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However, the origin, dynamics, and tissue adaptation of \u03b3\u03b4 T cells in the ischemic brain and its border regions remain poorly understood. A systematic integration of large-scale datasets is urgently needed. Here, we investigated the impact of ischemic stroke on the state of meningeal and brain-infiltrating \u03b3\u03b4 T cells and explored their potential contributions to post-stroke inflammation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We conducted an integrated analysis of publicly available single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) datasets, which included meningeal and brain-infiltrating\n                      <jats:italic>Ptprc<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      (CD45\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      ) immune cells following experimental stroke. \u03b3\u03b4 T cells were identified and subsequently classified into distinct subtypes through data integration and reference mapping. Subtype-specific functions, tissue residency signatures, migratory programs, and the cellular interactions between \u03b3\u03b4 T cells and endothelial cells or fibroblasts in the dura and brain were investigated, respectively. Key findings were validated by flow cytometry and immunofluorescence assays in vivo.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      On day 2 post-experimental stroke, the number of parenchymal \u03b3\u03b4 T cells significantly increased while dural \u03b3\u03b4 T cells decreased. The majority of \u03b3\u03b4 T cells residing in the meninges and infiltrating the brain, both under homeostatic conditions and following stroke, were\n                      <jats:italic>Rorc<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u207a and belonged to the V\u03b36\u207a \u03b3\u03b417 cell subset. Compared to dural \u03b3\u03b4 T cells, brain-infiltrating \u03b3\u03b4 T cells showed reduced tissue residency capacities, higher migratory pathway activation, and lower Ki\u201167 positivity, indicating acute recruitment. In contrast, dural \u03b3\u03b4 T cells exhibited greater IL\u201117-producing capacities on day\u202f3. Redistributions of dural \u03b3\u03b4 T cells were analyzed, and immunofluorescence revealed a close spatial association between dural \u03b3\u03b4 T cells and CD31\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      cells. Cell\u2013cell communication analysis predicted increased interactions between \u03b3\u03b4 T cells and CD45\n                      <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                      cells in both the dura and the brain.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our data indicate that most meningeal and brain-infiltrating \u03b3\u03b4 T cells after stroke share an activated \u03b3\u03b417 phenotype but display compartmentalized dynamics in activation, proliferation, and migration. These results establish a foundation for further studies on the spatially distinct roles of \u03b3\u03b4 T cells in post-stroke immunity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-026-03794-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T01:25:17Z","timestamp":1775697917000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Single-cell omics and flow cytometry identify distinct immune states of dural and brain-infiltrating IL-17-producing \u03b3\u03b4 T cells after experimental stroke"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Mingming","family":"Zha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alina","family":"Jander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haodi","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marius","family":"Piepke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karoline","family":"Degenhardt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leo","family":"Winter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tim","family":"Magnus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mathias","family":"Gelderblom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"3794_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"GBD 2021 Causes of Death Collaborators. 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