{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T03:07:38Z","timestamp":1793502458817,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,26]],"date-time":"2025-07-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753488000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,26]],"date-time":"2025-07-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753488000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008131","name":"Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universit\u00e4t Bonn","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008131","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Neuroinflammation"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Autoantibodies targeting the intracellular 65-kDa isoform of glutamic acid decarboxylase (anti-GAD65) have been associated with a variety of autoimmune-related syndromes involving a spectrum of difficult-to-treat neurological disorders. However, the pathophysiological role of anti-GAD65 in neuroinflammation remains vague. Its understanding may be complicated by the possible pathogenic interaction between anti-GAD65 and potentially coexisting autoantibodies.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>We combined a broad spectrum of approaches ranging from antibody-antigen identification, immunoblotting, immunoprecipitation, mass-spectrometry, cell-based assays, subcellular binding pattern analysis in primary neuronal cultures, and immunohistochemistry to in vitro assays of neuronal uptake, viability, and multi-electrode arrays.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>In anti-GAD65-positive neurological patients, mass-spectrometric analysis revealed cytosolic 5\u2019-nucleotidase 1\u00a0A (CN1A syn. NT5C1A) as the most abundant antigen. Subsequent screening of 118 anti-GAD65-positive patients revealed that 32 of them had additional autoantibodies targeting CN1A, which were also present in all available corresponding CSF samples. Limbic encephalitis was more often diagnosed in anti-CN1A\/anti-GAD65-positive compared to the anti-GAD65-positive patients. Functionally, incubation of primary hippocampal neurons with anti-GAD65, but not with anti-CN1A, resulted in uptake into GABAergic neurons, neuronal cell death, and increased neuronal network activity. Moreover, simultaneous incubation with both antibodies (anti-CN1A\/anti-GAD65) resulted in concomitant intraneuronal uptake in a concentration-dependent manner, which correlated with enhanced autophagy followed by massive neuronal death.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>GAD65 antibodies directly affect neuronal viability and network activity. Co-existing autoantibodies against CN1A, present in anti-GAD65-positive patients, enhance autophagy and subsequent neuronal death in vitro. Clinically, anti-GAD65-positive patients should be screened for anti-CN1A-associated diseases, and evaluation of anti-CN1A in anti-GAD65-related autoimmune conditions may clarify links between systemic autoimmunity and epilepsy.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-025-03521-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,26]],"date-time":"2025-07-26T11:23:58Z","timestamp":1753529038000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Coexistence of CN1A autoantibodies in GAD65 encephalitis exacerbates neurodegeneration"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Annika","family":"Breuer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Delara","family":"Kamalizade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tobias","family":"Baumgartner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juliane L.","family":"Berns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thoralf","family":"Opitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Franziska S.","family":"Thaler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susanne","family":"Schoch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lars","family":"Komorowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christoph","family":"Helmstaedter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rainer","family":"Surges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Albert J.","family":"Becker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julika","family":"Pitsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"3521_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dade M, Berzero G, Izquierdo C, Giry M, Benazra M, Delattre JY et al. Neurological syndromes associated with Anti-GAD antibodies. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(10).","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21103701"},{"key":"3521_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120540","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2022.120540","volume":"445","author":"M Madlener","year":"2023","unstructured":"Madlener M, Strippel C, Thaler FS, Doppler K, Wandinger KP, Lewerenz J, et al. Glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody-associated neurological syndromes: clinical and antibody characteristics and therapy response. J Neurol Sci. 2023;445:120540.","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"issue":"8","key":"3521_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(11)70096-5","volume":"10","author":"A Vincent","year":"2011","unstructured":"Vincent A, Bien CG, Irani SR, Waters P. Autoantibodies associated with diseases of the CNS: new developments and future challenges. Lancet Neurol. 2011;10(8):759\u201372.","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"Pt 5","key":"3521_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1622","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/aws082","volume":"135","author":"CG Bien","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bien CG, Vincent A, Barnett MH, Becker AJ, Blumcke I, Graus F, et al. Immunopathology of autoantibody-associated encephalitides: clues for pathogenesis. Brain. 2012;135(Pt 5):1622\u201338.","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"12","key":"3521_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2289","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.51486","volume":"8","author":"A Dik","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dik A, Widman G, Schulte-Mecklenbeck A, Witt JA, Pitsch J, Golombeck KS, et al. Impact of T cells on neurodegeneration in anti-GAD65 limbic encephalitis. Ann Clin Transl Neurol. 2021;8(12):2289\u2013301.","journal-title":"Ann Clin Transl Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"3521_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1436","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awac404","volume":"146","author":"AR Troscher","year":"2023","unstructured":"Troscher AR, Mair KM, Verdu de Juan L, Kock U, Steinmaurer A, Baier H, et al. Temporal lobe epilepsy with GAD antibodies: neurons killed by T cells not by complement membrane attack complex. Brain. 2023;146(4):1436\u201352.","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"3521_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Munoz-Lopetegi A, de Bruijn M, Boukhrissi S, Bastiaansen AEM, Nagtzaam MMP, Hulsenboom ESP et al. Neurologic syndromes related to anti-GAD65: clinical and serologic response to treatment. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm. 2020;7(3).","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000696"},{"issue":"1","key":"3521_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.25565","volume":"56","author":"A McKeon","year":"2017","unstructured":"McKeon A, Tracy JA. GAD65 neurological autoimmunity. Muscle Nerve. 2017;56(1):15\u201327.","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"3521_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175628642110034","DOI":"10.1177\/17562864211003486","volume":"14","author":"P Tsiortou","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tsiortou P, Alexopoulos H, Dalakas MC. GAD antibody-spectrum disorders: progress in clinical phenotypes, Immunopathogenesis and therapeutic interventions. Ther Adv Neurol Disord. 2021;14:17562864211003486.","journal-title":"Ther Adv Neurol Disord"},{"key":"3521_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2015.03.009","volume":"281","author":"P Fouka","year":"2015","unstructured":"Fouka P, Alexopoulos H, Akrivou S, Trohatou O, Politis PK, Dalakas MC. GAD65 epitope mapping and search for novel autoantibodies in GAD-associated neurological disorders. J Neuroimmunol. 2015;281:73\u20137.","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"3521_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577084","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.577084","volume":"337","author":"R Kammeyer","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kammeyer R, Piquet AL. Multiple co-existing antibodies in autoimmune encephalitis: A case and review of the literature. J Neuroimmunol. 2019;337:577084.","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"issue":"Pt 10","key":"3521_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2553","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awn183","volume":"131","author":"A Saiz","year":"2008","unstructured":"Saiz A, Blanco Y, Sabater L, Gonzalez F, Bataller L, Casamitjana R, et al. Spectrum of neurological syndromes associated with glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies: diagnostic clues for this association. Brain. 2008;131(Pt 10):2553\u201363.","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"3","key":"3521_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0121364","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0121364","volume":"10","author":"N Gresa-Arribas","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gresa-Arribas N, Arino H, Martinez-Hernandez E, Petit-Pedrol M, Sabater L, Saiz A, et al. Antibodies to inhibitory synaptic proteins in neurological syndromes associated with glutamic acid decarboxylase autoimmunity. PLoS ONE. 2015;10(3):e0121364.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"7","key":"3521_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-020-0359-x","volume":"16","author":"F Graus","year":"2020","unstructured":"Graus F, Saiz A, Dalmau J. GAD antibodies in neurological disorders - insights and challenges. Nat Rev Neurol. 2020;16(7):353\u201365.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"3521_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2016.00130","volume":"10","author":"JK Hackert","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hackert JK, Muller L, Rohde M, Bien CG, Kohling R, Kirschstein T. Anti-GAD65 containing cerebrospinal fluid does not alter GABAergic transmission. Front Cell Neurosci. 2016;10:130.","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci"},{"issue":"13","key":"3521_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4904","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.20-13-04904.2000","volume":"20","author":"S Takamori","year":"2000","unstructured":"Takamori S, Riedel D, Jahn R. Immunoisolation of GABA-specific synaptic vesicles defines a functionally distinct subset of synaptic vesicles. J Neurosci. 2000;20(13):4904\u201311.","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"11","key":"3521_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7755","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.175.11.7755","volume":"175","author":"R Raju","year":"2005","unstructured":"Raju R, Foote J, Banga JP, Hall TR, Padoa CJ, Dalakas MC, et al. Analysis of GAD65 autoantibodies in Stiff-Person syndrome patients. J Immunol. 2005;175(11):7755\u201362.","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"4","key":"3521_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(15)00401-9","volume":"15","author":"F Graus","year":"2016","unstructured":"Graus F, Titulaer MJ, Balu R, Benseler S, Bien CG, Cellucci T, et al. A clinical approach to diagnosis of autoimmune encephalitis. Lancet Neurol. 2016;15(4):391\u2013404.","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"3521_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2020.09.031","volume":"83","author":"C Helmstaedter","year":"2020","unstructured":"Helmstaedter C, Sadat-Hossieny Z, Kanner AM, Meador KJ. Cognitive disorders in epilepsy II: clinical targets, indications and selection of test instruments. Seizure. 2020;83:223\u201331.","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"issue":"10","key":"3521_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0241289","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0241289","volume":"15","author":"JC Kuehn","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kuehn JC, Meschede C, Helmstaedter C, Surges R, von Wrede R, Hattingen E, et al. Adult-onset Temporal lobe epilepsy suspicious for autoimmune pathogenesis: autoantibody prevalence and clinical correlates. PLoS ONE. 2020;15(10):e0241289.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"6","key":"3521_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25720","volume":"87","author":"J Pitsch","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pitsch J, Kamalizade D, Braun A, Kuehn JC, Gulakova PE, Ruber T, et al. Drebrin autoantibodies in patients with seizures and suspected encephalitis. Ann Neurol. 2020;87(6):869\u201384.","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"13","key":"3521_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10498","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M011218200","volume":"276","author":"SA Hunsucker","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hunsucker SA, Spychala J, Mitchell BS. Human cytosolic 5\u2019-nucleotidase I: characterization and role in nucleoside analog resistance. J Biol Chem. 2001;276(13):10498\u2013504.","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"8","key":"3521_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2008.03.018","volume":"1783","author":"MG Careddu","year":"2008","unstructured":"Careddu MG, Allegrini S, Pesi R, Camici M, Garcia-Gil M, Tozzi MG. Knockdown of cytosolic 5\u2019-nucleotidase II (cN-II) reveals that its activity is essential for survival in Astrocytoma cells. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2008;1783(8):1529\u201335.","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"3521_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2018.00841","volume":"9","author":"G Ricken","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ricken G, Schwaiger C, De Simoni D, Pichler V, Lang J, Glatter S, et al. Detection methods for autoantibodies in suspected autoimmune encephalitis. Front Neurol. 2018;9:841.","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"3521_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110746","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2024.110746","volume":"126","author":"M Gilligan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gilligan M, McGuigan C, McKeon A. Autoimmune central nervous system disorders: antibody testing and its clinical utility. Clin Biochem. 2024;126:110746.","journal-title":"Clin Biochem"},{"issue":"4","key":"3521_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24919","volume":"81","author":"N Tawara","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tawara N, Yamashita S, Zhang X, Korogi M, Zhang Z, Doki T, et al. Pathomechanisms of anti-cytosolic 5\u2019-nucleotidase 1A autoantibodies in sporadic inclusion body myositis. Ann Neurol. 2017;81(4):512\u201325.","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"3521_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01200","volume":"9","author":"A Rietveld","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rietveld A, van den Hoogen LL, Bizzaro N, Blokland SLM, Dahnrich C, Gottenberg JE, et al. Autoantibodies to cytosolic 5\u2019-Nucleotidase 1A in primary sjogren\u2019s syndrome and systemic lupus erythematosus. Front Immunol. 2018;9:1200.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"3521_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2021.02.021","volume":"86","author":"A Rodriguez-Hernandez","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rodriguez-Hernandez A, Ortiz-Orendain J, Alvarez-Palazuelos LE, Gonzalez-Lopez L, Gamez-Nava JI, Zavala-Cerna MG. Seizures in systemic lupus erythematosus: A scoping review. Seizure. 2021;86:161\u20137.","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"issue":"2","key":"3521_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awaa362","volume":"144","author":"C Steriade","year":"2021","unstructured":"Steriade C, Titulaer MJ, Vezzani A, Sander JW, Thijs RD. The association between systemic autoimmune disorders and epilepsy and its clinical implications. Brain. 2021;144(2):372\u201390.","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"5","key":"3521_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2014.188","volume":"71","author":"MS Ong","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ong MS, Kohane IS, Cai T, Gorman MP, Mandl KD. Population-level evidence for an autoimmune etiology of epilepsy. JAMA Neurol. 2014;71(5):569\u201374.","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"3521_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"672182","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.672182","volume":"12","author":"M Garcia-Gil","year":"2021","unstructured":"Garcia-Gil M, Camici M, Allegrini S, Pesi R, Tozzi MG. Metabolic aspects of adenosine functions in the brain. Front Pharmacol. 2021;12:672182.","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3521_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(93)90458-R","volume":"55","author":"H Zimmermann","year":"1993","unstructured":"Zimmermann H, Vogel M, Laube U. Hippocampal localization of 5\u2019-nucleotidase as revealed by immunocytochemistry. Neuroscience. 1993;55(1):105\u201312.","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"issue":"49","key":"3521_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35452","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M113.491001","volume":"288","author":"EE Congdon","year":"2013","unstructured":"Congdon EE, Gu J, Sait HB, Sigurdsson EM. Antibody uptake into neurons occurs primarily via clathrin-dependent Fcgamma receptor endocytosis and is a prerequisite for acute Tau protein clearance. J Biol Chem. 2013;288(49):35452\u201365.","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"27","key":"3521_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20822","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M001403200","volume":"275","author":"CC Hsu","year":"2000","unstructured":"Hsu CC, Davis KM, Jin H, Foos T, Floor E, Chen W, et al. Association of L-glutamic acid decarboxylase to the 70-kDa heat shock protein as a potential anchoring mechanism to synaptic vesicles. J Biol Chem. 2000;275(27):20822\u20138.","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"7850","key":"3521_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-03144-0","volume":"591","author":"S Biswas","year":"2021","unstructured":"Biswas S, Mandal G, Payne KK, Anadon CM, Gatenbee CD, Chaurio RA, et al. IgA transcytosis and antigen recognition govern ovarian cancer immunity. Nature. 2021;591(7850):464\u201370.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"3521_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577867","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2022.577867","volume":"368","author":"AJ Gill","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gill AJ, Venkatesan A. Pathogenic mechanisms in neuronal surface autoantibody-mediated encephalitis. J Neuroimmunol. 2022;368:577867.","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"issue":"8","key":"3521_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-008-9600-5","volume":"33","author":"J Wei","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wei J, Wu JY. Post-translational regulation of L-glutamic acid decarboxylase in the brain. Neurochem Res. 2008;33(8):1459\u201365.","journal-title":"Neurochem Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"3521_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2012.99","volume":"8","author":"E Lancaster","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lancaster E, Dalmau J. Neuronal autoantigens\u2013pathogenesis, associated disorders and antibody testing. Nat Rev Neurol. 2012;8(7):380\u201390.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"issue":"8","key":"3521_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2093","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bht060","volume":"24","author":"G Vega-Flores","year":"2014","unstructured":"Vega-Flores G, Rubio SE, Jurado-Parras MT, Gomez-Climent MA, Hampe CS, Manto M, et al. The GABAergic septohippocampal pathway is directly involved in internal processes related to operant reward learning. Cereb Cortex. 2014;24(8):2093\u2013107.","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"3521_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chang T, Alexopoulos H, Pettingill P, McMenamin M, Deacon R, Erdelyi F et al. Immunization against GAD Induces Antibody Binding to GAD-Independent Antigens and Brainstem GABAergic Neuronal Loss. PloS one2013.","DOI":"10.1371\/annotation\/e71a42ed-eebf-43c1-b2f5-6ea70e9d8966"},{"issue":"5","key":"3521_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2017.01.022","volume":"93","author":"FM Menzies","year":"2017","unstructured":"Menzies FM, Fleming A, Caricasole A, Bento CF, Andrews SP, Ashkenazi A, et al. Autophagy and neurodegeneration: pathogenic mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities. Neuron. 2017;93(5):1015\u201334.","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"4","key":"3521_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.2003.01910.x","volume":"86","author":"G Battaglioli","year":"2003","unstructured":"Battaglioli G, Liu H, Martin DL. Kinetic differences between the isoforms of glutamate decarboxylase: implications for the regulation of GABA synthesis. J Neurochem. 2003;86(4):879\u201387.","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"issue":"9","key":"3521_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3386","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.18-09-03386.1998","volume":"18","author":"L Acsady","year":"1998","unstructured":"Acsady L, Kamondi A, Sik A, Freund T, Buzsaki G. GABAergic cells are the major postsynaptic targets of mossy fibers in the rat hippocampus. J Neurosci. 1998;18(9):3386\u2013403.","journal-title":"J Neurosci"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neuroinflammation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12974-025-03521-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12974-025-03521-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12974-025-03521-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]],"date-time":"2025-09-08T01:36:53Z","timestamp":1757295413000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jneuroinflammation.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12974-025-03521-4"}},"subtitle":["Novel autoantibodies in GAD65 encephalitis"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,26]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3521"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12974-025-03521-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1742-2094"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1742-2094","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"24 September 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 July 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 July 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"We confirm that we have read the Journal\u2019s position on issues involved in ethical publication and affirm that this report is consistent with those guidelines.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical publication statement"}}],"article-number":"194"}}