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Our recent study suggests that the cellular protein M-Sec plays a role in these processes. However, the timing, mechanism, and to what extent M-Sec contributes to HIV-1 transmission is not fully understood, and the lack of a cell line model that mimics macrophages has hindered in-depth analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We found that HIV-1 increased the number, length and thickness of TNTs in a manner dependent on its pathogenic protein Nef and M-Sec in U87 cells, as observed in macrophages. In addition, we found that M-Sec was required not only for TNT formation but also motility of U87 cells, both of which are beneficial for viral transmission. In fact, M-Sec knockdown in U87 cells led to a significantly delayed viral production in both cellular and extracellular fractions. This inhibition was observed for wild-type virus, but not for a mutant virus lacking Nef, which is known to promote not only TNT formation but also migration of infected macrophages.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>By taking advantage of useful features of U87 cells, we provided evidence that M-Sec mediates a rapid and efficient cell\u2013cell transmission of HIV-1 at an early phase of infection by enhancing both TNT formation and cell motility.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12977-020-00528-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,10]],"date-time":"2020-07-10T04:04:00Z","timestamp":1594353840000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["M-Sec facilitates intercellular transmission of HIV-1 through multiple mechanisms"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Sameh","family":"Lotfi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hesham","family":"Nasser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Osamu","family":"Noyori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masateru","family":"Hiyoshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroaki","family":"Takeuchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshio","family":"Koyanagi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2531-4770","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shinya","family":"Suzu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,10]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"528_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2182","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.67.4.2182-2190.1993","volume":"67","author":"DS Dimitrov","year":"1993","unstructured":"Dimitrov DS, Willey RL, Sato H, Chang LJ, Blumenthal R, Martin MA. 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