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Genital inflammation\/ulceration or schistosome infections were not associated with this elevated profile. Defined levels of ITAC and IL-7 were significant predictors of later HIV acquisition in ROC predictive analyses, whereas the classical Th1 and Th2 inflammatory cytokines such as IL-12 and interferon-\u03b3 or IL-4, IL-5 and Il-13 were not.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Overall, the data show a significant association between increased plasma biomarkers linked to inflammation and immune activation and HIV acquisition and suggests that pre-existing conditions that increase systemic biomarkers represent a factor for increased risk of HIV infection.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12977-021-00552-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,17]],"date-time":"2021-03-17T09:06:25Z","timestamp":1615971985000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Elevated levels of inflammatory plasma biomarkers are associated with risk of HIV infection"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Samantha","family":"McInally","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristin","family":"Wall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tianwei","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rabindra","family":"Tirouvanziam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Kilembe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jill","family":"Gilmour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan A.","family":"Allen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4273-8631","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eric","family":"Hunter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"552_CR1","unstructured":"UNAIDS Data. 2019 [Internet]2019 [cited 2020]."},{"issue":"4","key":"552_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2016-052743","volume":"93","author":"KM Wall","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wall KM, Kilembe W, Vwalika B, Haddad LB, Lakhi S, Onwubiko U, Htee Khu N, Brill I, Chavuma R, Vwalika C, Mwananyanda L, Chomba E, Mulenga J, Tichacek A, Allen S. 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