AN Stewart","year":"2020","unstructured":"Stewart AN, MacLean SM, Stromberg AJ, Whelan JP, Bailey WM, Gensel JC, Wilson ME. Considerations for studying sex as a biological variable in spinal cord injury. Front Neurol. 2020;11:802.","journal-title":"Front Neurol"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neuroinflammation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12974-025-03494-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12974-025-03494-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12974-025-03494-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,7]],"date-time":"2025-09-07T10:20:17Z","timestamp":1757240417000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jneuroinflammation.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12974-025-03494-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,13]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3494"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12974-025-03494-4","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2025.05.08.652873","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1742-2094"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1742-2094","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"7 May 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 June 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 July 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All animal procedures were conducted in accordance with the guidelines established by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC). Ethical approval was obtained for all animal experiments.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"181"}}