{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T15:44:58Z","timestamp":1785426298735,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,10]],"date-time":"2019-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1568073600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,10]],"date-time":"2019-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1568073600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Theor Biol Med Model"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n              <jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Group A streptococcus (GAS) is the most frequent cause of bacterial pharyngitis in school-aged children. The postinfection sequel as acute rheumatic fever (ARF) and rheumatic heart disease that cause morbidity and mortality among young people is public health concerns in several developing countries. Asymptomatic carriage state of GAS is not fully understood in terms of host and bacterial factors. Although the ability of transmitting GAS of the asymptomatic carriers is relatively low, they may present the reservoir of the epidemic. A fraction of GAS carriers is difficult to estimate in practice and may greatly vary between populations. Understanding the role of carriage on the transmission dynamic of GAS is important for assessing the public health impact of the ARF.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>\n              <jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This study investigates the effect of GAS carriers on both the transmission and dynamic of ARF cases by using a mathematical model.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>\n              <jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Result<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We derive the sufficient conditions for which the GAS can spread or extinct from the naive population under the variation of the fraction of symptomatic cases over the incidence of GAS. The threshold is possible to occur in general, but the last condition which is rather restrictive and involves parameter uncertainty. The increasing of carriers in the endemic state leads to the reduction in magnitude of the reproduction number and the number of ARF patients. We demonstrate that the adjustment of parameters can be carried out by the use of endemic state and some specific data.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>\n              <jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We show theoretically that the presence of asymptomatic carriers may induce the epidemic threshold and reduce the virulence of GAS and the prevalence of ARF.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12976-019-0110-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,9]],"date-time":"2019-09-09T23:03:41Z","timestamp":1568070221000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The effect of group A streptococcal carrier on the epidemic model of acute rheumatic fever"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Natsuda","family":"Yokchoo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nichaphat","family":"Patanarapeelert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Klot","family":"Patanarapeelert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"110_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)30999-1","volume":"392","author":"G Karthikeyan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Karthikeyan G, Guilherme L. Acute rheumatic fever. Lancet. 2018; 392:161\u201374.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"110_CR2","unstructured":"Weil-Olivier C. Rheumatic fever. Orphanet Encycl. 2004. \n                    https:\/\/www.orpha.net\/data\/patho\/GB\/uk-RF.pdf\n                    \n                  ."},{"issue":"11","key":"110_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1541","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.191959","volume":"119","author":"Michael A. Gerber","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gerber MA, Baltimore RS, Eaton CB, Gewitz M, Rowley AH, Shulman ST, et al.Prevention of rheumatic fever and diagnosis and treatment of acute Streptococcal pharyngitis: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease Committee of the Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, the Interdisciplinary Council on Functional Genomics and Translational Biology, and the Interdisciplinary Council on Quality of Care and Outcomes Research: endorsed by the American Academy of Pediatrics. Circulation. 2009; 119(11):1541\u201351.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"110_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.2147\/CLEP.S12977","volume":"3","author":"MD Seckeler","year":"2011","unstructured":"Seckeler MD, Hoke TR. The worldwide epidemiology of acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease. Clin Epidemiol. 2011; 3:67.","journal-title":"Clin Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"110_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1097\/MOP.0000000000000164","volume":"27","author":"JL de Dassel","year":"2015","unstructured":"de Dassel JL, Ralph AP, Carapetis JR. Controlling acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease in developing countries: are we getting closer?Curr Opin Pediatr. 2015; 27(1):116\u201323.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pediatr"},{"issue":"7","key":"110_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp1009126","volume":"364","author":"MR Wessels","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wessels MR. Streptococcal pharyngitis. N Engl J Med. 2011; 364(7):648\u201355.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"110_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharif MR, Aalinezhad M, Sajadian SMS, Rezaei MH. Streptococcal pharyngitis in a two-month-old infant: A case report. 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