{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,12]],"date-time":"2026-11-12T14:29:43Z","timestamp":1794493783280,"version":"4.9.1"},"reference-count":293,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773273600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776643200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":39,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2023YFC3504200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFC3504200"]}]},{"name":"The \"leading plan\" project of the first-class discipline of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine","award":["ZYXYL2024-006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZYXYL2024-006"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["82304723"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82304723"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Neuroinflammation"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-026-03763-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T02:35:22Z","timestamp":1773282922000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic potential of tryptophan metabolism in gut-brain signaling transduction: a narrative review"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Jiuba","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanan","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xi","family":"Mei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuai","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Mao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenhua","family":"Bian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"De","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tulin","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juxiang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lianlin","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"3763_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2524","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.03.022","volume":"184","author":"G Agirman","year":"2021","unstructured":"Agirman G, Hsiao EY. Snapshot: the microbiota-gut-brain axis. Cell. 2021;184:2524.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"3763_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2023.06.004","volume":"35","author":"C Xue","year":"2023","unstructured":"Xue C, Li G, Zheng Q, Gu X, Shi Q, Su Y, Chu Q, Yuan X, Bao Z, Lu J, Li L. Tryptophan metabolism in health and disease. Cell Metab. 2023;35:1304\u201326.","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"3763_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-025-01090-3","volume":"21","author":"BA Yates","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yates BA. Tryptophan metabolism, exercise and depression. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2025;21:201.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"3763_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6849138","volume":"219","author":"R Schwarcz","year":"1983","unstructured":"Schwarcz R, Whetsell WOJ, Mangano RM. Quinolinic acid: an endogenous metabolite that produces axon-sparing lesions in rat brain. Science. 1983;219:316\u20138.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"3763_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stone TW. Development and therapeutic potential of kynurenic acid and kynurenine derivatives for neuroprotection. In. 21 Volume. Edited. England: Elsevier Ltd; 2000. p. 149\u201354.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-6147(00)01451-6"},{"key":"3763_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108055","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2021.108055","volume":"236","author":"AS Pires","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pires AS, Sundaram G, Heng B, Krishnamurthy S, Brew BJ, Guillemin GJ. Recent advances in clinical trials targeting the kynurenine pathway. Pharmacol Ther. 2022;236:108055.","journal-title":"Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"3763_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2022.01.006","volume":"55","author":"K Hezaveh","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hezaveh K, Shinde RS, Kl\u00f6tgen A, Halaby MJ, Lamorte S, Ciudad MT, Quevedo R, Neufeld L, Liu ZQ, Jin R, et al. Tryptophan-derived microbial metabolites activate the aryl hydrocarbon receptor in tumor-associated macrophages to suppress anti-tumor immunity. Immunity. 2022;55:324\u201340.","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"3763_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4106","volume":"22","author":"V Rothhammer","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rothhammer V, Mascanfroni ID, Bunse L, Takenaka MC, Kenison JE, Mayo L, Chao C, Patel B, Yan R, Blain M, et al. Type i interferons and microbial metabolites of tryptophan modulate astrocyte activity and central nervous system inflammation via the aryl hydrocarbon receptor. Nat Med. 2016;22:586\u201397.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"3763_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2018.05.003","volume":"23","author":"A Agus","year":"2018","unstructured":"Agus A, Planchais J, Sokol H. Gut microbiota regulation of tryptophan metabolism in health and disease. Cell Host Microbe. 2018;23:716\u201324.","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"3763_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1964","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-024-01737-3","volume":"9","author":"AK Sinha","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sinha AK, Laursen MF, Brinck JE, Rybtke ML, Hj\u00f8rne AP, Proch\u00e1zkov\u00e1 N, Pedersen M, Roager HM, Licht TR. Dietary fibre directs microbial tryptophan metabolism via metabolic interactions in the gut microbiota. Nat Microbiol. 2024;9:1964\u201378.","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol"},{"key":"3763_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3294","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-05470-4","volume":"9","author":"HM Roager","year":"2018","unstructured":"Roager HM, Licht TR. Microbial tryptophan catabolites in health and disease. Nat Commun. 2018;9:3294.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"3763_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1504","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2017.08.028","volume":"153","author":"S Nikolaus","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nikolaus S, Schulte B, Al-Massad N, Thieme F, Schulte DM, Bethge J, Rehman A, Tran F, Aden K, H\u00e4sler R, et al. Increased tryptophan metabolism is associated with activity of inflammatory bowel diseases. Gastroenterology. 2017;153:1504\u201316.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"3763_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"A159","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(08)60737-4","volume":"134","author":"P Fitzgerald","year":"2008","unstructured":"Fitzgerald P, Clarke G, Scully P, Cryan JF, Shanahan F, Quigley EM, Cassidy E, Dinan TG. Tryptophan catabolism in irritable bowel syndrome: relationship to cytokines, severity and psychiatric co-morbidity. Gastroenterology. 2008;134:A159.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"3763_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70197","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.70197","volume":"21","author":"RG Dos Reis","year":"2025","unstructured":"Dos Reis RG, Singulani MP, Forlenza OV, Gattaz WF, Talib LL. Kynurenine pathway metabolite alterations in down syndrome and alzheimer\u2019s disease. Alzheimer\u2019s Dement. 2025;21:e70197.","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dement"},{"key":"3763_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Almulla AF, Vasupanrajit A, Tunvirachaisakul C, Al-Hakeim HK, Solmi M, Verkerk R, Maes M. The tryptophan catabolite or kynurenine pathway in schizophrenia: meta-analysis reveals dissociations between central, serum, and plasma compartments. Mol Psychiatry. 2022:13.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202112.0301.v1"},{"key":"3763_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4002148","volume":"14","author":"JC O\u2019Connor","year":"2009","unstructured":"O\u2019Connor JC, Lawson MA, Andr\u00e9 C, Moreau M, Lestage J, Castanon N, Kelley KW, Dantzer R. Lipopolysaccharide-induced depressive-like behavior is mediated by indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase activation in mice. Mol Psychiatry. 2009;14:511\u201322.","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"3763_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cervenka I, Agudelo LZ, Ruas JL. Kynurenines: tryptophan\u2019s metabolites in exercise, inflammation, and mental health. Science. 2017;357.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaf9794"},{"key":"3763_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4002006","volume":"12","author":"N M\u00fcller","year":"2007","unstructured":"M\u00fcller N, Schwarz MJ. The immune-mediated alteration of serotonin and glutamate: towards an integrated view of depression. Mol Psychiatry. 2007;12:988\u20131000.","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"Pt 2","key":"3763_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1042\/bj3260351","volume":"326","author":"MP Heyes","year":"1997","unstructured":"Heyes MP, Chen CY, Major EO, Saito K. Different kynurenine pathway enzymes limit quinolinic acid formation by various human cell types. Biochem J. 1997;326(Pt 2):351\u20136.","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"key":"3763_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2009.05893.x","volume":"109","author":"L Amori","year":"2009","unstructured":"Amori L, Guidetti P, Pellicciari R, Kajii Y, Schwarcz R. On the relationship between the two branches of the kynurenine pathway in the rat brainin vivo. J Neurochem. 2009;109:316\u201325.","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"3763_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmz127","volume":"11","author":"K Gao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gao K, Mu C, Farzi A, Zhu W. Tryptophan metabolism: a link between the gut microbiota and brain. Adv Nutr. 2020;11:709\u201323.","journal-title":"Adv Nutr"},{"key":"3763_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1825","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11071825","volume":"11","author":"C Shaw","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shaw C, Hess M, Weimer BC. Microbial-derived tryptophan metabolites and their role in neurological disease: anthranilic acid and anthranilic acid derivatives. Microorganisms. 2023;11:1825.","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"3763_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2211","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2007.05838.x","volume":"26","author":"LG Darlington","year":"2007","unstructured":"Darlington LG, Mackay GM, Forrest CM, Stoy N, George C, Stone TW. Altered kynurenine metabolism correlates with infarct volume in stroke. Eur J Neurosci. 2007;26:2211\u201321.","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"key":"3763_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-021-01165-4","volume":"14","author":"Z Shi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shi Z, Gan G, Xu X, Zhang J, Yuan Y, Bi B, Gao X, Xu P, Zeng W, Li J, et al. Kynurenine derivative 3-haa is an agonist ligand for transcription factor yy1. J Hematol Oncol. 2021;14:153.","journal-title":"J Hematol Oncol"},{"key":"3763_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2271","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.030972","volume":"136","author":"Q Wang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wang Q, Ding Y, Song P, Zhu H, Okon I, Ding Y, Chen H, Liu D, Zou M. Tryptophan-derived 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid contributes to angiotensin ii\u2013induced abdominal aortic aneurysm formation in mice in vivo. Circulation. 2017;136:2271\u201383.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"3763_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8338","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-43527-1","volume":"14","author":"H Dang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dang H, Castro-Portuguez R, Espejo L, Backer G, Freitas S, Spence E, Meyers J, Shuck K, Gardea EA, Chang LM, et al. On the benefits of the tryptophan metabolite 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid in caenorhabditis elegans and mouse aging. Nat Commun. 2023;14:8338.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"3763_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2025","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehs175","volume":"33","author":"L Zhang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Zhang L, Ovchinnikova O, J\u00f6nsson A, Lundberg AM, Berg M, Hansson GK, Ketelhuth DFJ. The tryptophan metabolite 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid lowers plasma lipids and decreases atherosclerosis in hypercholesterolaemic mice. Eur Heart J. 2012;33:2025\u201334.","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"3763_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1296","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2022-327337","volume":"72","author":"C Michaudel","year":"2023","unstructured":"Michaudel C, Danne C, Agus A, Magniez A, Aucouturier A, Spatz M, Lefevre A, Kirchgesner J, Rolhion N, Wang Y, et al. Rewiring the altered tryptophan metabolism as a novel therapeutic strategy in inflammatory bowel diseases. Gut. 2023;72:1296\u2013307.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"3763_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines9070734","volume":"9","author":"M Tanaka","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tanaka M, T\u00f3th F, Poly\u00e1k H, Szab\u00f3 \u00c1, M\u00e1ndi Y, V\u00e9csei L. Immune influencers in action: metabolites and enzymes of the tryptophan-kynurenine metabolic pathway. Biomedicines. 2021;9:734.","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"3763_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12070998","volume":"12","author":"K Hestad","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hestad K, Alexander J, Rootwelt H, Aaseth JO. The role of tryptophan dysmetabolism and quinolinic acid in depressive and neurodegenerative diseases. Biomolecules. 2022;12:998.","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"3763_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-017-0785-y","volume":"268","author":"M Busse","year":"2018","unstructured":"Busse M, Hettler V, Fischer V, Mawrin C, Hartig R, Dobrowolny H, Bogerts B, Frodl T, Busse S. Increased quinolinic acid in peripheral mononuclear cells in alzheimer\u2019s dementia. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2018;268:493\u2013500.","journal-title":"Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"3763_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2667","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2016-10-744060","volume":"129","author":"K Yang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yang K, Du C, Wang X, Li F, Xu Y, Wang S, Chen S, Chen F, Shen M, Chen M, et al. Indoxyl sulfate induces platelet hyperactivity and contributes to chronic kidney disease-associated thrombosis in mice. Blood. 2017;129:2667\u201379.","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"3763_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2015.12.030","volume":"89","author":"L Dou","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dou L, Burtey S. The harmful effect of indoxyl sulfate on neovascularization in chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int. 2016;89:532\u20134.","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"3763_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2013.105","volume":"10","author":"GM Mawe","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mawe GM, Hoffman JM. Serotonin signalling in the gut\u2014functions, dysfunctions and therapeutic targets. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2013;10:473\u201386.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"3763_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2025.115261","volume":"44","author":"S Garofalo","year":"2025","unstructured":"Garofalo S, Mormino A, Mazzarella L, Cocozza G, Rinaldi A, Di Pietro E, Di Castro MA, De Felice E, Maggi L, Chece G, et al. Platelets tune fear memory in mice. Cell Rep. 2025;44:115261.","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"3763_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autneu.2009.08.002","volume":"153","author":"PP Bertrand","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bertrand PP, Bertrand RL. Serotonin release and uptake in the gastrointestinal tract. Auton Neurosci. 2010;153:47\u201357.","journal-title":"Auton Neurosci"},{"key":"3763_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-201X.2004.01299.x","volume":"182","author":"A Schafermeyer","year":"2004","unstructured":"Schafermeyer A, Gratzl M, Rad R, Dossumbekova A, Sachs G, Prinz C. Isolation and receptor profiling of ileal enterochromaffin cells. Acta Physiol Scand. 2004;182:53\u201362.","journal-title":"Acta Physiol Scand"},{"key":"3763_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2013.105","volume":"10","author":"GM Mawe","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mawe GM, Hoffman JM. Serotonin signalling in the gut\u2014functions, dysfunctions and therapeutic targets. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2013;10:473\u201386.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"3763_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aggarwal S, Mortensen OV. Overview of monoamine transporters. Curr Protocols Pharmacol. 2017;79.","DOI":"10.1002\/cpph.32"},{"key":"3763_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2024.07.014","volume":"36","author":"E Nunzi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Nunzi E, Pariano M, Costantini C, Garaci E, Puccetti P, Romani L. Host\u2013microbe serotonin metabolism. Trends Endocrinol Metabolism. 2025;36:83\u201395.","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol Metabolism"},{"key":"3763_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e21888","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202100702R","volume":"35","author":"S Haq","year":"2021","unstructured":"Haq S, Grondin JA, Khan WI. Tryptophan-derived serotonin\u2010kynurenine balance in immune activation and intestinal inflammation. FASEB J. 2021;35:e21888.","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"3763_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2982.2009.01370.x","volume":"21","author":"D Keszthelyi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Keszthelyi D, Troost FJ, Masclee AAM. Understanding the role of tryptophan and serotonin metabolism in gastrointestinal function. Neurogastroenterology Motil. 2009;21:1239\u201349.","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterology Motil"},{"key":"3763_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsb.2013.01.002","volume":"181","author":"W Huang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Huang W, Gong Z, Li J, Ding J. Crystal structure of drosophila melanogaster tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase reveals insights into substrate recognition and catalytic mechanism. J Struct Biol. 2013;181:291\u20139.","journal-title":"J Struct Biol"},{"key":"3763_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6099","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.16086","volume":"289","author":"MT Pallotta","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pallotta MT, Rossini S, Suvieri C, Coletti A, Orabona C, Macchiarulo A, Volpi C, Grohmann U. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (ido1): an up-to-date overview of an eclectic immunoregulatory enzyme. FEBS J. 2022;289:6099\u2013118.","journal-title":"FEBS J"},{"key":"3763_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20120416","volume":"446","author":"Q Han","year":"2012","unstructured":"Han Q, Robinson H, Li J. Biochemical identification and crystal structure of kynurenine formamidase fromdrosophila melanogaster. Biochem J. 2012;446:253\u201360.","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"key":"3763_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbapap.2014.12.028","volume":"1854","author":"RS Phillips","year":"2015","unstructured":"Phillips RS. Chemistry and diversity of pyridoxal-5\u2032-phosphate dependent enzymes. Biochim et Biophys Acta (BBA) - Proteins Proteom. 2015;1854:1167\u201374.","journal-title":"Biochim et Biophys Acta (BBA) - Proteins Proteom"},{"key":"3763_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbapap.2010.12.003","volume":"1814","author":"RS Phillips","year":"2011","unstructured":"Phillips RS. Structure, mechanism, and substrate specificity of kynureninase. Biochim et Biophys Acta (BBA) - Proteins Proteom. 2011;1814:1481\u20138.","journal-title":"Biochim et Biophys Acta (BBA) - Proteins Proteom"},{"key":"3763_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2019.00007","volume":"6","author":"F Rossi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rossi F, Miggiano R, Ferraris DM, Rizzi M. The synthesis of kynurenic acid in mammals: an updated kynurenine aminotransferase structural katalogue. Front Mol Biosci. 2019;6:7.","journal-title":"Front Mol Biosci"},{"key":"3763_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27010273","volume":"27","author":"TD Hughes","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hughes TD, G\u00fcner OF, Iradukunda EC, Phillips RS, Bowen JP. The kynurenine pathway and kynurenine 3-monooxygenase inhibitors. Molecules. 2022;27:273.","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"3763_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1110\/ps.051967906","volume":"15","author":"X Li","year":"2006","unstructured":"Li X, Guo M, Fan J, Tang W, Wang D, Ge H, Rong H, Teng M, Niu L, Liu Q, Hao Q. Crystal structure of 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid 3,4\u2010dioxygenase fromsaccharomyces cerevisiae : a special subgroup of the type iii extradiol dioxygenases. Protein Sci. 2006;15:761\u201373.","journal-title":"Protein Sci"},{"key":"3763_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kamil RM, Albadry MAZ, Yaseen II, Al-Fahham AA. Aminotransaminases: structures, functions and clinical significance. Int J Health Med Res. 2024;03.","DOI":"10.58806\/ijhmr.2024.v3i06n25"},{"key":"3763_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107878","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2024.107878","volume":"300","author":"Y Yang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yang Y, Davis I, Altman RA, Liu A. \u0391-amino-\u03b2-carboxymuconate-\u03b5-semialdehyde decarboxylase catalyzes enol\/keto tautomerization of oxaloacetate. J Biol Chem. 2024;300:107878.","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"3763_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19681","DOI":"10.1038\/srep19681","volume":"6","author":"H Youn","year":"2016","unstructured":"Youn H, Kim TG, Kim M, Kang GB, Kang JY, Lee J, An JY, Park KR, Lee YJ, Im YJ, et al. Structural insights into the quaternary catalytic mechanism of hexameric human quinolinate phosphoribosyltransferase, a key enzyme in de novo nad biosynthesis. Sci Rep. 2016;6:19681.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"3763_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4445","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-022-12028-4","volume":"106","author":"S Han","year":"2022","unstructured":"Han S, Shin J. Aromatic l-amino acid decarboxylases: mechanistic features and microbial applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2022;106:4445\u201358.","journal-title":"Appl Microbiol Biotechnol"},{"key":"3763_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1007\/s11101-017-9520-6","volume":"17","author":"M Wang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wang M, Maeda HA. Aromatic amino acid aminotransferases in plants. Phytochem Rev. 2018;17:131\u201359.","journal-title":"Phytochem Rev"},{"key":"3763_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2793","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)99576-1","volume":"242","author":"Y Morino","year":"1967","unstructured":"Morino Y, Snell EE. A kinetic study of the reaction mechanism of tryptophanase-catalyzed reactions. J Biol Chem. 1967;242:2793\u20139.","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"3763_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbi.2022.102441","volume":"76","author":"S Prajapati","year":"2022","unstructured":"Prajapati S, Rabe Von Pappenheim F, Tittmann K. Frontiers in the enzymology of thiamin diphosphate-dependent enzymes. Curr Opin Struct Biol. 2022;76:102441.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Struct Biol"},{"key":"3763_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3582","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.biochem.1c00470","volume":"60","author":"S Khrapunov","year":"2021","unstructured":"Khrapunov S, Waterman A, Persaud R, Chang EP. Structure, function, and thermodynamics of lactate dehydrogenases from humans and the malaria parasitep. Falciparum. Biochemistry. 2021;60:3582\u201395.","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"3763_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4680732","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/4680732","volume":"2017","author":"WA Garc\u00eda-Su\u00e1stegui","year":"2017","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-Su\u00e1stegui WA, Ramos-Ch\u00e1vez LA, Rubio-Osornio M, Calvillo-Velasco M, Atzin-M\u00e9ndez JA, Guevara J, Silva-Adaya D. The role of cyp2e1 in the drug metabolism or bioactivation in the brain. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2017;2017:4680732.","journal-title":"Oxid Med Cell Longev"},{"key":"3763_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"BSR20202959","DOI":"10.1042\/BSR20202959","volume":"40","author":"K Zhang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhang K, Lee JS, Liu R, Chan ZT, Dawson TJ, De Togni ES, Edwards CT, Eng IK, Gao AR, Goicouria LA, et al. Investigating the reaction and substrate preference of indole-3-acetaldehyde dehydrogenase from the plant pathogenpseudomonas syringae pto dc3000. Biosci Rep. 2020;40:BSR20202959.","journal-title":"Biosci Rep"},{"key":"3763_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4224","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-06627-x","volume":"9","author":"D Liu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Liu D, Wei Y, Liu X, Zhou Y, Jiang L, Yin J, Wang F, Hu Y, Nanjaraj Urs AN, Liu Y, et al. Indoleacetate decarboxylase is a glycyl radical enzyme catalysing the formation of malodorant skatole. Nat Commun. 2018;9:4224.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"3763_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12976","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-63027-6","volume":"14","author":"B Narayanan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Narayanan B, Xia C, McAndrew R, Shen AL, Kim JP. Structural basis for expanded substrate specificities of human long chain acyl-coa dehydrogenase and related acyl-coa dehydrogenases. Sci Rep. 2024;14:12976.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"3763_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1038\/s41589-023-01416-0","volume":"19","author":"X Shi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shi X, Zhao G, Li H, Zhao Z, Li W, Wu M, Du Y. Hydroxytryptophan biosynthesis by a family of heme-dependent enzymes in bacteria. Nat Chem Biol. 2023;19:1415\u201322.","journal-title":"Nat Chem Biol"},{"key":"3763_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2013.12.020","volume":"546","author":"M Bertoldi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bertoldi M. Mammalian dopa decarboxylase: structure, catalytic activity and inhibition. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2014;546:1\u20137.","journal-title":"Arch Biochem Biophys"},{"key":"3763_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1534","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1983.tb08123.x","volume":"40","author":"CJ Fowler","year":"1983","unstructured":"Fowler CJ, Benedetti MS. The metabolism of dopamine by both forms of monoamine oxidase in the rat brain and its inhibition by cimoxatone. J Neurochem. 1983;40:1534\u201341.","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"3763_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2017.12.032","volume":"40","author":"F Larit","year":"2018","unstructured":"Larit F, Elokely KM, Chaurasiya ND, Benyahia S, Nael MA, Le\u00f3n F, Abu-Darwish MS, Efferth T, Wang Y, Belouahem-Abed D, et al. Inhibition of human monoamine oxidase a and b by flavonoids isolated from two algerian medicinal plants. Phytomedicine. 2018;40:27\u201336.","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"3763_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bortolato M, Shih JC. Behavioral outcomes of monoamine oxidase deficiency: preclinical and clinical evidence. In International Review of Neurobiology. 100 Volume. Edited: Elsevier; 2011. p. 13\u201342.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-386467-3.00002-9"},{"key":"3763_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2018.00066","volume":"5","author":"BG O\u2019Flynn","year":"2018","unstructured":"O\u2019Flynn BG, Suarez G, Hawley AJ, Merkler DJ. Insect arylalkylamine n-acyltransferases: mechanism and role in fatty acid amide biosynthesis. Front Mol Biosci. 2018;5:66.","journal-title":"Front Mol Biosci"},{"key":"3763_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.111.005538","volume":"64","author":"V Koppaka","year":"2012","unstructured":"Koppaka V, Thompson DC, Chen Y, Ellermann M, Nicolaou KC, Juvonen RO, Petersen D, Deitrich RA, Hurley TD, Vasiliou V. Aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitors: a comprehensive review of the pharmacology, mechanism of action, substrate specificity, and clinical application. Pharmacol Rev. 2012;64:520\u201339.","journal-title":"Pharmacol Rev"},{"key":"3763_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1312","DOI":"10.1126\/science.131.3409.1312","volume":"131","author":"AXELRODJ WEISSBACH","year":"1960","unstructured":"WEISSBACH AXELRODJ. Enzymatic o-methylation of n-acetylserotonin to melatonin. Science. 1960;131:1312.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"3763_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.1996.tb04331.x","volume":"81","author":"EA Smith","year":"1996","unstructured":"Smith EA, Macfarlane GT. Enumeration of human colonic bacteria producing phenolic and indolic compounds: effects of ph, carbohydrate availability and retention time on dissimilatory aromatic amino acid metabolism. J Appl Bacteriol. 1996;81:288\u2013302.","journal-title":"J Appl Bacteriol"},{"key":"3763_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6976.2009.00204.x","volume":"34","author":"J Lee","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lee J, Lee J. Indole as an intercellular signal in microbial communities. FEMS Microbiol Rev. 2010;34:426\u201344.","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"3763_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00425340","volume":"107","author":"SR Elsden","year":"1976","unstructured":"Elsden SR, Hilton MG, Waller JM. The end products of the metabolism of aromatic amino acids by clostridia. Arch Microbiol. 1976;107:283\u20138.","journal-title":"Arch Microbiol"},{"key":"3763_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2016.10.021","volume":"20","author":"AS Devlin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Devlin AS, Marcobal A, Dodd D, Nayfach S, Plummer N, Meyer T, Pollard KS, Sonnenburg JL, Fischbach MA. Modulation of a circulating uremic solute via rational genetic manipulation of the gut microbiota. Cell Host Microbe. 2016;20:709\u201315.","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"3763_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201200594","volume":"57","author":"WR Russell","year":"2013","unstructured":"Russell WR, Duncan SH, Scobbie L, Duncan G, Cantlay L, Calder AG, Anderson SE, Flint HJ. Major phenylpropanoid-derived metabolites in the human gut can arise from microbial fermentation of protein. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2013;57:523\u201335.","journal-title":"Mol Nutr Food Res"},{"key":"3763_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1950","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02458-07","volume":"74","author":"TR Whitehead","year":"2008","unstructured":"Whitehead TR, Price NP, Drake HL, Cotta MA. Catabolic pathway for the production of skatole and indoleacetic acid by the acetogenclostridium drakei, clostridium scatologenes, and swine manure. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2008;74:1950\u20133.","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"3763_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.56.5.1373-1377.1990","volume":"56","author":"DC Honeyfield","year":"1990","unstructured":"Honeyfield DC, Carlson JR. Effect of indoleacetic acid and related indoles on lactobacillus sp. Strain 11201 growth, indoleacetic acid catabolism, and 3-methylindole formation. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1990;56:1373\u20137.","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"3763_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-020-00585-5","volume":"18","author":"A Barroso","year":"2021","unstructured":"Barroso A, Mahler JV, Fonseca-Castro PH, Quintana FJ. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor and the gut-brain axis. Cell Mol Immunol. 2021;18:259\u201368.","journal-title":"Cell Mol Immunol"},{"key":"3763_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1038\/nature24661","volume":"551","author":"D Dodd","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dodd D, Spitzer MH, Van Treuren W, Merrill BD, Hryckowian AJ, Higginbottom SK, Le A, Cowan TM, Nolan GP, Fischbach MA, Sonnenburg JL. A gut bacterial pathway metabolizes aromatic amino acids into nine circulating metabolites. Nature. 2017;551:648\u201352.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"3763_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.06.007","volume":"22","author":"M Wlodarska","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wlodarska M, Luo C, Kolde R, D Hennezel E, Annand JW, Heim CE, Krastel P, Schmitt EK, Omar AS, Creasey EA, et al. Indoleacrylic acid produced by commensal peptostreptococcus species suppresses inflammation. Cell Host Microbe. 2017;22:25\u201337.","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"3763_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3698","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0812874106","volume":"106","author":"WR Wikoff","year":"2009","unstructured":"Wikoff WR, Anfora AT, Liu J, Schultz PG, Lesley SA, Peters EC, Siuzdak G. Metabolomics analysis reveals large effects of gut microflora on mammalian blood metabolites. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009;106:3698\u2013703.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"3763_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2014.09.001","volume":"16","author":"BB Williams","year":"2014","unstructured":"Williams BB, Van Benschoten AH, Cimermancic P, Donia MS, Zimmermann M, Taketani M, Ishihara A, Kashyap PC, Fraser JS, Fischbach MA. Discovery and characterization of gut microbiota decarboxylases that can produce the neurotransmitter tryptamine. Cell Host Microbe. 2014;16:495\u2013503.","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"3763_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2013.08.003","volume":"39","author":"T Zelante","year":"2013","unstructured":"Zelante T, Iannitti RG, Cunha C, De Luca A, Giovannini G, Pieraccini G, Zecchi R, D\u2019Angelo C, Massi-Benedetti C, Fallarino F, et al. Tryptophan catabolites from microbiota engage aryl hydrocarbon receptor and balance mucosal reactivity via interleukin-22. Immunity. 2013;39:372\u201385.","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"3763_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aah5825","volume":"357","author":"L Cervantes-Barragan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cervantes-Barragan L, Chai JN, Tianero MD, Di Luccia B, Ahern PP, Merriman J, Cortez VS, Caparon MG, Donia MS, Gilfillan S, et al. Lactobacillus reuteri induces gut intraepithelial cd4+ cd8\u03b1\u03b1+ t cells. Science. 2017;357:806\u201310.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"3763_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1038\/nature24628","volume":"551","author":"N Wilck","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wilck N, Matus MG, Kearney SM, Olesen SW, Forslund K, Bartolomaeus H, Haase S, M\u00e4hler A, Balogh A, Mark\u00f3 L, et al. Salt-responsive gut commensal modulates th17 axis and disease. Nature. 2017;551:585\u20139.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"3763_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.38.3.544-546.1979","volume":"38","author":"F Aragozzini","year":"1979","unstructured":"Aragozzini F, Ferrari A, Pacini N, Gualandris R. Indole-3-lactic acid as a tryptophan metabolite produced by bifidobacterium spp. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1979;38:544\u20136.","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"3763_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-015-9103-6","volume":"408","author":"AH Honor\u00e9","year":"2016","unstructured":"Honor\u00e9 AH, Aunsbjerg SD, Ebrahimi P, Thorsen M, Benfeldt C, Kn\u00f8chel S, Skov T. Metabolic footprinting for investigation of antifungal properties of lactobacillus paracasei. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2016;408:83\u201396.","journal-title":"Anal Bioanal Chem"},{"key":"3763_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1038\/s41401-023-01186-4","volume":"45","author":"L Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang L, Jin Y, Pei W, Li J, Zhang R, Wang J, Lin W. Amuc_1100 pretreatment alleviates acute pancreatitis in a mouse model through regulating gut microbiota and inhibiting inflammatory infiltration. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2024;45:570\u201380.","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol Sin"},{"key":"3763_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-023-01606-x","volume":"11","author":"P Sun","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sun P, Wang M, Liu Y, Li L, Chai X, Zheng W, Chen S, Zhu X, Zhao S. High-fat diet-disturbed gut microbiota-colonocyte interactions contribute to dysregulating peripheral tryptophan-kynurenine metabolism. Microbiome. 2023;11:154.","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"3763_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.14-259598","volume":"29","author":"CS Reigstad","year":"2015","unstructured":"Reigstad CS, Salmonson CE III, Szurszewski JFR, Linden JH, Sonnenburg DR, Farrugia JL, Kashyap G. Gut microbes promote colonic serotonin production through an effect of short-chain fatty acids on enterochromaffin cells. FASEB J. 2015;29:1395\u2013403.","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"3763_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.02.047","volume":"161","author":"JM Yano","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yano JM, Yu K, Donaldson GP, Shastri GG, Ann P, Ma L, Nagler CR, Ismagilov RF, Mazmanian SK, Hsiao EY. Indigenous bacteria from the gut microbiota regulate host serotonin biosynthesis. Cell. 2015;161:264\u201376.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"3763_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bansal T, Alaniz RC, Wood TK, Jayaraman A. The bacterial signal indole increases epithelial-cell tight-junction resistance and attenuates indicators of inflammation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010;107:228\u201333.","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0906112107"},{"key":"3763_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2018.07.001","volume":"28","author":"JM Natividad","year":"2018","unstructured":"Natividad JM, Agus A, Planchais J, Lamas B, Jarry AC, Martin R, Michel M, Chong-Nguyen C, Roussel R, Straube M, et al. Impaired aryl hydrocarbon receptor ligand production by the gut microbiota is a key factor in metabolic syndrome. Cell Metab. 2018;28:737\u201349.","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"3763_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmgh.2019.01.004","volume":"7","author":"YH Kwon","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kwon YH, Wang H, Denou E, Ghia J, Rossi L, Fontes ME, Bernier SP, Shajib MS, Banskota S, Collins SM, et al. Modulation of gut microbiota composition by serotonin signaling influences intestinal immune response and susceptibility to colitis. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019;7:709\u201328.","journal-title":"Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"3763_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2064","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-019-0540-4","volume":"4","author":"TC Fung","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fung TC, Vuong HE, Luna CDG, Pronovost GN, Aleksandrova AA, Riley NG, Vavilina A, McGinn J, Rendon T, Forrest LR, Hsiao EY. Intestinal serotonin and fluoxetine exposure modulate bacterial colonization in the gut. Nat Microbiol. 2019;4:2064\u201373.","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol"},{"key":"3763_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2019.02.008","volume":"101","author":"C Fulling","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fulling C, Dinan TG, Cryan JF. Gut microbe to brain signaling: what happens in vagus. Neuron. 2019;101:998\u20131002.","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"3763_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaat5236","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aat5236","volume":"361","author":"MM Kaelberer","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kaelberer MM, Buchanan KL, Klein ME, Barth BB, Montoya MM, Shen X, Boh\u00f3rquez DV. A gut-brain neural circuit for nutrient sensory transduction. Science. 2018;361:eaat5236.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"3763_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2020.11.011","volume":"29","author":"L Ye","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ye L, Bae M, Cassilly CD, Jabba SV, Thorpe DW, Martin AM, Lu H, Wang J, Thompson JD, Lickwar CR, et al. Enteroendocrine cells sense bacterial tryptophan catabolites to activate enteric and vagal neuronal pathways. Cell Host Microbe. 2021;29:179\u201396.","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"3763_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.05.034","volume":"170","author":"NW Bellono","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bellono NW, Bayrer JR, Leitch DB, Castro J, Zhang C, O Donnell TA, Brierley SM, Ingraham HA, Julius D. Enterochromaffin cells are gut chemosensors that couple to sensory neural pathways. Cell. 2017;170:185\u201398.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"3763_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI78361","volume":"125","author":"DV Bohorquez","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bohorquez DV, Shahid RA, Erdmann A, Kreger AM, Wang Y, Calakos N, Wang F, Liddle RA. Neuroepithelial circuit formed by innervation of sensory enteroendocrine cells. J Clin Invest. 2015;125:782\u20136.","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"3763_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2474-7","volume":"583","author":"PA Muller","year":"2020","unstructured":"Muller PA, Schneeberger M, Matheis F, Wang P, Kerner Z, Ilanges A, Pellegrino K, Del M\u00e1rmol J, Castro TBR, Furuichi M, et al. Microbiota modulate sympathetic neurons via a gut\u2013brain circuit. Nature. 2020;583:441\u20136.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"3763_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26031160","volume":"26","author":"YK Hwang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hwang YK, Oh JS. Interaction of the vagus nerve and serotonin in the gut\u2013brain axis. Int J Mol Sci. 2025;26:1160.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"3763_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e25613","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.25613","volume":"532","author":"NJ Spencer","year":"2024","unstructured":"Spencer NJ, Kyloh MA, Travis L, Hibberd TJ. Mechanisms underlying the gut\u2013brain communication: how enterochromaffin (ec) cells activate vagal afferent nerve endings in the small intestine. J Comp Neurol. 2024;532:e25613.","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"key":"3763_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117748","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2024.117748","volume":"182","author":"Y Lee","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lee Y, Cho Y, Kim J. The unique role of fluoxetine in alleviating depression and anxiety by regulating gut microbiota and the expression of vagus nerve-mediated serotonin and melanocortin-4 receptors. Biomed Pharmacother. 2025;182:117748.","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"key":"3763_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2020.00629","volume":"14","author":"GA Petroianu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Petroianu GA, Lorke DE. The role of serotonin in singultus: a review. Front Neurosci. 2020;14:629.","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"3763_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brierley SM, Hibberd TJ, Spencer NJ. Spinal afferent innervation of the colon and rectum. Front Cell Neurosci. 2018;12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2018.00467"},{"key":"3763_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.46.4.474","volume":"46","author":"CM Kozlowski","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kozlowski CM. The 5-ht3 receptor antagonist alosetron inhibits the colorectal distention induced depressor response and spinal c-fos expression in the anaesthetised rat. Gut. 2000;46:474\u201380.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"3763_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-05829-8","volume":"616","author":"JR Bayrer","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bayrer JR, Castro J, Venkataraman A, Touhara KK, Rossen ND, Morrie RD, Maddern J, Hendry A, Braverman KN, Garcia-Caraballo S, et al. Gut enterochromaffin cells drive visceral pain and anxiety. Nature. 2023;616:137\u201342.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"3763_CR109","unstructured":"Halawani D, Wang Y, Estill M, Sefiani A, Ramakrishnan A, Li J, et al. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor restricts axon regeneration of drg neurons in response to injury. bioRxiv: preprint Serv biology. 2024:2011\u201323."},{"key":"3763_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2019.1638722","volume":"11","author":"A Parker","year":"2020","unstructured":"Parker A, Fonseca S, Carding SR. Gut microbes and metabolites as modulators of blood-brain barrier integrity and brain health. Gut Microbes. 2020;11:135\u201357.","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"3763_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-022-00548-6","volume":"17","author":"E Connell","year":"2022","unstructured":"Connell E, Le Gall G, Pontifex MG, Sami S, Cryan JF, Clarke G, M\u00fcller M, Vauzour D. Microbial-derived metabolites as a risk factor of age-related cognitive decline and dementia. Mol Neurodegener. 2022;17:43.","journal-title":"Mol Neurodegener"},{"key":"3763_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2007","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1991.tb03460.x","volume":"56","author":"S Fukui","year":"1991","unstructured":"Fukui S, Schwarcz R, Rapoport SI, Takada Y, Smith QR. Blood-brain barrier transport of kynurenines: implications for brain synthesis and metabolism. J Neurochem. 1991;56:2007\u201317.","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"3763_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-023-01589-9","volume":"11","author":"M Zhou","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhou M, Fan Y, Xu L, Yu Z, Wang S, Xu H, Zhang J, Zhang L, Liu W, Wu L, et al. Microbiome and tryptophan metabolomics analysis in adolescent depression: roles of the gut microbiota in the regulation of tryptophan-derived neurotransmitters and behaviors in human and mice. Microbiome. 2023;11:145.","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"3763_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2022.08.003","volume":"106","author":"J Sun","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sun J, Zhang Y, Kong Y, Ye T, Yu Q, Kumaran Satyanarayanan S, Su K, Liu J. Microbiota-derived metabolite indoles induced aryl hydrocarbon receptor activation and inhibited neuroinflammation in app\/ps1 mice. Brain Behav Immun. 2022;106:76\u201388.","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"3763_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2019070728","volume":"31","author":"M Bobot","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bobot M, Thomas L, Moyon A, Fernandez S, McKay N, Balasse L, Garrigue P, Brige P, Chopinet S, Poitevin S, et al. Uremic toxic blood-brain barrier disruption mediated by ahr activation leads to cognitive impairment during experimental renal dysfunction. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2020;31:1509\u201321.","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"3763_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109840","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2023.109840","volume":"117","author":"W Lai","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lai W, Huang Z, Li S, Li X, Luo D. Kynurenine pathway metabolites modulated the comorbidity of ibd and depressive symptoms through the immune response. Int Immunopharmacol. 2023;117:109840.","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"3763_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1944","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201700853R","volume":"32","author":"X Zang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zang X, Zheng X, Hou Y, Hu M, Wang H, Bao X, Zhou F, Wang G, Hao H. Regulation of proinflammatory monocyte activation by the kynurenine\u2013ahr axis underlies immunometabolic control of depressive behavior in mice. FASEB J. 2018;32:1944\u201356.","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"3763_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"578155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2023.578155","volume":"382","author":"C Rust","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rust C, Malan-Muller S, van den Heuvel LL, Tonge D, Seedat S, Pretorius E, Hemmings SMJ. Platelets bridging the gap between gut dysbiosis and neuroinflammation in stress-linked disorders: a narrative review. J Neuroimmunol. 2023;382:578155.","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"3763_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03669-y","volume":"595","author":"W Wu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wu W, Adame MD, Liou C, Barlow JT, Lai T, Sharon G, Schretter CE, Needham BD, Wang MI, Tang W, et al. Microbiota regulate social behaviour via stress response neurons in the brain. Nature. 2021;595:409\u201314.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"3763_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2024.10.003","volume":"37","author":"GSS Tofani","year":"2025","unstructured":"Tofani GSS, Leigh S, Gheorghe CE, Bastiaanssen TFS, Wilmes L, Sen P, Clarke G, Cryan JF. Gut microbiota regulates stress responsivity via the circadian system. Cell Metab. 2025;37:138\u201353.","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"3763_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Punder K, Pruimboom L. Stress induces endotoxemia and low-grade inflammation by increasing barrier permeability. Front Immunol. 2015;6.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2015.00223"},{"key":"3763_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-017-0600-5","volume":"15","author":"A Farzi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Farzi A, Fr\u00f6hlich EE, Holzer P. Gut microbiota and the neuroendocrine system. Neurotherapeutics. 2018;15:5\u201322.","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"3763_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2018.07.007","volume":"73","author":"M Vodi\u010dka","year":"2018","unstructured":"Vodi\u010dka M, Ergang P, Hrn\u010d\u00ed\u0159 T, Mikuleck\u00e1 A, Kvapilov\u00e1 P, Vagnerov\u00e1 K, \u0160est\u00e1kov\u00e1 B, Fajstov\u00e1 A, Hermanov\u00e1 P, Hudcovic T, et al. Microbiota affects the expression of genes involved in hpa axis regulation and local metabolism of glucocorticoids in chronic psychosocial stress. Brain Behav Immun. 2018;73:615\u201324.","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"3763_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1296.007","volume":"1018","author":"A MIKKELSEN JD, HAY SCHMIDT A, KISS","year":"2004","unstructured":"MIKKELSEN JD, HAY SCHMIDT A, KISS A. Serotonergic stimulation of the rat hypothalamo-pituitary\u2010adrenal axis: interaction between 5\u2010ht1a and 5\u2010ht2a receptors. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2004;1018:65\u201370.","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"3763_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2826.2001.00712.x","volume":"13","author":"JB Jensen","year":"2001","unstructured":"Jensen JB, M\u00f8rk A, Mikkelsen JD. Chronic antidepressant treatments decrease pro-opiomelanocortin mrna expression in the pituitary gland: effects of acute stress and 5-ht1a receptor activation. J Neuroendocrinol. 2001;13:887\u201393.","journal-title":"J Neuroendocrinol"},{"key":"3763_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dinan TG. Serotonin and the regulation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function. In. 58 Volume. Edited. Netherlands: Elsevier Inc; 1996. p. 1683\u201394.","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(96)00066-5"},{"key":"3763_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2008.04.006","volume":"32","author":"L Lanfumey","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lanfumey L, Mongeau R, Cohen-Salmon C, Hamon M. Corticosteroid\u2013serotonin interactions in the neurobiological mechanisms of stress-related disorders. Neurosci Biobehavioral Reviews. 2008;32:1174\u201384.","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehavioral Reviews"},{"key":"3763_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-1781(02)00250-0","volume":"113","author":"T Klaassen","year":"2002","unstructured":"Klaassen T, Riedel WJ, van Praag HM, Menheere PPCA, Griez E. Neuroendocrine response to meta-chlorophenylpiperazine and ipsapirone in relation to anxiety and aggression. Psychiatry Res. 2002;113:29\u201340.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"3763_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(98)00901-9","volume":"811","author":"H Jorgensen","year":"1998","unstructured":"Jorgensen H, Knigge U, Kjaer A, Vadsholt T, Warberg J. Serotonergic involvement in stress-induced acth release. Brain Res. 1998;811:10\u201320.","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"3763_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/0922-4106(94)90134-1","volume":"266","author":"OC Meijer","year":"1994","unstructured":"Meijer OC, de Kloet ER. Corticosterone suppresses the expression of 5-ht1a receptor mrna in rat dentate gyrus. Eur J Pharmacol. 1994;266:255\u201361.","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"3763_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1159\/000126160","volume":"55","author":"SD Mendelson","year":"1992","unstructured":"Mendelson SD, McEwen BS. Autoradiographic analyses of the effects of adrenalectomy and corticosterone on 5-ht1a and 5-ht1b receptors in the dorsal hippocampus and cortex of the rat. Neuroendocrinology. 1992;55:444\u201350.","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"},{"key":"3763_CR132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2008.04.006","volume":"32","author":"L Lanfumey","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lanfumey L, Mongeau R, Cohen-Salmon C, Hamon M. Corticosteroid\u2013serotonin interactions in the neurobiological mechanisms of stress-related disorders. Neurosci Biobehavioral Reviews. 2008;32:1174\u201384.","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehavioral Reviews"},{"key":"3763_CR133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1177\/026988110201600310","volume":"16","author":"M Man","year":"2002","unstructured":"Man M, Young AH, McAllister-Williams RH. Corticosterone modulation of somatodendritic 5-ht1a receptor function in mice. J Psychopharmacol. 2002;16:245\u201352.","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"3763_CR134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3895-04.2005","volume":"25","author":"MT Englander","year":"2005","unstructured":"Englander MT, Dulawa SC, Bhansali P, Schmauss C. How stress and fluoxetine modulate serotonin 2c receptor pre-mrna editing. J Neurosci. 2005;25:648\u201351.","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"3763_CR135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2017.06.052","volume":"222","author":"FJH Sorgdrager","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sorgdrager FJH, Doornbos B, Penninx BWJH, de Jonge P, Kema IP. The association between the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis and tryptophan metabolism in persons with recurrent major depressive disorder and healthy controls. J Affect Disord. 2017;222:32\u20139.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"3763_CR136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1466","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.17407","volume":"182","author":"M Hasegawa","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hasegawa M, Kunisawa K, Wulaer B, Kubota H, Kurahashi H, Sakata T, Ando H, Fujigaki S, Fujigaki H, Yamamoto Y, et al. Chronic stress induces behavioural changes through increased kynurenic acid by downregulation of kynurenine-3\u2010monooxygenase with microglial decline. Br J Pharmacol. 2025;182:1466\u201386.","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"3763_CR137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7927","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-025-04738-3","volume":"62","author":"S Tiwari","year":"2025","unstructured":"Tiwari S, Paramanik V. Lactobacillus fermentum atcc 9338 supplementation prevents depressive-like behaviors through glucocorticoid receptor and n-methyl-d-aspartate2b in chronic unpredictable mild stress mouse model. Mol Neurobiol. 2025;62:7927\u201344.","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"3763_CR138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-005-4007-1","volume":"25","author":"H Tu","year":"2005","unstructured":"Tu H, Rady PL, Juelich T, Smith EM, Tyring SK, Hughes TK. Cytokine regulation of tryptophan metabolism in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (hpa) axis: implications for protective and toxic consequences in neuroendocrine regulation. Cell Mol Neurobiol. 2005;25:673\u201380.","journal-title":"Cell Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"3763_CR139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4011","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-17750-z","volume":"11","author":"LF Campesato","year":"2020","unstructured":"Campesato LF, Budhu S, Tchaicha J, Weng C, Gigoux M, Cohen IJ, Redmond D, Mangarin L, Pourpe S, Liu C, et al. Blockade of the ahr restricts a treg-macrophage suppressive axis induced by l-kynurenine. Nat Commun. 2020;11:4011.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"3763_CR140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2022-328853","volume":"72","author":"C Becker","year":"2023","unstructured":"Becker C, Adolph TE. Disentangling tryptophan metabolism in inflammatory bowel diseases. Gut. 2023;72:1235\u20136.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"3763_CR141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e215981","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0215981","volume":"14","author":"A Abdullah","year":"2019","unstructured":"Abdullah A, Maged M, Hairul-Islam MI, Osama IA, Maha H, Manal A, Hamza H. Activation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor signaling by a novel agonist ameliorates autoimmune encephalomyelitis. PLoS ONE. 2019;14:e215981.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"3763_CR142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ren T, Li D, Sun F, Pan L, Wang A, Li X, et al. Indole propionic acid regulates gut immunity: mechanisms of metabolite-driven immunomodulation and barrier integrity. J Microbiol Biotechnol. 2025;35.","DOI":"10.4014\/jmb.2503.03045"},{"key":"3763_CR143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06508-4","volume":"621","author":"BG Wiggins","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wiggins BG, Wang Y, Burke A, Grunberg N, Vlachaki Walker JM, Dore M, Chahrour C, Pennycook BR, Sanchez-Garrido J, Vernia S, et al. Endothelial sensing of ahr ligands regulates intestinal homeostasis. Nature. 2023;621:821\u20139.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"3763_CR144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1038\/nature21080","volume":"542","author":"C Schiering","year":"2017","unstructured":"Schiering C, Wincent E, Metidji A, Iseppon A, Li Y, Potocnik AJ, Omenetti S, Henderson CJ, Wolf CR, Nebert DW, Stockinger B. Feedback control of ahr signalling regulates intestinal immunity. Nature. 2017;542:242\u20135.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"3763_CR145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-021-00430-8","volume":"18","author":"B Stockinger","year":"2021","unstructured":"Stockinger B, Shah K, Wincent E. Ahr in the intestinal microenvironment: safeguarding barrier function. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021;18:559\u201370.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"3763_CR146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-1975-8","volume":"578","author":"Y Obata","year":"2020","unstructured":"Obata Y, Casta\u00f1o \u00c1, Boeing S, Bon-Frauches AC, Fung C, Fallesen T, de Ag\u00fcero MG, Yilmaz B, Lopes R, Huseynova A, et al. Neuronal programming by microbiota regulates intestinal physiology. Nature. 2020;578:284\u20139.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"3763_CR147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2504","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19092504","volume":"19","author":"L Juricek","year":"2018","unstructured":"Juricek L, Coumoul X. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor and the nervous system. Int J Mol Sci. 2018;19:2504.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"3763_CR148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2008.09.001","volume":"233","author":"B Moon","year":"2008","unstructured":"Moon B, Hong CG, Kim S, Kim H, Shin SK, Kang S, Lee K, Kim Y, Lee M, Shin K. A single administration of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin that produces reduced food and water intake induces long-lasting expression of corticotropin-releasing factor, arginine vasopressin, and proopiomelanocortin in rat brain. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2008;233:314\u201322.","journal-title":"Toxicol Appl Pharmacol"},{"key":"3763_CR149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2003.08.007","volume":"25","author":"CR Filbrandt","year":"2004","unstructured":"Filbrandt CR, Wu Z, Zlokovic B, Opanashuk L, Gasiewicz TA. Presence and functional activity of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor in isolated murine cerebral vascular endothelial cells and astrocytes. Neurotoxicology. 2004;25:605\u201316.","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"3763_CR150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2008.11.001","volume":"77","author":"S Dauchy","year":"2009","unstructured":"Dauchy S, Miller F, Couraud P, Weaver RJ, Weksler B, Romero I, Scherrmann J, De Waziers I, Decl\u00e8ves X. Expression and transcriptional regulation of abc transporters and cytochromes p450 in hcmec\/d3 human cerebral microvascular endothelial cells. Biochem Pharmacol. 2009;77:897\u2013909.","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"key":"3763_CR151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2470386","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2025.2470386","volume":"17","author":"X Wang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wang X, Hu M, Wu W, Lou X, Gao R, Ma T, Dheen ST, Cheng J, Xiong J, Chen X, Wang J. Indole derivatives ameliorated the methamphetamine-induced depression and anxiety via aryl hydrocarbon receptor along microbiota-brain axis. Gut Microbes. 2025;17:2470386.","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"3763_CR152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8797","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.61601","volume":"11","author":"C Qian","year":"2021","unstructured":"Qian C, Yang C, Lu M, Bao J, Shen H, Deng B, Li S, Li W, Zhang M, Cao C. Activating ahr alleviates cognitive deficits of alzheimer\u2019s disease model mice by upregulating endogenous a\u03b2 catabolic enzyme neprilysin. Theranostics. 2021;11:8797\u2013812.","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"3763_CR153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wei GZ, Martin KA, Xing PY, Agrawal R, Whiley L, Wood TK, et al. Tryptophan-metabolizing gut microbes regulate adult neurogenesis via the aryl hydrocarbon receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2021;118:e2021091118.","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2021091118"},{"key":"3763_CR154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-023-01656-1","volume":"11","author":"T Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang T, Chen B, Luo M, Xie L, Lu M, Lu X, Zhang S, Wei L, Zhou X, Yao B, et al. Microbiota-indole 3-propionic acid-brain axis mediates abnormal synaptic pruning of hippocampal microglia and susceptibility to asd in iugr offspring. Microbiome. 2023;11:245.","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"3763_CR155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2024.08.051","volume":"122","author":"H Kim","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kim H, Lee E, Park M, Min K, Diep YN, Kim J, Ahn H, Lee E, Kim S, Kim Y, et al. Microbiome-derived indole-3-lactic acid reduces amyloidopathy through aryl-hydrocarbon receptor activation. Brain Behav Immun. 2024;122:568\u201382.","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"3763_CR156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107654","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107654","volume":"213","author":"C Chen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Chen C, Xiao Q, Wen Z, Gong F, Zhan H, Liu J, Li H, Jiao Y. Gut microbiome-derived indole-3-carboxaldehyde regulates stress vulnerability in chronic restraint stress by activating aryl hydrocarbon receptors. Pharmacol Res. 2025;213:107654.","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"key":"3763_CR157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.114207","volume":"149","author":"RPGS Amarasiri","year":"2025","unstructured":"Amarasiri RPGS, Hyun J, Lee S, Kim J, Lee H, Ryu B, Jeon Y. Therapeutic potential of tryptophan metabolite indoleacrylic acid in inflammatory bowel disease: from cellular mechanisms to zebrafish stress-like behavior. Int Immunopharmacol. 2025;149:114207.","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"3763_CR158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.3892\/ol.2021.12721","volume":"21","author":"M Zaragoza-Ojeda","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zaragoza-Ojeda M, Apatiga-Vega E, Arenas-Huertero F. Role of aryl hydrocarbon receptor in central nervous system tumors: biological and therapeutic implications. Oncol Lett. 2021;21:460.","journal-title":"Oncol Lett"},{"key":"3763_CR159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2021.0215","volume":"37","author":"R Ren","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ren R, Fang Y, Sherchan P, Lu Q, Lenahan C, Zhang JH, Zhang J, Tang J. Kynurenine\/aryl hydrocarbon receptor modulates mitochondria-mediated oxidative stress and neuronal apoptosis in experimental intracerebral hemorrhage. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2022;37:1111\u201329.","journal-title":"Antioxid Redox Signal"},{"key":"3763_CR160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang L, Zhang Y, Ran Y, Li L, Mei L, Ye F, et al. Association between ahr in egcs and ibs-d patients: the indole pathway of tryptophan metabolism. Front Nutr. 2025;12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2025.1566595"},{"key":"3763_CR161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3109","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-018-1855-2","volume":"58","author":"H Noorbakhsh","year":"2018","unstructured":"Noorbakhsh H, Yavarmanesh M, Mortazavi SA, Adibi P, Moazzami AA. Metabolomics analysis revealed metabolic changes in patients with diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome and metabolic responses to a synbiotic yogurt intervention. Eur J Nutr. 2018;58:3109\u201319.","journal-title":"Eur J Nutr"},{"key":"3763_CR162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.13459","volume":"43","author":"AY Thijssen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Thijssen AY, Mujagic Z, Jonkers DMAE, Ludidi S, Keszthelyi D, Hesselink MA, Clemens CHM, Conchillo JM, Kruimel JW, Masclee AAM. Alterations in serotonin metabolism in the irritable bowel syndrome. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2016;43:272\u201382.","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"3763_CR163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1262","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15051262","volume":"15","author":"C Chojnacki","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chojnacki C, B\u0142o\u0144ska A, Konrad P, Chojnacki M, Podogrocki M, Poplawski T. Changes in tryptophan metabolism on serotonin and kynurenine pathways in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Nutrients. 2023;15:1262.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"3763_CR164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2063016","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2022.2063016","volume":"14","author":"Z Mujagic","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mujagic Z, Kasapi M, Jonkers DM, Garcia-Perez I, Vork L, Weerts ZZRM, Serrano-Contreras JI, Zhernakova A, Kurilshikov A, Scotcher J, et al. Integrated fecal microbiome\u2013metabolome signatures reflect stress and serotonin metabolism in irritable bowel syndrome. Gut Microbes. 2022;14:2063016.","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"3763_CR165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2022.11.006","volume":"31","author":"L Zhai","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhai L, Huang C, Ning Z, Zhang Y, Zhuang M, Yang W, Wang X, Wang J, Zhang L, Xiao H, et al. Ruminococcus gnavus plays a pathogenic role in diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome by increasing serotonin biosynthesis. Cell Host Microbe. 2023;31:33\u201344.","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"3763_CR166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1007\/s10151-013-1106-8","volume":"18","author":"C Stasi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Stasi C, Bellini M, Bassotti G, Blandizzi C, Milani S. Serotonin receptors and their role in the pathophysiology and therapy of irritable bowel syndrome. Tech Coloproctol. 2014;18:613\u201321.","journal-title":"Tech Coloproctol"},{"key":"3763_CR167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2018.08.059","volume":"679","author":"Y Zhu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhu Y, Zheng G, Hu Z. Association between sert insertion\/deletion polymorphism and the risk of irritable bowel syndrome: a meta-analysis based on 7039 subjects. Gene. 2018;679:133\u20137.","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"3763_CR168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e21701","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202000007RRR","volume":"35","author":"Z Bi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bi Z, Zhang S, Meng Y, Feng Y, Wang Y, Wang E, Pan X, Zhu R, Fan H, Pang S, et al. Female serotonin transporter-knockout rat: a potential model of irritable bowel syndrome. FASEB J. 2021;35:e21701.","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"3763_CR169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8137","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v22.i36.8137","volume":"22","author":"D Jin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jin D, Cao H, Xu M, Wang S, Wang Y, Yan F, Wang B. Regulation of the serotonin transporter in the pathogenesis of irritable bowel syndrome. World J Gastroenterol. 2016;22:8137.","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"3763_CR170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li P, Zheng J, Bai Y, Wang D, Cui Z, Li Y, et al. Characterization of kynurenine pathway in patients with diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome. Eur J Histochem. 2020;64.","DOI":"10.4081\/ejh.2020.3132"},{"key":"3763_CR171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2982.2008.01195.x","volume":"20","author":"P Fitzgerald","year":"2008","unstructured":"Fitzgerald P, Cassidy Eugene M, Clarke G, Scully P, Barry S, Quigley Eamonn MM, Shanahan F, Cryan J, Dinan Timothy G. Tryptophan catabolism in females with irritable bowel syndrome: relationship to interferon-gamma, severity of symptoms and psychiatric co\u2010morbidity. Neurogastroenterology Motil. 2008;20:1291\u20137.","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterology Motil"},{"key":"3763_CR172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-014-3767-z","volume":"232","author":"PJ Kennedy","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kennedy PJ, Allen AP, O Neill A, Quigley EMM, Cryan JF, Dinan TG, Clarke G. Acute tryptophan depletion reduces kynurenine levels: implications for treatment of impaired visuospatial memory performance in irritable bowel syndrome. Psychopharmacology. 2015;232:1357\u201371.","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"3763_CR173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1837","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15081837","volume":"15","author":"C Chojnacki","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chojnacki C, Poplawski T, Blonska A, Konrad P, Chojnacki J, Blasiak J. The usefulness of the low-fodmap diet with limited tryptophan intake in the treatment of diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome. Nutrients. 2023;15:1837.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"3763_CR174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meynier M, Baudu E, Rolhion N, Defaye M, Straube M, Daugey V, et al. Ahr\/il-22 pathway as new target for the treatment of post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome symptoms. Gut Microbes. 2022;14.","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2021.2022997"},{"key":"3763_CR175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2095411230","DOI":"10.1177\/1178646920928984","volume":"13","author":"A Bosi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bosi A, Banfi D, Bistoletti M, Giaroni C, Baj A. Tryptophan metabolites along the microbiota-gut-brain axis: an interkingdom communication system influencing the gut in health and disease. Int J Tryptophan Res. 2020;13:2095411230.","journal-title":"Int J Tryptophan Res"},{"key":"3763_CR176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2000461","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.202000461","volume":"65","author":"X Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li X, Zhang ZH, Zabed HM, Yun J, Zhang G, Qi X. An insight into the roles of dietary tryptophan and its metabolites in intestinal inflammation and inflammatory bowel disease. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2021;65:2000461.","journal-title":"Mol Nutr Food Res"},{"key":"3763_CR177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3057","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1203306","volume":"191","author":"M Takamatsu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Takamatsu M, Hirata A, Ohtaki H, Hoshi M, Hatano Y, Tomita H, Kuno T, Saito K, Hara A. Ido1 plays an immunosuppressive role in 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfate-induced colitis in mice. J Immunol. 2013;191:3057\u201364.","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"3763_CR178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1762","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2003.08.031","volume":"125","author":"GJ Gurtner","year":"2003","unstructured":"Gurtner GJ, Newberry RD, Schloemann SR, McDonald KG, Stenson WF. Inhibition of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase augments trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid colitis in mice. Gastroenterology. 2003;125:1762\u201373.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"3763_CR179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v26.i9.918","volume":"26","author":"C Tashita","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tashita C, Hoshi M, Hirata A, Nakamoto K, Ando T, Hattori T, Yamamoto Y, Tezuka H, Tomita H, Hara A, Saito K. Kynurenine plays an immunosuppressive role in 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfate-induced colitis in mice. World J Gastroenterol. 2020;26:918\u201332.","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"3763_CR180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2016.133","volume":"10","author":"JM Lanis","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lanis JM, Alexeev EE, Curtis VF, Kitzenberg DA, Kao DJ, Battista KD, Gerich ME, Glover LE, Kominsky DJ, Colgan SP. Tryptophan metabolite activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor regulates il-10 receptor expression on intestinal epithelia. Mucosal Immunol. 2017;10:1133\u201344.","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol"},{"key":"3763_CR181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2010.10.028","volume":"178","author":"N Li","year":"2011","unstructured":"Li N, Ghia J, Wang H, McClemens J, Cote F, Suehiro Y, Mallet J, Khan WI. Serotonin activates dendritic cell function in the context of gut inflammation. Am J Pathol. 2011;178:662\u201371.","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"3763_CR182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1607","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izaa208","volume":"26","author":"CR Manzella","year":"2020","unstructured":"Manzella CR, Jayawardena D, Pagani W, Li Y, Alrefai WA, Bauer J, Jung B, Weber CR, Gill RK. Serum serotonin differentiates between disease activity states in crohn\u2019s patients. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2020;26:1607\u201318.","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"3763_CR183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1649","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2009.08.041","volume":"137","author":"JE Ghia","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ghia JE, Li N, Wang H, Collins M, Deng Y, El Sharkawy RT, C\u00f4t\u00e9 F, Mallet J, Khan WI. Serotonin has a key role in pathogenesis of experimental colitis. Gastroenterology. 2009;137:1649\u201360.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"3763_CR184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9230","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.28198","volume":"120","author":"S Dong","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dong S, Chen M, Dai F, Xuan Q, Chen P, Feng D, Gao L, Zhu C, Chang Y, Chu FF, Gao Q. 5-hydroxytryptamine (5\u2010ht)\u2010exacerbated dss\u2010induced colitis is associated with elevated nadph oxidase expression in the colon. J Cell Biochem. 2019;120:9230\u201342.","journal-title":"J Cell Biochem"},{"key":"3763_CR185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1093\/jcag\/gwy039","volume":"2","author":"MS Shajib","year":"2018","unstructured":"Shajib MS, Chauhan U, Adeeb S, Chetty Y, Armstrong D, Halder SLS, Marshall JK, Khan WI. Characterization of serotonin signaling components in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. J Can Association Gastroenterol. 2018;2:132\u201340.","journal-title":"J Can Association Gastroenterol"},{"key":"3763_CR186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2016.07.032","volume":"151","author":"SN Spohn","year":"2016","unstructured":"Spohn SN, Bianco F, Scott RB, Keenan CM, Linton AA, O\u2019Neill CH, Bonora E, Dicay M, Lavoie B, Wilcox RL, et al. Protective actions of epithelial 5-hydroxytryptamine 4 receptors in normal and inflamed colon. Gastroenterology. 2016;151:933\u201344.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"3763_CR187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1516","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0000000000000150","volume":"20","author":"D Guseva","year":"2014","unstructured":"Guseva D, Holst K, Kaune B, Meier M, Keubler L, Glage S, Buettner M, Bleich A, Pabst O, Bachmann O, Ponimaskin EG. Serotonin 5-ht7 receptor is critically involved in acute and chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2014;20:1516\u201329.","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"3763_CR188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1080\/08830185.2021.1954638","volume":"41","author":"M Ala","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ala M. Tryptophan metabolites modulate inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal cancer by affecting immune system. Int Rev Immunol. 2022;41:326\u201345.","journal-title":"Int Rev Immunol"},{"key":"3763_CR189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"G685","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.90685.2008","volume":"296","author":"SC Bischoff","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bischoff SC, Mailer R, Pabst O, Weier G, Sedlik W, Li Z, Chen JJ, Murphy DL, Gershon MD. Role of serotonin in intestinal inflammation: knockout of serotonin reuptake transporter exacerbates 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid colitis in mice. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2009;296:G685\u201395.","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol"},{"key":"3763_CR190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2018.01.011","volume":"188","author":"EE Alexeev","year":"2018","unstructured":"Alexeev EE, Lanis JM, Kao DJ, Campbell EL, Kelly CJ, Battista KD, Gerich ME, Jenkins BR, Walk ST, Kominsky DJ, Colgan SP. Microbiota-derived indole metabolites promote human and murine intestinal homeostasis through regulation of interleukin-10 receptor. Am J Pathol. 2018;188:1183\u201394.","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"3763_CR191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2886","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15132886","volume":"15","author":"S Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang S, van Schooten F, Jin H, Jonkers D, Godschalk R. The involvement of intestinal tryptophan metabolism in inflammatory bowel disease identified by a meta-analysis of the transcriptome and a systematic review of the metabolome. Nutrients. 2023;15:2886.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"3763_CR192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4102","volume":"22","author":"B Lamas","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lamas B, Richard ML, Leducq V, Pham H, Michel M, Costa GD, Bridonneau C, Jegou S, Hoffmann TW, Natividad JM, et al. Card9 impacts colitis by altering gut microbiota metabolism of tryptophan into aryl hydrocarbon receptor ligands. Nat Med. 2016;22:598\u2013605.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"3763_CR193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3683","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1701734","volume":"201","author":"R Aoki","year":"2018","unstructured":"Aoki R, Aoki-Yoshida A, Suzuki C, Takayama Y. Indole-3-pyruvic acid, an aryl hydrocarbon receptor activator, suppresses experimental colitis in mice. J Immunol. 2018;201:3683\u201393.","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"3763_CR194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apnu.2014.11.008","volume":"29","author":"G Lindseth","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lindseth G, Helland B, Caspers J. The effects of dietary tryptophan on affective disorders. Arch Psychiatr Nurs. 2015;29:102\u20137.","journal-title":"Arch Psychiatr Nurs"},{"key":"3763_CR195","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1080\/15622975.2018.1468031","volume":"20","author":"A Messaoud","year":"2019","unstructured":"Messaoud A, Mensi R, Douki W, Neffati F, Najjar MF, Gobbi G, Valtorta F, Gaha L, Comai S. Reduced peripheral availability of tryptophan and increased activation of the kynurenine pathway and cortisol correlate with major depression and suicide. World J Biol Psychiatry. 2019;20:703\u201311.","journal-title":"World J Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"3763_CR196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1561","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.01561","volume":"8","author":"KA Hestad","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hestad KA, Engedal K, Whist JE, Farup PG. The relationships among tryptophan, kynurenine, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, depression, and neuropsychological performance. Front Psychol. 2017;8:1561.","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"3763_CR197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1111\/pcn.12944","volume":"74","author":"R Colle","year":"2020","unstructured":"Colle R, Masson P, Verstuyft C, Feve B, Werner E, Boursier-Neyret C, Walther B, David DJ, Boniface B, Falissard B, et al. Peripheral tryptophan, serotonin, kynurenine, and their metabolites in major depression: a case-control study. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2020;74:112\u20137.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"3763_CR198","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8493","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23158493","volume":"23","author":"AS Correia","year":"2022","unstructured":"Correia AS, Vale N. Tryptophan metabolism in depression: a narrative review with a focus on serotonin and kynurenine pathways. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23:8493.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"3763_CR199","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22010181","volume":"22","author":"ME Maffei","year":"2021","unstructured":"Maffei ME. 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-htp): natural occurrence, analysis, biosynthesis, biotechnology, physiology and toxicology. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22:181.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"3763_CR200","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101957","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchemneu.2021.101957","volume":"114","author":"DN Jones","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jones DN, Raghanti MA. The role of monoamine oxidase enzymes in the pathophysiology of neurological disorders. J Chem Neuroanat. 2021;114:101957.","journal-title":"J Chem Neuroanat"},{"key":"3763_CR201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2019.0044","volume":"76","author":"S Moriguchi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Moriguchi S, Wilson AA, Miler L, Rusjan PM, Vasdev N, Kish SJ, Rajkowska G, Wang J, Bagby M, Mizrahi R, et al. Monoamine oxidase b total distribution volume in the prefrontal cortex of major depressive disorder. JAMA Psychiatry. 2019;76:634.","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"3763_CR202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Placidi GPA, Oquendo MA, Malone KM, Huang Y, Ellis SP, Mann JJ. Aggressivity, suicide attempts, and depression: relationship to cerebrospinal fluid monoamine metabolite levels. Biol Psychiatry (1969). 2001;50:783\u201391.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(01)01170-2"},{"key":"3763_CR203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"638981","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.638981","volume":"12","author":"AC Tonon","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tonon AC, Pilz LK, Markus RP, Hidalgo MP, Elisabetsky E. Melatonin and depression: a translational perspective from animal models to clinical studies. Front Psychiatry. 2021;12:638981.","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"3763_CR204","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1787","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-018-0290-7","volume":"33","author":"Y Qin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Qin Y, Wang N, Zhang X, Han X, Zhai X, Lu Y. Ido and tdo as a potential therapeutic target in different types of depression. Metab Brain Dis. 2018;33:1787\u2013800.","journal-title":"Metab Brain Dis"},{"key":"3763_CR205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2006.07.013","volume":"98","author":"A Myint","year":"2007","unstructured":"Myint A, Kim YK, Verkerk R, Scharp\u00e9 S, Steinbusch H, Leonard B. Kynurenine pathway in major depression: evidence of impaired neuroprotection. J Affect Disord. 2007;98:143\u201351.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"3763_CR206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1080\/10253890701754068","volume":"11","author":"H Miura","year":"2009","unstructured":"Miura H, Ozaki N, Sawada M, Isobe K, Ohta T, Nagatsu T. A link between stress and depression: shifts in the balance between the kynurenine and serotonin pathways of tryptophan metabolism and the etiology and pathophysiology of depression. Stress. 2009;11:198\u2013209.","journal-title":"Stress"},{"key":"3763_CR207","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2014.194","volume":"40","author":"J Savitz","year":"2015","unstructured":"Savitz J, Drevets WC, Smith CM, Victor TA, Wurfel BE, Bellgowan PSF, Bodurka J, Teague TK, Dantzer R. Putative neuroprotective and neurotoxic kynurenine pathway metabolites are associated with hippocampal and amygdalar volumes in subjects with major depressive disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2015;40:463\u201371.","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"3763_CR208","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.20090","volume":"49","author":"GJ Guillemin","year":"2005","unstructured":"Guillemin GJ, Smythe G, Takikawa O, Brew BJ. Expression of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase and production of quinolinic acid by human microglia, astrocytes, and neurons. Glia. 2005;49:15\u201323.","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"3763_CR209","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1179\/135100000101535375","volume":"5","author":"GJ Guillemin","year":"2013","unstructured":"Guillemin GJ, Smith DG, Kerr SJ, Smythe GA, Kapoor V, Armati PJ, Brew BJ. Characterisation of kynurenine pathway metabolism in human astrocytes and implications in neuropathogenesis. Redox Rep. 2013;5:108\u201311.","journal-title":"Redox Rep"},{"key":"3763_CR210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1452","DOI":"10.2174\/138161208784480243","volume":"14","author":"N Muller","year":"2008","unstructured":"Muller N, Schwarz MJ. Cox-2 inhibition in schizophrenia and major depression. Curr Pharm Des. 2008;14:1452\u201365.","journal-title":"Curr Pharm Des"},{"key":"3763_CR211","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(99)00041-4","volume":"45","author":"G Rajkowska","year":"1999","unstructured":"Rajkowska G, Miguel-Hidalgo JJ, Wei J, Dilley G, Pittman SD, Meltzer HY, Overholser JC, Roth BL, Stockmeier CA. Morphometric evidence for neuronal and glial prefrontal cell pathology in major depression. Biol Psychiatry. 1999;45:1085\u201398.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"3763_CR212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luki\u0107 I, Ivkovi\u0107 S, Miti\u0107 M, Ad\u017ei\u0107 M. Tryptophan metabolites in depression: modulation by gut microbiota. Front Behav Neurosci. 2022;16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2022.987697"},{"key":"3763_CR213","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1038\/s41366-021-01049-0","volume":"46","author":"I Delgado","year":"2022","unstructured":"Delgado I, Cussotto S, Anesi A, Dexpert S, Aubert A, Aouizerate B, Beau C, Forestier D, Ledaguenel P, Magne E, et al. Association between the indole pathway of tryptophan metabolism and subclinical depressive symptoms in obesity: a preliminary study. Int J Obes (Lond). 2022;46:885\u20138.","journal-title":"Int J Obes (Lond)"},{"key":"3763_CR214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1984.tb00913.x","volume":"43","author":"H Arai","year":"1984","unstructured":"Arai H, Kosaka K, Iizuka R. Changes of biogenic amines and their metabolites in postmortem brains from patients with alzheimer-type dementia. J Neurochem. 1984;43:388\u201393.","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"3763_CR215","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(92)90322-X","volume":"141","author":"H Tohgi","year":"1992","unstructured":"Tohgi H, Abe T, Takahashi S, Kimura M, Takahashi J, Kikuchi T. Concentrations of serotonin and its related substances in the cerebrospinal fluid in patients with alzheimer type dementia. Neurosci Lett. 1992;141:9\u201312.","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"3763_CR216","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1574","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1984.tb06081.x","volume":"43","author":"AJ Cross","year":"1984","unstructured":"Cross AJ, Crow TJ, Ferrier IN, Johnson JA, Bloom SR, Corsellis JA. Serotonin receptor changes in dementia of the alzheimer type. J Neurochem. 1984;43:1574\u201381.","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"3763_CR217","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2021.105185","volume":"150","author":"M Solas","year":"2021","unstructured":"Solas M, Van Dam D, Janssens J, Ocariz U, Vermeiren Y, De Deyn PP, Ramirez MJ. 5-ht7 receptors in alzheimer\u2019s disease. Neurochem Int. 2021;150:105185.","journal-title":"Neurochem Int"},{"key":"3763_CR218","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.4155\/fmc-2017-0031","volume":"9","author":"J Lalut","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lalut J, Karila D, Dallemagne P, Rochais C. Modulating 5-ht4 and 5-ht6 receptors in alzheimer\u2019s disease treatment. Future Med Chem. 2017;9:781\u201395.","journal-title":"Future Med Chem"},{"key":"3763_CR219","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101556","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2021.101556","volume":"75","author":"E Aaldijk","year":"2022","unstructured":"Aaldijk E, Vermeiren Y. The role of serotonin within the microbiota-gut-brain axis in the development of alzheimer\u2019s disease: a narrative review. Ageing Res Rev. 2022;75:101556.","journal-title":"Ageing Res Rev"},{"key":"3763_CR220","first-page":"1","volume":"2022","author":"Y Liang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liang Y, Xie S, He Y, Xu M, Qiao X, Zhu Y, Wu W. Kynurenine pathway metabolites as biomarkers in alzheimer\u2019s disease. Dis Markers. 2022;2022:1\u201315.","journal-title":"Dis Markers"},{"key":"3763_CR221","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2021.03.019","volume":"95","author":"AA Willette","year":"2021","unstructured":"Willette AA, Pappas C, Hoth N, Wang Q, Klinedinst B, Willette SA, Larsen B, Pollpeter A, Li T, Le S, et al. Inflammation, negative affect, and amyloid burden in alzheimer\u2019s disease: insights from the kynurenine pathway. Brain Behav Immun. 2021;95:216\u201325.","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"3763_CR222","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.2478\/v10039-010-0023-6","volume":"55","author":"E Gulaj","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gulaj E, Pawlak K, Bien B, Pawlak D. Kynurenine and its metabolites in alzheimer\u2019s disease patients. Adv Med Sci. 2010;55:204\u201311.","journal-title":"Adv Med Sci"},{"key":"3763_CR223","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-019-0551-7","volume":"11","author":"V van der Velpen","year":"2019","unstructured":"van der Velpen V, Teav T, Gallart-Ayala H, Mehl F, Konz I, Clark C, Oikonomidi A, Peyratout G, Henry H, Delorenzi M, et al. Systemic and central nervous system metabolic alterations in alzheimer\u2019s disease. Alzheimers Res Ther. 2019;11:93.","journal-title":"Alzheimers Res Ther"},{"key":"3763_CR224","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2019.03.015","volume":"80","author":"KR Jacobs","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jacobs KR, Lim CK, Blennow K, Zetterberg H, Chatterjee P, Martins RN, Brew BJ, Guillemin GJ, Lovejoy DB. Correlation between plasma and csf concentrations of kynurenine pathway metabolites in alzheimer\u2019s disease and relationship to amyloid-beta and tau. Neurobiol Aging. 2019;80:11\u201320.","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging"},{"key":"3763_CR225","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e470","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2024.e00470","volume":"21","author":"JW Kang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kang JW, Vemuganti V, Kuehn JF, Ulland TK, Rey FE, Bendlin BB. Gut microbial metabolism in alzheimer\u2019s disease and related dementias. Neurotherapeutics. 2024;21:e470.","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"3763_CR226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ji X, Wang J, Lan T, Zhao D, Xu P. Gut microbial metabolites and the brain\u2013gut axis in alzheimer\u2019s disease: a review. Biomol Biomed. 2025.","DOI":"10.17305\/bb.2025.12921"},{"key":"3763_CR227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhan Y, Al-Nusaif M, Ding C, Zhao L, Dong C. The potential of the gut microbiome for identifying alzheimer\u2019s disease diagnostic biomarkers and future therapies. Front Neurosci. 2023;17.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2023.1130730"},{"key":"3763_CR228","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2432","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-86390-4","volume":"15","author":"M Li","year":"2025","unstructured":"Li M, Wu Y, Xu Y, Huang X, Gao K, Hu N, Zhu S, Wang C, Liang S. Peripheral tryptophan-kynurenine pathway dysfunction in first-episode schizophrenia. Sci Rep. 2025;15:2432.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"3763_CR229","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbx035","volume":"44","author":"AK Wang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wang AK, Miller BJ. Meta-analysis of cerebrospinal fluid cytokine and tryptophan catabolite alterations in psychiatric patients: comparisons between schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and depression. Schizophr Bull. 2018;44:75\u201383.","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"3763_CR230","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3679","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-022-01552-4","volume":"27","author":"AF Almulla","year":"2022","unstructured":"Almulla AF, Vasupanrajit A, Tunvirachaisakul C, Al-Hakeim HK, Solmi M, Verkerk R, Maes M. The tryptophan catabolite or kynurenine pathway in schizophrenia: meta-analysis reveals dissociations between central, serum, and plasma compartments. Mol Psychiatry. 2022;27:3679\u201391.","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"3763_CR231","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1451248","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2024.1451248","volume":"15","author":"F Jim\u00e9nez-Trejo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jim\u00e9nez-Trejo F, Jim\u00e9nez-Garc\u00eda KL, Canul-Medina G. Serotonin and schizophrenia: what influences what? Front Psychiatry. 2024;15:1451248.","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"3763_CR232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Indole metabolism in schizophrenia. Nutr Rev. 2009;22:234\u20137.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.1964.tb04903.x"},{"key":"3763_CR233","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2024.06.040","volume":"270","author":"Y Liu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Liu Y, Wu H, Liu B, Chen S, Huang L, Liu Z, Wang J, Xie L, Wu X. Multi-omics analysis reveals the impact of gut microbiota on antipsychotic-induced weight gain in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 2024;270:325\u201338.","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"3763_CR234","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(92)92819-2","volume":"340","author":"SJ Cooper","year":"1992","unstructured":"Cooper SJ, Kelly CB, King DJ. 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in cerebrospinal fluid and prediction of suicidal behaviour in schizophrenia. Lancet. 1992;340:940\u20131.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"3763_CR235","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.3390\/ph16101495","volume":"16","author":"SH Chung","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chung SH, Yoo D, Ahn T, Lee W, Hong J. Profiling analysis of tryptophan metabolites in the urine of patients with parkinson\u2019s disease using lc\u2013ms\/ms. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2023;16:1495.","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals (Basel)"},{"key":"3763_CR236","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e94839","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0094839","volume":"9","author":"K Burgos","year":"2014","unstructured":"Burgos K, Malenica I, Metpally R, Courtright A, Rakela B, Beach T, Shill H, Adler C, Sabbagh M, Villa S, et al. Profiles of extracellular mirna in cerebrospinal fluid and serum from patients with alzheimer\u2019s and parkinson\u2019s diseases correlate with disease status and features of pathology. PLoS ONE. 2014;9:e94839.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"3763_CR237","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6319","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-017-0845-3","volume":"55","author":"K Chang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chang K, Cheng M, Tang H, Huang C, Wu Y, Chen C. Alternations of metabolic profile and kynurenine metabolism in the plasma of parkinson\u2019s disease. Mol Neurobiol. 2018;55:6319\u201328.","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"3763_CR238","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.14336\/AD.2022.0916","volume":"14","author":"Y Huang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Huang Y, Zhao M, Chen X, Zhang R, Le A, Hong M, Zhang Y, Jia L, Zang W, Jiang C, et al. Tryptophan metabolism in central nervous system diseases: pathophysiology and potential therapeutic strategies. Aging Dis. 2023;14:858.","journal-title":"Aging Dis"},{"key":"3763_CR239","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2028","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.28202","volume":"35","author":"PL Heilman","year":"2020","unstructured":"Heilman PL, Wang EW, Lewis MM, Krzyzanowski S, Capan CD, Burmeister AR, Du G, Escobar Galvis ML, Brundin P, Huang X, Brundin L. Tryptophan metabolites are associated with symptoms and nigral pathology in parkinson\u2019s disease. Mov Disord. 2020;35:2028\u201337.","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"3763_CR240","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.14104","volume":"142","author":"JF Havelund","year":"2017","unstructured":"Havelund JF, Andersen AD, Binzer M, Blaabjerg M, Heegaard NHH, Stenager E, F\u00e6rgeman NJ, Gramsbergen JB. Changes in kynurenine pathway metabolism in parkinson patients with l-dopa \u2010induced dyskinesia. J Neurochem. 2017;142:756\u201366.","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"3763_CR241","first-page":"1","volume":"2020","author":"X Ding","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ding X, Bin P, Wu W, Chang Y, Zhu G. Tryptophan metabolism, regulatory t cells, and inflammatory bowel disease: a mini review. Mediators Inflamm. 2020;2020:1\u201310.","journal-title":"Mediators Inflamm"},{"key":"3763_CR242","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2905","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-019-0475-4","volume":"25","author":"F Zhu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhu F, Guo R, Wang W, Ju Y, Wang Q, Ma Q, Sun Q, Fan Y, Xie Y, Yang Z, et al. Transplantation of microbiota from drug-free patients with schizophrenia causes schizophrenia-like abnormal behaviors and dysregulated kynurenine metabolism in mice. Mol Psychiatry. 2020;25:2905\u201318.","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"3763_CR243","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2898","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.2c06821","volume":"71","author":"W Yang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yang W, Ren D, Shao H, Zhang X, Li T, Zhang L, Liu L, Zhao Y, Niu P, Yang X. Theabrownin from fu brick tea improves ulcerative colitis by shaping the gut microbiota and modulating the tryptophan metabolism. J Agric Food Chem. 2023;71:2898\u2013913.","journal-title":"J Agric Food Chem"},{"key":"3763_CR244","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-023-03123-1","volume":"23","author":"C Yang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yang C, Hu T, Xue X, Su X, Zhang X, Fan Y, Shen X, Dong X. Multi-omics analysis of fecal microbiota transplantation\u2019s impact on functional constipation and comorbid depression and anxiety. BMC Microbiol. 2023;23:389.","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol"},{"key":"3763_CR245","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15132","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.3c04658","volume":"71","author":"Q Han","year":"2023","unstructured":"Han Q, Liu R, Wang H, Zhang R, Liu H, Li J, Bao J. Gut microbiota-derived 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid alleviates diarrhea in piglets via the aryl hydrocarbon receptor pathway. J Agric Food Chem. 2023;71:15132\u201344.","journal-title":"J Agric Food Chem"},{"key":"3763_CR246","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101798","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2024.101798","volume":"5","author":"X Qian","year":"2024","unstructured":"Qian X, Li Q, Zhu H, Chen Y, Lin G, Zhang H, Chen W, Wang G, Tian P. Bifidobacteria with indole-3-lactic acid-producing capacity exhibit psychobiotic potential via reducing neuroinflammation. Cell Rep Med. 2024;5:101798.","journal-title":"Cell Rep Med"},{"key":"3763_CR247","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2019.12.013","volume":"122","author":"R Xie","year":"2020","unstructured":"Xie R, Jiang P, Lin L, Jiang J, Yu B, Rao J, Liu H, Wei W, Qiao Y. Oral treatment with lactobacillus reuteri attenuates depressive-like behaviors and serotonin metabolism alterations induced by chronic social defeat stress. J Psychiatr Res. 2020;122:70\u20138.","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"3763_CR248","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2024.03.117","volume":"355","author":"X Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li X, Cheng X, Shi Y, Jian C, Zhu W, Bao H, Jiang M, Peng Z, Hu Y, Chen J, Shu X. Mixed probiotics reduce the severity of stress-induced depressive-like behaviors. J Affect Disord. 2024;355:450\u20138.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"3763_CR249","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26746","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.4c07716","volume":"72","author":"Q Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang Q, Liang J, Zou Q, Wang W, Yan G, Guo R, Yuan T, Wang Y, Liu X, Liu Z. Tryptophan metabolism-regulating probiotics alleviate hyperuricemia by protecting the gut barrier integrity and enhancing colonic uric acid excretion. J Agric Food Chem. 2024;72:26746\u201361.","journal-title":"J Agric Food Chem"},{"key":"3763_CR250","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10184","DOI":"10.1039\/D1FO02172A","volume":"12","author":"Z Gu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gu Z, Pei W, Shen Y, Wang L, Zhu J, Zhang Y, Fan S, Wu Q, Li L, Zhang Z. Akkermansia muciniphila and its outer protein amuc_1100 regulates tryptophan metabolism in colitis. Food Funct. 2021;12:10184\u201395.","journal-title":"Food Funct"},{"key":"3763_CR251","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2021.11.023","volume":"100","author":"P Tian","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tian P, Chen Y, Zhu H, Wang L, Qian X, Zou R, Zhao J, Zhang H, Qian L, Wang Q, et al. Bifidobacterium breve ccfm1025 attenuates major depression disorder via regulating gut microbiome and tryptophan metabolism: a randomized clinical trial. Brain Behav Immun. 2022;100:233\u201341.","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"3763_CR252","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-024-01755-7","volume":"12","author":"J Jiang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jiang J, Wang D, Jiang Y, Yang X, Sun R, Chang J, Zhu W, Yao P, Song K, Chang S, et al. The gut metabolite indole-3-propionic acid activates erk1 to restore social function and hippocampal inhibitory synaptic transmission in a 16p11.2 microdeletion mouse model. Microbiome. 2024;12:66.","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"3763_CR253","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114081","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2022.114081","volume":"353","author":"Y Xie","year":"2022","unstructured":"Xie Y, Zou X, Han J, Zhang Z, Feng Z, Ouyang Q, Hua S, Liu Z, Li C, Cai Y, et al. Indole-3-propionic acid alleviates ischemic brain injury in a mouse middle cerebral artery occlusion model. Exp Neurol. 2022;353:114081.","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"3763_CR254","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109690","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2023.109690","volume":"239","author":"Y Zhou","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhou Y, Chen Y, He H, Peng M, Zeng M, Sun H. The role of the indoles in microbiota-gut-brain axis and potential therapeutic targets: a focus on human neurological and neuropsychiatric diseases. Neuropharmacology. 2023;239:109690.","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"3763_CR255","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1700383","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201700383","volume":"62","author":"R Hornedo Ortega","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hornedo Ortega R, Da Costa G, Cerezo AB, Troncoso AM, Richard T, Garcia Parrilla MC. In vitro effects of serotonin, melatonin, and other related indole compounds on amyloid-\u03b2 kinetics and neuroprotection. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2018;62:1700383.","journal-title":"Mol Nutr Food Res"},{"key":"3763_CR256","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8030398","volume":"8","author":"CB Wong","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wong CB, Tanaka A, Kuhara T, Xiao J. Potential effects of indole-3-lactic acid, a metabolite of human bifidobacteria, on ngf-induced neurite outgrowth in pc12 cells. Microorganisms. 2020;8:398.","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"3763_CR257","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2020.03.005","volume":"77","author":"C Zhu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhu C, Sawrey-Kubicek L, Beals E, Rhodes CH, Houts HE, Sacchi R, Zivkovic AM. Human gut microbiome composition and tryptophan metabolites were changed differently by fast food and mediterranean diet in 4 days: a pilot study. Nutr Res (New York N Y). 2020;77:62\u201372.","journal-title":"Nutr Res (New York N Y)"},{"key":"3763_CR258","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6974","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22136974","volume":"22","author":"O Taleb","year":"2021","unstructured":"Taleb O, Maammar M, Klein C, Maitre M, Mensah-Nyagan AG. A role for xanthurenic acid in the control of brain dopaminergic activity. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22:6974.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"3763_CR259","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2011","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2023.09.005","volume":"35","author":"S Fan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fan S, Guo W, Xiao D, Guan M, Liao T, Peng S, Feng A, Wang Z, Yin H, Li M, et al. Microbiota-gut-brain axis drives overeating disorders. Cell Metab. 2023;35:2011\u201327.","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"3763_CR260","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.130385","volume":"264","author":"M Wu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wu M, Wang Q, Li X, Yu S, Zhao F, Wu X, Fan L, Liu X, Zhao Q, He X, et al. Gut microbiota-derived 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid from pumpkin polysaccharides supplementation alleviates colitis via mapks-ppar\u03b3\/nf-\u03bab inhibition. Int J Biol Macromol. 2024;264:130385.","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromol"},{"key":"3763_CR261","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2024.01.010","volume":"43","author":"CN Sutanto","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sutanto CN, Xia X, Heng CW, Tan YS, Lee DPS, Fam J, Kim JE. The impact of 5-hydroxytryptophan supplementation on sleep quality and gut microbiota composition in older adults: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Nutr. 2024;43:593\u2013602.","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"key":"3763_CR262","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1869501","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2020.1869501","volume":"13","author":"Y Deng","year":"2021","unstructured":"Deng Y, Zhou M, Wang J, Yao J, Yu J, Liu W, Wu L, Wang J, Gao R. Involvement of the microbiota-gut-brain axis in chronic restraint stress: disturbances of the kynurenine metabolic pathway in both the gut and brain. Gut Microbes. 2021;13:1869501.","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"3763_CR263","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5435","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1604453113","volume":"113","author":"C Breda","year":"2016","unstructured":"Breda C, Sathyasaikumar KV, Sograte Idrissi S, Notarangelo FM, Estranero JG, Moore GGL, Green EW, Kyriacou CP, Schwarcz R, Giorgini F. Tryptophan-2,3-dioxygenase (tdo) inhibition ameliorates neurodegeneration by modulation of kynurenine pathway metabolites. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2016;113:5435\u201340.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"3763_CR264","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2017.07.008","volume":"66","author":"G Laumet","year":"2017","unstructured":"Laumet G, Zhou W, Dantzer R, Edralin JD, Huo X, Budac DP, O\u2019Connor JC, Lee AW, Heijnen CJ, Kavelaars A. Upregulation of neuronal kynurenine 3-monooxygenase mediates depression-like behavior in a mouse model of neuropathic pain. Brain Behav Immun. 2017;66:94\u2013102.","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"3763_CR265","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1002\/hipo.23040","volume":"29","author":"A Pocivavsek","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pocivavsek A, Elmer GI, Schwarcz R. Inhibition of kynurenine aminotransferase ii attenuates hippocampus-dependent memory deficit in adult rats treated prenatally with kynurenine. Hippocampus. 2019;29:73\u20137.","journal-title":"Hippocampus"},{"key":"3763_CR266","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-023-02399-1","volume":"13","author":"S Milosavljevic","year":"2023","unstructured":"Milosavljevic S, Smith AK, Wright CJ, Valafar H, Pocivavsek A. Kynurenine aminotransferase ii inhibition promotes sleep and rescues impairments induced by neurodevelopmental insult. Transl Psychiatry. 2023;13:106.","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"3763_CR267","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13269","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252413269","volume":"25","author":"G Oxenkrug","year":"2024","unstructured":"Oxenkrug G. Anthranilic acid\u2013g-protein coupled receptor109a\u2013cytosolic phospholipase a2\u2013myelin\u2013cognition cascade: a new target for the treatment\/prevention of cognitive impairment in schizophrenia, dementia, and aging. Int J Mol Sci. 2024;25:13269.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"3763_CR268","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-977X(01)00103-1","volume":"11","author":"MW Gittos","year":"2001","unstructured":"Gittos MW, Papp M. Antidepressant-like action of agn 2979, a tryptophan hydroxylase activation inhibitor, in a chronic mild stress model of depression in rats. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2001;11:351\u20137.","journal-title":"Eur Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"3763_CR269","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1527-3458.2003.tb00245.x","volume":"9","author":"U Bonnet","year":"2003","unstructured":"Bonnet U. Moclobemide: therapeutic use and clinical studies. CNS Drug Rev. 2003;9:97\u2013140.","journal-title":"CNS Drug Rev"},{"key":"3763_CR270","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2023.03.012","volume":"72","author":"F Rossano","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rossano F, Caiazza C, Sobrino A, Solini N, Vellucci A, Zotti N, Fornaro M, Gillman K, Cattaneo CI, Van den Eynde V, et al. Efficacy and safety of selegiline across different psychiatric disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis of oral and transdermal formulations. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2023;72:60\u201378.","journal-title":"Eur Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"3763_CR271","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-021-01078-3","volume":"42","author":"D Matveychuk","year":"2021","unstructured":"Matveychuk D, MacKenzie EM, Kumpula D, Song M, Holt A, Kar S, Todd KG, Wood PL, Baker GB. Overview of the neuroprotective effects of the mao-inhibiting antidepressant phenelzine. Cell Mol Neurobiol. 2021;42:225\u201342.","journal-title":"Cell Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"3763_CR272","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2024.01.008","volume":"166","author":"AF Peery","year":"2024","unstructured":"Peery AF, Kelly CR, Kao D, Vaughn BP, Lebwohl B, Singh S, Imdad A, Altayar O. Aga clinical practice guideline on fecal microbiota\u2013based therapies for select gastrointestinal diseases. Gastroenterology. 2024;166:409\u201334.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"3763_CR273","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copbio.2017.08.008","volume":"49","author":"J Walter","year":"2018","unstructured":"Walter J, Maldonado-G\u00f3mez MX, Mart\u00ednez I. To engraft or not to engraft: an ecological framework for gut microbiome modulation with live microbes. Curr Opin Biotechnol. 2018;49:129\u201339.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Biotechnol"},{"key":"3763_CR274","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e6022","DOI":"10.1128\/cmr.00060-22","volume":"37","author":"A Yadegar","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yadegar A, Bar-Yoseph H, Monaghan TM, Pakpour S, Severino A, Kuijper EJ, Smits WK, Terveer EM, Neupane S, Nabavi-Rad A, et al. Fecal microbiota transplantation: current challenges and future landscapes. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2024;37:e6022.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"3763_CR275","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-019-0664-6","volume":"122","author":"CA Opitz","year":"2019","unstructured":"Opitz CA, Patterson LFS, Mohapatra SR, Dewi DL, Sadik A, Platten M, Trump S. The therapeutic potential of targeting tryptophan catabolism in cancer. Br J Cancer. 2019;122:30\u201344.","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"3763_CR276","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang Y, Li J, Lian Z, Hao H, Zheng X. Tryptophan metabolites at the service of neuroimmune sensing of microbes. Trends Mol Med. 2025.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.10.009"},{"key":"3763_CR277","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107896","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107896","volume":"219","author":"P Zhao","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhao P, Chen Y, Zhou S, Li F. Microbial modulation of tryptophan metabolism links gut microbiota to disease and its treatment. Pharmacol Res. 2025;219:107896.","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"key":"3763_CR278","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang X, Yu Y, Tian N, Huang J, Zhang X, Yu R. Human microbiota-associated animal models: a review. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2025;15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2025.1644187"},{"key":"3763_CR279","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.017400","volume":"8","author":"TLA Nguyen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Nguyen TLA, Vieira-Silva S, Liston A, Raes J. How informative is the mouse for human gut microbiota research? Dis Models Mech. 2015;8:1\u201316.","journal-title":"Dis Models Mech"},{"key":"3763_CR280","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7931","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22157931","volume":"22","author":"N Liu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Liu N, Sun S, Wang P, Sun Y, Hu Q, Wang X. The mechanism of secretion and metabolism of gut-derived 5-hydroxytryptamine. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22:7931.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"3763_CR281","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang F, Ding K, Zhang L, Liu D, Dong X, Wang M, et al. The role of the gut microbiota in neuropsychiatric disorders and therapy. Ageing Res Rev. 2025:102894.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2025.102894"},{"key":"3763_CR282","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2016.02.002","volume":"24","author":"A Moya","year":"2016","unstructured":"Moya A, Ferrer M. Functional redundancy-induced stability of gut microbiota subjected to disturbance. Trends Microbiol. 2016;24:402\u201313.","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol"},{"key":"3763_CR283","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yan M, Man S, Sun B, Ma L, Guo L, Huang L, et al. Gut liver brain axis in diseases: the implications for therapeutic interventions. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2023;8.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01673-4"},{"key":"3763_CR284","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"G91","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00191.2022","volume":"324","author":"CH Danan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Danan CH, Katada K, Parham LR, Hamilton KE. Spatial transcriptomics add a new dimension to our understanding of the gut. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2023;324:G91\u20138.","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol"},{"key":"3763_CR285","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4709","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2040-4603.2023.tb00266.x","volume":"13","author":"HM Kang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kang HM, Lee JH. Spatial single-cell technologies for exploring gastrointestinal tissue transcriptome. Compr Physiol. 2023;13:4709\u201318.","journal-title":"Compr Physiol"},{"key":"3763_CR286","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duhan P, Gupta B, Ahmed M, Bansal P. Gut microbiome engineering with probiotics: current trends and future directions. Discover Appl Sci. 2025;7.","DOI":"10.1007\/s42452-025-07622-w"},{"key":"3763_CR287","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1042\/BST20200338","volume":"49","author":"C Moysidou","year":"2021","unstructured":"Moysidou C, Owens RM. Advances in modelling the human microbiome\u2013gut\u2013brain axis in vitro. Biochem Soc Trans. 2021;49:187\u2013201.","journal-title":"Biochem Soc Trans"},{"key":"3763_CR288","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-020-0473-2","volume":"52","author":"JC Park","year":"2020","unstructured":"Park JC, Im S. Of men in mice: the development and application of a humanized gnotobiotic mouse model for microbiome therapeutics. Experimental Molecular Medicine. 2020;52:1383\u201396.","journal-title":"Experimental Molecular Medicine"},{"key":"3763_CR289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25528","DOI":"10.1039\/D2RA03326G","volume":"12","author":"B de Falco","year":"2022","unstructured":"de Falco B, Giannino F, Carteni F, Mazzoleni S, Kim D. Metabolic flux analysis: a comprehensive review on sample preparation, analytical techniques, data analysis, computational modelling, and main application areas. RSC Adv. 2022;12:25528\u201348.","journal-title":"RSC Adv"},{"key":"3763_CR290","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-biodatasci-102523-103801","volume":"7","author":"Y Nam","year":"2024","unstructured":"Nam Y, Kim J, Jung S, Woerner J, Suh EH, Lee D, Shivakumar M, Lee ME, Kim D. Harnessing artificial intelligence in multimodal omics data integration: paving the path for the next frontier in precision medicine. Annu Rev Biomed Data Sci. 2024;7:225\u201350.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Biomed Data Sci"},{"key":"3763_CR291","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rozera T, Pasolli E, Segata N, Ianiro G. Machine learning and artificial intelligence in the multi-omics approach to gut microbiota. Gastroenterology. 2025.","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2025.02.035"},{"key":"3763_CR292","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khurana A, Hartmann P. Gut microbiome-specific nanoparticle-based therapeutics for liver diseases. World J Gastroenterol. 2025;31.","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v31.i27.109105"},{"key":"3763_CR293","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao L, Xin J, Hu M, Xue C, Dong N. Programmable microbial therapeutics: advances in engineered bacteria for targeted in vivo delivery and precision medicine. J Adv Res. 2025.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2025.10.028"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neuroinflammation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12974-026-03763-w","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12974-026-03763-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12974-026-03763-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T09:04:42Z","timestamp":1776675882000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12974-026-03763-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]]},"references-count":293,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3763"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12974-026-03763-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["1742-2094"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1742-2094","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"30 November 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 March 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 March 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"131"}}