{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T18:31:10Z","timestamp":1781116270871,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,3]],"date-time":"2020-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1599091200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,3]],"date-time":"2020-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1599091200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006668","name":"Fondo para la Investigaci\u00f3n Cient\u00edfica y Tecnol\u00f3gica","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PICT 2016 1033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PICT 2016 1033"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006668","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"ITAPS","award":["R25MH064712"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R25MH064712"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006056","name":"C.V. Starr Center for the Study of the American Experience, Washington College","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006056","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Retrovirology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is the etiological agent of HTLV associated myelopathy\/ Tropical Spastic Paraparesis (HAM\/TSP) and Adult T cell leukemia\/lymphoma (ATLL), in around 2\u20135% of the infected individuals. Host genetic background might play a role in disease progression. Several previous studies across many countries report HLA haplotype to be one such factor. Here, we sequenced HLA-A, -B and -C of 66 individuals by Sequence-Based Typing (SBT), and compared the frequency of different alleles among ATLL patients, HAM\/TSP patients, asymptomatic carriers and non-infected individuals living in Argentina.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The frequency of HLA-A, -B and -C alleles largely matched that of the general population in Argentina. We identified HLA-A*02, HLA-B*35 and HLA-C*07 as associated to protection from ATLL (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.031), susceptibility to HAM\/TSP (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and susceptibility to ATLL (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.017), respectively. We also found a strong correlation between high proviral load (PVL) and disease (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.008), but were unable to identify any particular allele associated with high or low PVL.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We have found HLA-A*02, HLA-B*35 and HLA-C*07 to be associated to protection from ATLL (HLA-A*02) and susceptibility to HAM\/TSP (HLA-B*35) or to ATLL (HLA-C*07), respectively. Whereas HLA-A*02 protection from ATLL has already been extensively described in other regions of the world, this is the first report that links HLA-B*35 and an increased susceptibility to HAM\/TSP. As for HLA-C*07 it has previously been associated to susceptibility to HAM\/TSP in other countries but in our population it has been linked to ATLL.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12977-020-00536-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,3]],"date-time":"2020-09-03T05:03:57Z","timestamp":1599109437000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["HLA-B*35 as a new marker for susceptibility to human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) Associated Myelopathy\/Tropical Spastic Paraparesis (HAM\/TSP) in patients living in Argentina"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Paula","family":"Benencio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sindy A.","family":"Fraile Gonzalez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicol\u00e1s","family":"Ducasa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kimberly","family":"Page","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolina A.","family":"Berini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mirna M.","family":"Biglione","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,3]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"536_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V50.3.481.481","volume":"50","author":"T Uchiyama","year":"1977","unstructured":"Uchiyama T, Yodoi J, Sagawa K, Takatsuki K, Uchino H. Adult T-cell leukemia: clinical and hematologic features of 16 cases. Blood. 1977;50(3):481\u201392.","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"8452","key":"536_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(85)92734-5","volume":"2","author":"A Gessain","year":"1985","unstructured":"Gessain A, Barin F, Vernant JC, Gout O, Maurs L, Calender A, et al. Antibodies to human T-lymphotropic virus type-I in patients with tropical spastic paraparesis. Lancet. 1985;2(8452):407\u201310.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"536_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2643","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002643","volume":"8","author":"L Einsiedel","year":"2014","unstructured":"Einsiedel L, Spelman T, Goeman E, Cassar O, Arundell M, Gessain A. Clinical associations of Human T-Lymphotropic virus type 1 infection in an indigenous Australian population. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2014;8(1):e2643.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"536_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2005.21.1","volume":"21","author":"MM Biglione","year":"2005","unstructured":"Biglione MM, Astarloa L, Salom\u00f3n HE, Referent HTLV-I\/II Argentina Group. High prevalence of HTLV-I and HTLV-II among blood donors in Argentina: a South American health concern. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2005;21(1):1\u20134.","journal-title":"AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses"},{"issue":"11","key":"536_CR5","first-page":"1096","volume":"3","author":"JE Kaplan","year":"1990","unstructured":"Kaplan JE, Osame M, Kubota H, Igata A, Nishitani H, Maeda Y, et al. The risk of development of HTLV-I-Associated Myelopathy\/Tropical Spastic Paraparesis among persons infected with HTLV-I. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 1990;3(11):1096\u2013101.","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"issue":"3","key":"536_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2613.2001.00191.x","volume":"82","author":"JM Johnson","year":"2001","unstructured":"Johnson JM, Harrod R, Franchini G. Molecular biology and pathogenesis of the human T-cell leukaemia\/lymphotropic virus Type-1 (HTLV-1). Int J Exp Pathol. 2001;82(3):135\u201347.","journal-title":"Int J Exp Pathol"},{"issue":"1","key":"536_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/v10010001","volume":"10","author":"N Futsch","year":"2017","unstructured":"Futsch N, Mahieux R, Dutartre H. HTLV-1, the other pathogenic yet neglected human retrovirus: from transmission to therapeutic treatment. Viruses. 2017;10(1):1.","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"2","key":"536_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1001274","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1001274","volume":"7","author":"Y Satou","year":"2011","unstructured":"Satou Y, Yasunaga J-I, Zhao T, Yoshida M, Miyazato P, Takai K, et al. HTLV-1 bZIP factor induces T-cell lymphoma and systemic inflammation in vivo. PLoS Pathog. 2011;7(2):e1001274.","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"issue":"39","key":"536_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6035","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1208970","volume":"24","author":"CRM Bangham","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bangham CRM, Osame M. Cellular immune response to HTLV-1. Oncogene. 2005;24(39):6035\u201346.","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"issue":"1","key":"536_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1186\/s12977-019-0499-5","volume":"16","author":"Y Enose-Akahata","year":"2019","unstructured":"Enose-Akahata Y, Jacobson S. Immunovirological markers in HTLV-1-associated myelopathy\/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM\/TSP). Retrovirology. 2019;16(1):35.","journal-title":"Retrovirology"},{"issue":"2","key":"536_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2006.03208.x","volume":"146","author":"I Best","year":"2006","unstructured":"Best I, Adaui V, Verdonck K, Gonz\u00e1lez E, Tipismana M, Clark D, et al. Proviral load and immune markers associated with human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1)-associated myelopathy\/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM\/TSP) in Peru. Clin Exp Immunol. 2006;146(2):226\u201333.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"536_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2015.11.018","volume":"92","author":"GA da Silva Dias","year":"2016","unstructured":"da Silva Dias GA, Sousa RCM, Gomes LF, Caldas CAM, Nassiri R, Quaresma JAS, et al. Correlation between clinical symptoms and peripheral immune response in HAM\/TSP. Microb Pathog. 2016;92:72\u20135.","journal-title":"Microb Pathog"},{"issue":"2","key":"536_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1349-7006.2010.01820.x","volume":"102","author":"S Sonoda","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sonoda S, Li HC, Tajima K. Ethnoepidemiology of HTLV-1 related diseases: ethnic determinants of HTLV-1 susceptibility and its worldwide dispersal. Cancer Sci. 2011;102(2):295\u2013301.","journal-title":"Cancer Sci"},{"issue":"10","key":"536_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2551","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-013-7014-z","volume":"260","author":"A Trevi\u00f1o","year":"2013","unstructured":"Trevi\u00f1o A, Vicario JL, Lopez M, Parra P, Benito R, de Ortiz Lejarazu R, et al. Association between HLA alleles and HAM\/TSP in individuals infected with HTLV-1. J Neurol. 2013;260(10):2551\u20135.","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"issue":"12","key":"536_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7278","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.165.12.7278","volume":"165","author":"KJ Jeffery","year":"2000","unstructured":"Jeffery KJ, Siddiqui AA, Bunce M, Lloyd AL, Vine AM, Witkover AD, et al. The influence of HLA class I alleles and heterozygosity on the outcome of human T cell lymphotropic virus type I infection. J Immunol. 2000;165(12):7278\u201384.","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"7","key":"536_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3848","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.7.3848","volume":"96","author":"KJ Jeffery","year":"1999","unstructured":"Jeffery KJ, Usuku K, Hall SE, Matsumoto W, Taylor GP, Procter J, et al. HLA alleles determine human T-lymphotropic virus-I (HTLV-I) proviral load and the risk of HTLV-I-associated myelopathy. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1999;96(7):3848\u201353.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"issue":"11","key":"536_CR17","first-page":"873","volume":"5","author":"JD White","year":"1996","unstructured":"White JD, Johnson JA, Nam JM, Cranston B, Hanchard B, Waldmann TA, et al. Distribution of human leukocyte antigens in a population of black patients with human T-cell lymphotrophic virus type I-associated adult T-cell leukemia\/lymphoma. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 1996;5(11):873\u20137.","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"issue":"5","key":"536_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2141.2003.04711.x","volume":"123","author":"DM Borducchi","year":"2003","unstructured":"Borducchi DM, Gerbase-DeLima M, Morgun A, Shulzhenko N, Pombo-de-Oliveira MS, Kerbauy J, et al. Human leucocyte antigen and human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 associated diseases in Brazil. Br J Haematol. 2003;123(5):954\u20135.","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"issue":"1","key":"536_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1590\/S0037-86822007000100006","volume":"40","author":"JGA Coelho-dos-Reis","year":"2007","unstructured":"Coelho-dos-Reis JGA, Rocha RDR, Brito-Melo GEA, Ribas JG, de Carneiro-Proietti ABF, Catalan-Soares B, et al. Evaluation of the performance of immunological parameters as indicators for clinical progression of chronic HTLV-1 infection. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop. 2007;40(1):29\u201336.","journal-title":"Rev Soc Bras Med Trop."},{"issue":"9","key":"536_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1001117","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1001117","volume":"6","author":"A Macnamara","year":"2010","unstructured":"Macnamara A, Rowan A, Hilburn S, Kadolsky U, Fujiwara H, Suemori K, et al. HLA class I binding of HBZ determines outcome in HTLV-1 infection. PLoS Pathog. 2010;6(9):e1001117.","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"issue":"3","key":"536_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.21675","volume":"82","author":"M Talledo","year":"2010","unstructured":"Talledo M, L\u00f3pez G, Huyghe JR, Verdonck K, Adaui V, Gonz\u00e1lez E, et al. Evaluation of host genetic and viral factors as surrogate markers for HTLV-1-associated myelopathy\/tropical spastic paraparesis in Peruvian HTLV-1-infected patients. J Med Virol. 2010;82(3):460\u20136.","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"issue":"2","key":"536_CR22","first-page":"94","volume":"4","author":"H Rafatpanah","year":"2007","unstructured":"Rafatpanah H, Pravica V, Faridhosseini R, Tabatabaei A, Ollier W, Poulton K, et al. Association between HLA-DRB1*01 and HLA-Cw*08 and outcome following HTLV-I infection. Iran J Immunol. 2007;4(2):94\u2013100.","journal-title":"Iran J Immunol"},{"issue":"11","key":"536_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1089\/088922201300343735","volume":"17","author":"S Yashiki","year":"2001","unstructured":"Yashiki S, Fujiyoshi T, Arima N, Osame M, Yoshinaga M, Nagata Y, et al. HLA-A*26, HLA-B*4002, HLA-B*4006, and HLA-B*4801 alleles predispose to adult T cell leukemia: the limited recognition of HTLV type 1 tax peptide anchor motifs and epitopes to generate anti-HTLV type 1 tax CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocytes. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2001;17(11):1047\u201361.","journal-title":"AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses"},{"issue":"Pt 3","key":"536_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.80509-0","volume":"86","author":"AH Sabouri","year":"2005","unstructured":"Sabouri AH, Saito M, Usuku K, Bajestan SN, Mahmoudi M, Forughipour M, et al. Differences in viral and host genetic risk factors for development of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1)-associated myelopathy\/tropical spastic paraparesis between Iranian and Japanese HTLV-1-infected individuals. J Gen Virol. 2005;86(Pt 3):773\u201381.","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"issue":"1","key":"536_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00430-008-0096-z","volume":"198","author":"BC Catalan-Soares","year":"2009","unstructured":"Catalan-Soares BC, Carneiro-Proietti ABF, Da Fonseca FG, Correa-Oliveira R, Peralva-Lima D, Portela R, et al. HLA class I alleles in HTLV-1-associated myelopathy and asymptomatic carriers from the Brazilian cohort GIPH. Med Microbiol Immunol. 2009;198(1):1\u20133.","journal-title":"Med Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"536_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.med.54.101601.152346","volume":"54","author":"M Carrington","year":"2003","unstructured":"Carrington M, O\u2019Brien SJ. The influence of HLA genotype on AIDS. Annu Rev Med. 2003;54:535\u201351.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"536_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1038\/nm893","volume":"9","author":"E Trachtenberg","year":"2003","unstructured":"Trachtenberg E, Korber B, Sollars C, Kepler TB, Hraber PT, Hayes E, et al. Advantage of rare HLA supertype in HIV disease progression. Nat Med. 2003;9(7):928\u201335.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"536_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.22767","volume":"121","author":"JJ Goedert","year":"2007","unstructured":"Goedert JJ, Li H-C, Gao X-J, Chatterjee N, Sonoda S, Biggar RJ, et al. Risk of human T-lymphotropic virus type I-associated diseases in Jamaica with common HLA types. Int J Cancer. 2007;121(5):1092\u20137.","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"issue":"3","key":"536_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2008.18.2428","volume":"27","author":"K Tsukasaki","year":"2009","unstructured":"Tsukasaki K, Hermine O, Bazarbachi A, Ratner L, Ramos JC, Harrington W, et al. Definition, prognostic factors, treatment, and response criteria of adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma: a proposal from an international consensus meeting. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27(3):453\u20139.","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"6","key":"536_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1605","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.30.6.1605-1607.1992","volume":"30","author":"W Heneine","year":"1992","unstructured":"Heneine W, Khabbaz RF, Lal RB, Kaplan JE. Sensitive and specific polymerase chain reaction assays for diagnosis of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) and HTLV-II infections in HTLV-I\/II-seropositive individuals. J Clin Microbiol. 1992;30(6):1605\u20137.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"536_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5643","DOI":"10.3390\/v7112897","volume":"7","author":"C C\u00e1nepa","year":"2015","unstructured":"C\u00e1nepa C, Salido J, Ruggieri M, Fraile S, Pataccini G, Berini C, et al. Low proviral load is associated with indeterminate western blot patterns in human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 infected individuals: could punctual mutations be related? Viruses. 2015;7(11):5643\u201358.","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"536_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2010.08.021","volume":"170","author":"NA Altamirano","year":"2010","unstructured":"Altamirano NA, Rocco C, Aulicino P, Sen L, Mangano A. Quantitation of HTLV-I proviral load by a real-time PCR assay using SYBR Green: comparison of two methods for DNA isolation. J Virol Methods. 2010;170(1\u20132):160\u20134.","journal-title":"J Virol Methods"},{"issue":"1","key":"536_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-0039.1995.tb02408.x","volume":"45","author":"N Cereb","year":"1995","unstructured":"Cereb N, Maye P, Lee S, Kong Y, Yang SY. Locus-specific amplification of HLA class I genes from genomic DNA: locus-specific sequences in the first and third introns of HLA-A, -B, and -C alleles. Tissue Antigens. 1995;45(1):1\u201311.","journal-title":"Tissue Antigens"},{"issue":"5","key":"536_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-0039.1998.tb03071.x","volume":"52","author":"H Lou","year":"1998","unstructured":"Lou H, Li HC, Kuwayama M, Yashiki S, Fujiyoshi T, Suehara M, et al. HLA class I and class II of the Nivkhi, an indigenous population carrying HTLV-I in Sakhalin. Far Eastern Russia Tissue Antigens. 1998;52(5):444\u201351.","journal-title":"Far Eastern Russia Tissue Antigens"},{"issue":"9","key":"536_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3064","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transproceed.2014.07.029","volume":"46","author":"A Perusco","year":"2014","unstructured":"Perusco A, Gamba C, Galarza P, Rojas F, Kalapodis A, Onofri A, et al. HLA antigenic and haplotype frequencies estimated in hematopoietic progenitor cell donors from Argentina. Transplant Proc. 2014;46(9):3064\u20137.","journal-title":"Transplant Proc"},{"issue":"6","key":"536_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-0039.2000.560604.x","volume":"56","author":"R de Pablo","year":"2000","unstructured":"de Pablo R, Bera\u00fan Y, Nieto A, Calzada JE, Rementer\u00eda MC, Sanz L, et al. HLA class I and class II allele distribution in the Peruvian population. Tissue Antigens. 2000;56(6):507\u201314.","journal-title":"Tissue Antigens"},{"issue":"1","key":"536_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-313X.2010.00959.x","volume":"38","author":"O Benitez","year":"2011","unstructured":"Benitez O, Busson M, Charron D, Loiseau P. HLA polymorphism in a Guarani-Indian population from Paraguay and its usefulness for the Hispano-Indian admixture study in Paraguay. Int J Immunogenet. 2011;38(1):7\u201311.","journal-title":"Int J Immunogenet"},{"issue":"6","key":"536_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2013.02.007","volume":"74","author":"N Pan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Pan N, Chen K, Qiu J, Sun H, Xu J, Miao F, et al. Human leukocyte antigen class I alleles and haplotypes associated with primary hepatocellular carcinoma in persistent HBV-infected patients. Hum Immunol. 2013;74(6):758\u201363.","journal-title":"Hum Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"536_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjid.2018.12.002","volume":"23","author":"JMC Angulo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Angulo JMC, Cuesta TAC, Menezes EP, Pedroso C, Brites C. A systematic review on the influence of HLA-B polymorphisms on HIV-1 mother-to-child-transmission. Braz J Infect Dis. 2019;23(1):53\u20139.","journal-title":"Braz J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"536_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1835","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32833c3219","volume":"24","author":"X Gao","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gao X, O\u2019Brien TR, Welzel TM, Marti D, Qi Y, Goedert JJ, et al. HLA-B alleles associate consistently with HIV heterosexual transmission, viral load, and progression to AIDS, but not susceptibility to infection. AIDS. 2010;24(12):1835\u201340.","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"2","key":"536_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1038\/leu.2008.272","volume":"23","author":"T Kozako","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kozako T, Yoshimitsu M, Fujiwara H, Masamoto I, Horai S, White Y, et al. PD-1\/PD-L1 expression in human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 carriers and adult T-cell leukemia\/lymphoma patients. Leukemia. 2009;23(2):375\u201382.","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"issue":"12","key":"536_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2585","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.23042","volume":"121","author":"T Shimauchi","year":"2007","unstructured":"Shimauchi T, Kabashima K, Nakashima D, Sugita K, Yamada Y, Hino R, et al. Augmented expression of programmed death-1 in both neoplastic and non-neoplastic CD4+ T-cells in adult T-cell leukemia\/lymphoma. Int J Cancer. 2007;121(12):2585\u201390.","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"issue":"1","key":"536_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.928","volume":"6","author":"HH Kagdi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kagdi HH, Demontis MA, Fields PA, Ramos JC, Bangham CRM, Taylor GP. Risk stratification of adult T-cell leukemia\/lymphoma using immunophenotyping. Cancer Med. 2017;6(1):298\u2013309.","journal-title":"Cancer Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"536_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2479","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002479","volume":"7","author":"T Sato","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sato T, Coler-Reilly A, Utsunomiya A, Araya N, Yagishita N, Ando H, et al. CSF CXCL10, CXCL9, and neopterin as candidate prognostic biomarkers for HTLV-1-associated myelopathy\/tropical spastic paraparesis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2013;7(10):e2479.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"371","key":"536_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2016.10.030","volume":"15","author":"E Matsuura","year":"2016","unstructured":"Matsuura E, Nozuma S, Tashiro Y, Kubota R, Izumo S, Takashima H. HTLV-1 associated myelopathy\/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM\/TSP): a comparative study to identify factors that influence disease progression. J Neurol Sci. 2016;15(371):112\u20136.","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"536_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurol.2011.12.006","volume":"168","author":"A Gessain","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gessain A, Mahieux R. Tropical spastic paraparesis and HTLV-1 associated myelopathy: clinical, epidemiological, virological and therapeutic aspects. Rev Neurol (Paris). 2012;168(3):257\u201369.","journal-title":"Rev Neurol (Paris)"},{"issue":"11","key":"536_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1643","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-879X2005001100011","volume":"38","author":"PA Montanheiro","year":"2005","unstructured":"Montanheiro PA, de Oliveira ACP, Posada-Vergara MP, Milagres AC, Tauil C, Marchiori PE, et al. Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) proviral DNA viral load among asymptomatic patients and patients with HTLV-I-associated myelopathy\/tropical spastic paraparesis. Braz J Med Biol Res. 2005;38(11):1643\u20137.","journal-title":"Braz J Med Biol Res"},{"key":"536_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4067\/S0717-92272005000400012","author":"RC Arriagada","year":"2005","unstructured":"Arriagada RC, Court LJ, Novoa SF. Tratado de neurolog\u00eda cl\u00ednica. Rev Chil Neuro-Psiquiatr. 2005. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4067\/S0717-92272005000400012.","journal-title":"Rev Chil Neuro-Psiquiatr"},{"issue":"3","key":"536_CR49","first-page":"264","volume":"16","author":"M Taghaddosi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Taghaddosi M, Rezaee SAR, Rafatpanah H, Rajaei T, Farid Hosseini R, Narges V. Association between HLA class I Alleles and Proviral Load in HTLV-I Associated Myelopathy\/Tropical Spastic Paraperesis (HAM\/TSP) patients in Iranian population. Iran J Basic Med Sci. 2013;16(3):264\u20137.","journal-title":"Iran J Basic Med Sci"},{"issue":"6298","key":"536_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1038\/348245a0","volume":"348","author":"S Jacobson","year":"1990","unstructured":"Jacobson S, Shida H, McFarlin DE, Fauci AS, Koenig S. Circulating CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes specific for HTLV-I pX in patients with HTLV-I associated neurological disease. Nature. 1990;348(6298):245\u20138.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1","key":"536_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2006.09.004","volume":"68","author":"CK Hurley","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hurley CK, Fernandez-Vina M, Hildebrand WH, Noreen HJ, Trachtenberg E, Williams TM, et al. A high degree of HLA disparity arises from limited allelic diversity: analysis of 1775 unrelated bone marrow transplant donor-recipient pairs. Hum Immunol. 2007;68(1):30\u201340.","journal-title":"Hum Immunol"},{"issue":"8","key":"536_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/90.8.617","volume":"90","author":"A Manns","year":"1998","unstructured":"Manns A, Hanchard B, Morgan OS, Wilks R, Cranston B, Nam JM, et al. Human leukocyte antigen class II alleles associated with human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I infection and adult T-cell leukemia\/lymphoma in a Black population. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1998;90(8):617\u201322.","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"536_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S119","DOI":"10.1097\/00042560-199600001-00020","volume":"13","author":"S Sonoda","year":"1996","unstructured":"Sonoda S, Fujiyoshi T, Yashiki S. Immunogenetics of HTLV-I\/II and associated diseases. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol. 1996;13(Suppl 1):S119\u2013S12323.","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol"}],"container-title":["Retrovirology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12977-020-00536-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12977-020-00536-y\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12977-020-00536-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,3]],"date-time":"2021-09-03T09:17:02Z","timestamp":1630660622000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/retrovirology.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12977-020-00536-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,3]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["536"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12977-020-00536-y","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-30627\/v3","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-30627\/v2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-30627\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1742-4690"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1742-4690","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"21 May 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 August 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 September 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This study was approved by External Ethical Committee Nexo Asociaci\u00f3n Civil IRB#0005349, protocol #1563. Every participant signed a written consent before donating a blood sample for analysis.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"29"}}