{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T18:33:29Z","timestamp":1792002809254,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,29]],"date-time":"2025-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748476800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,29]],"date-time":"2025-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748476800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Retrovirology"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Among the many CRFs, CRF55_01B was the first CRF01_AE and subtype B recombinant strain identified around 2013 among men who have sex with men (MSM) in Shenzhen, China. With rapid spreading throughout the country, CRF55_01B has attracted much attention in recent years. This study aimed to analyze its prevalence of drug resistance and transmission characteristics in people living with HIV\/AIDS (PLWHA) in Henan province, China so as to pay particular attention to this group of individuals to reduce the incidence of drug resistance.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Two hundred and forty-five CRF55_01B-infected individuals, including 141 treatment-na\u00efve and 104 treatment-experienced individuals, were enrolled. In treatment-na\u00efve individuals, 6.38% (9\/141) of them harboured NRTI DRMs and 19.15% (27\/141) of them harboured NNRTI DRMs except V179E\/D. In treatment-experienced individuals, 2.00% (2\/100) harboured INSTI DRMs, 82.69% (86\/104) of them harboured NRTI DRMs, and 88.46% (92\/104) of them harboured NNRTI DRMs except V179E\/D. The overall prevalence of ADR was 89.42% (93\/104), while the prevalence of PDR was 19.86% (28\/141). A total of 23 transmission clusters, accounting for 37.55% (92\/245) of the total sequences, were identified. The clusters ranged in size from 2 to 19, and 15 (65.22%) had 3 or more sequences.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>High prevalence of DRMs and drug resistance were observed in CRF55_01B in both treatment-na\u00efve and treatment-experienced individuals, particular attention should be paid to this group of individuals to reduce the incidence of drug resistance.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12977-025-00665-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,29]],"date-time":"2025-05-29T10:15:34Z","timestamp":1748513734000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Drug resistance and genetic transmission characteristics of HIV-1 CRF55_01B in people living with HIV\/AIDS (PLWHA) in Henan Province, China"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Jie","family":"Ma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinjin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuguang","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingjie","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingxia","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuqi","family":"Huo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,29]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"665_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2326","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2022.2119167","volume":"11","author":"Q Fan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fan Q, Zhang J, Luo M, et al. Molecular genetics and epidemiological characteristics of HIV-1 epidemic strains in various sexual risk behaviour groups in developed Eastern China, 2017\u20132020. Emerg Microbes Infect. 2022;11(1):2326\u201339.","journal-title":"Emerg Microbes Infect"},{"issue":"05","key":"665_CR2","first-page":"549","volume":"27","author":"L Yanling","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yanling L, Yi F, Shao Y. The origin and molecular epidemiology of HIV-1 subtype C, CRF07_BC and CRF08_BC. Chin J AIDS STD. 2021;27(05):549\u201352.","journal-title":"Chin J AIDS STD"},{"issue":"12","key":"665_CR3","first-page":"715","volume":"39","author":"Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome and Hepatitis C Professional Group Society of Infectious Diseases","year":"2021","unstructured":"Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome and Hepatitis C Professional Group Society of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Medical Association, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Chinese guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of human immunodeficiency virus\/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Chin J Infect Dis. 2021;39(12):715\u201335.","journal-title":"Chin J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"23","key":"665_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00683","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00683-20","volume":"94","author":"B Vrancken","year":"2020","unstructured":"Vrancken B, Zhao B, Li X, et al. Comparative circulation dynamics of the five main HIV types in China. J Virol. 2020;94(23):e00683-e1620.","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"3","key":"665_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e65","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000000144","volume":"66","author":"J Zhao","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zhao J, Cai W, Zheng C, et al. Origin and outbreak of HIV-1 CRF55_01B among MSM in Shenzhen, China. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2014;66(3):e65-67.","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"issue":"1","key":"665_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2021.1884004","volume":"10","author":"M Gan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gan M, Zheng S, Hao J, et al. The prevalence of CRF55_01B among HIV-1 strain and its connection with traffic development in China. Emerg Microbes Infect. 2021;10(1):256\u201365.","journal-title":"Emerg Microbes Infect"},{"key":"665_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2019.104098","volume":"77","author":"Y Liu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liu Y, Li H, Wang X, et al. Natural presence of V179E and rising prevalence of E138G in HIV-1 reverse transcriptase in CRF55_01B viruses. Infect Genet Evol. 2020;77: 104098.","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol"},{"issue":"1","key":"665_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-019-3788-7","volume":"19","author":"PP Zhou","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhou PP, Yu G, Kuang YQ, et al. Rapid and complicated HIV genotype expansion among high-risk groups in Guangdong Province, China. BMC Infect Dis. 2019;19(1):185.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"665_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2023.105520","volume":"115","author":"J Liu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liu J, Liu C, Wang Y, et al. Increased prevalence of pretreatment drug resistance mutations in treatment-na\u00efve people living with HIV-1 in Henan Province, China (2022\/23). Infect Genet Evol. 2023;115: 105520.","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol"},{"issue":"1","key":"665_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/s12977-021-00567-z","volume":"18","author":"L Wei","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wei L, Li H, Lv X, et al. Impact of HIV-1 CRF55_01B infection on the evolution of CD4 count and plasma HIV RNA load in men who have sex with men prior to antiretroviral therapy. Retrovirology. 2021;18(1):22.","journal-title":"Retrovirology"},{"issue":"6","key":"665_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-020-04606-6","volume":"165","author":"Z Yang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yang Z, Wei S, Liu J, et al. Characterization of HIV-1 subtypes and drug resistance mutations in Henan Province, China (2017\u20132019). Arch Virol. 2020;165(6):1453\u201361.","journal-title":"Arch Virol"},{"issue":"6","key":"665_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-021-01668-9","volume":"49","author":"Z Yang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yang Z, Yang X, Deng X, et al. Prevalence of integrase strand transfer inhibitor (INSTIs) resistance mutations in Henan Province, China (2018\u20132020). Infection. 2021;49(6):1195\u2013202.","journal-title":"Infection"},{"issue":"9","key":"665_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000001470","volume":"31","author":"AS Hassan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hassan AS, Pybus OG, Sanders EJ, Albert J, Esbj\u00f6rnsson J. Defining HIV-1 transmission clusters based on sequence data. AIDS. 2017;31(9):1211\u201322.","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"4","key":"665_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000000809","volume":"70","author":"AM Oster","year":"2015","unstructured":"Oster AM, Wertheim JO, Hernandez AL, Ocfemia MC, Saduvala N, Hall HI. Using molecular HIV surveillance data to understand transmission between subpopulations in the United States. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2015;70(4):444\u201351.","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"issue":"8","key":"665_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11080866","volume":"11","author":"S Zheng","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zheng S, Wu J, Hao J, et al. Epidemic characteristics of HIV drug resistance in Hefei, Anhui Province. Pathogens. 2022;11(8):866.","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"issue":"1","key":"665_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-020-01441-8","volume":"17","author":"M Zheng","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zheng M, Yu M, Cheng S, et al. Characteristics of HIV-1 molecular transmission networks and drug resistance among men who have sex with men in Tianjin, China (2014\u20132018). Virology journal. 2020;17(1):169.","journal-title":"Virology journal"},{"key":"665_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S406255","volume":"17","author":"H Xia","year":"2023","unstructured":"Xia H, Jin J, Ba H, et al. Genetic diversity and characteristics of drug resistance among treatment-naive people living with HIV in Xi\u2019an, China. Drug Des Dev Ther. 2023;17:1485\u201394.","journal-title":"Drug Des Dev Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"665_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-021-01653-6","volume":"18","author":"Y Lan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lan Y, Li L, He X, et al. Transmitted drug resistance and transmission clusters among HIV-1 treatment-na\u00efve patients in Guangdong, China: a cross-sectional study. Virol J. 2021;18(1):181.","journal-title":"Virol J"},{"key":"665_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1339240","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1339240","volume":"14","author":"X Pang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pang X, Xie B, He Q, et al. Distinct rates and transmission patterns of major HIV-1 subtypes among men who have sex with men in Guangxi. China Front Microbiol. 2023;14:1339240.","journal-title":"China Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"665_CR20","first-page":"210","volume":"18","author":"G Yu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yu G, Li Y, Huang X, et al. Genetic diversity and drug resistance of HIV-1 CRF55_01B in Guangdong. China Curr HIV Res. 2020;18(3):210\u20138.","journal-title":"China Curr HIV Res"},{"key":"665_CR21","volume-title":"Guidelines on the public health response to pretreatment HIV drug resistance","author":"WHO","year":"2017","unstructured":"WHO. Guidelines on the public health response to pretreatment HIV drug resistance. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2017."},{"issue":"7","key":"665_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1925","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkaa116","volume":"75","author":"Y Lan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lan Y, Xin R, Cai W, et al. Characteristics of drug resistance in HIV-1 CRF55_01B from ART-experienced patients in Guangdong, China. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2020;75(7):1925\u201331.","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"665_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2019.100238","volume":"18","author":"L Zuo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zuo L, Liu K, Liu H, et al. Trend of HIV-1 drug resistance in China: a systematic review and meta-analysis of data accumulated over 17 years (2001\u20132017). EClinicalMedicine. 2020;18: 100238.","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"665_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkad370","volume":"79","author":"M Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang M, Ma Y, Wang G, et al. The profile of HIV-1 drug resistance in Shanghai, China: a retrospective study from 2017 to 2021. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2024;79(3):526\u201330.","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"issue":"14","key":"665_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6262","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.74.14.6262-6268.2000","volume":"74","author":"SD Frost","year":"2000","unstructured":"Frost SD, Nijhuis M, Schuurman R, et al. Evolution of lamivudine resistance in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected individuals: the relative roles of drift and selection. J Virol. 2000;74(14):6262\u20138.","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"2","key":"665_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ofad016","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofad016","volume":"10","author":"X Pang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pang X, Liang S, Tang K, et al. Disparity of HIV-1 pretreatment drug resistance in men who have sex with men and the heterosexual population in Guangxi, China. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2023;10(2):ofad016.","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"665_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkt316","volume":"69","author":"GL Melikian","year":"2014","unstructured":"Melikian GL, Rhee SY, Varghese V, et al. Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) cross-resistance: implications for preclinical evaluation of novel NNRTIs and clinical genotypic resistance testing. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2014;69(1):12\u201320.","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"}],"container-title":["Retrovirology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12977-025-00665-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12977-025-00665-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12977-025-00665-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,29]],"date-time":"2025-05-29T10:15:36Z","timestamp":1748513736000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/retrovirology.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12977-025-00665-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,29]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["665"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12977-025-00665-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1742-4690"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1742-4690","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 July 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 May 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 May 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee of The Sixth People\u2019s Hospital of Zhengzhou, China according to international and Chinese ethical guidelines (IEC-KY-2023-49). All participants in this study had signed the informed consent.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"9"}}