{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T11:30:39Z","timestamp":1770982239372,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770768000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770940800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["088696\/Z\/09\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["088696\/Z\/09\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI176575"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI176575"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI148012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI148012"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016958","name":"Office of Research Infrastructure Programs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K01OD031968"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K01OD031968"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016958","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Retrovirology"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12977-026-00675-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T09:36:44Z","timestamp":1770802604000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Versatile HIV Rev-dependent reporter cell system for stringent and sensitive quantification of viral reservoirs, neutralizing antibodies, and restriction factors"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Mark","family":"Spear","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Hetrick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"JeongHwan","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4650-5990","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabrielle","family":"L\u00ea-Bury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thuy T.","family":"Vo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-6844-1349","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yang","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huizhi","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jia","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dongyang","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Subashini","family":"Iyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4470-3608","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henry C.","family":"Mwandumba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9748-750X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David G.","family":"Russell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9547-3278","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuntao","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3537-4585","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David W.","family":"Gludish","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"675_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3422113","volume":"239","author":"BK Felber","year":"1988","unstructured":"Felber BK, Pavlakis GN. A quantitative bioassay for HIV-1 based on trans-activation. Science. 1988;239:184\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.3422113.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"675_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7200","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.86.18.7200","volume":"86","author":"S Schwartz","year":"1989","unstructured":"Schwartz S, Felber BK, Feny\u00f6 EM, Pavlakis GN. Rapidly and slowly replicating human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolates can be distinguished according to target-cell tropism in T-cell and monocyte cell lines. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1989;86:7200\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.86.18.7200.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"6","key":"675_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2660","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.64.6.2660-2668.1990","volume":"64","author":"D Rocancourt","year":"1990","unstructured":"Rocancourt D, Bonnerot C, Jouin H, Emerman M, Nicolas JF. Activation of a beta-galactosidase recombinant provirus: application to titration of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and HIV-infected cells. J Virol. 1990;64(6):2660\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jvi.64.6.2660-2668.1990.","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"675_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2232","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.66.4.2232-2239.1992","volume":"66","author":"J 4 Kimpton","year":"1992","unstructured":"Kimpton J, Emerman M. Detection of replication-competent and pseudotyped human immunodeficiency virus with a sensitive cell line on the basis of activation of an integrated beta-galactosidase gene. J Virol. 1992;66:2232\u20139. PMID:1548759.","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"675_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2855","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.72.4.2855-2864.1998","volume":"72","author":"EJ 5 Platt","year":"1998","unstructured":"Platt EJ, Wehrly K, Kuhmann SE, Chesebro B, Kabat D. Effects of CCR5 and CD4 cell surface concentrations on infections by macrophagetropic isolates of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J Virol. 1998;72:2855\u201364. PMID:9525605.","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"675_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(87)90247-9","volume":"48","author":"MA Muesing","year":"1987","unstructured":"Muesing MA, Smith DH, Capon DJ. Regulation of mRNA accumulation by a human immunodeficiency virus trans-activator protein. Cell. 1987;48:691\u2013701. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0092-8674(87)90247-9.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"675_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6925","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.86.18.6925","volume":"86","author":"C Dingwall","year":"1989","unstructured":"Dingwall C, Ernberg I, Gait MJ, Green SM, Heaphy S, Karn J, et al. Human immunodeficiency virus 1 tat protein binds trans-activation-responsive region (TAR) RNA in vitro. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1989;86:6925\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.86.18.6925.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"675_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(89)90289-4","volume":"59","author":"B 8 Berkhout","year":"1989","unstructured":"Berkhout B, Silverman RH, Jeang KT. Tat trans-activates the human immunodeficiency virus through a nascent RNA target. Cell. 1989;59:273\u201382.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"675_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1038\/330489a0","volume":"330","author":"SY Kao","year":"1987","unstructured":"Kao SY, Calman AF, Luciw PA, Peterlin BM. Anti-termination of transcription within the long terminal repeat of HIV-1 by Tat gene product. Nature. 1987;330:489\u201393.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"675_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(89)90290-0","volume":"59","author":"MF 10 Laspia","year":"1989","unstructured":"Laspia MF, Rice AP, Mathews MB. HIV-1 Tat protein increases transcriptional initiation and stabilizes elongation. Cell. 1989;59:283\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0092-8674(89)90290-0. PMID:2553266.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"675_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.6.4.655","volume":"6","author":"H 11 Kato","year":"1992","unstructured":"Kato H, Sumimoto H, Pognonec P, Chen CH, Rosen CA, Roeder RG. HIV-1 Tat acts as a processivity factor in vitro in conjunction with cellular elongation factors. Genes Dev. 1992;6:655\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/gad.6.4.655. PMID:1559613.","journal-title":"Genes Dev"},{"key":"675_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.0030044","volume":"3","author":"T Raha","year":"2005","unstructured":"Raha T, Cheng SW, Green MR. HIV-1 Tat stimulates transcription complex assembly through recruitment of TBP in the absence of TAFs. PLoS Biol. 2005;3:12. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pbio.0030044.","journal-title":"PLoS Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"675_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4690-2-69","volume":"2","author":"J Brady","year":"2005","unstructured":"Brady J, Kashanchi F. Tat gets the \u201cgreen\u201d light on transcription initiation. Retrovirology. 2005;2(1):13. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1742-4690-2-69.","journal-title":"Retrovirology"},{"key":"675_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4653","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.9.4653","volume":"94","author":"A 14 Gervaix","year":"1997","unstructured":"Gervaix A, West D, Leoni LM, Richman DD, Wong-Staal F, Corbeil J. A new reporter cell line to monitor HIV infection and drug susceptibility in vitro. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1997;94:4653\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.94.9.4653. PMCID:PMC20779. PMID:9114046.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"675_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1575","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2825351","volume":"238","author":"M 15 Siekevitz","year":"1987","unstructured":"Siekevitz M, Josephs SF, Dukovich M, Peffer N, Wong-Staal F, Greene WC. Activation of the HIV-1 LTR by T cell mitogens and the trans-activator protein of HTLV-I. Science. 1987;238:1575\u20138.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"675_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.1992.8.487","volume":"8","author":"S 16 Swingler","year":"1992","unstructured":"Swingler S, Easton A, Morris A. Cytokine augmentation of HIV-1 LTR-driven gene expression in neural cells. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 1992;8:487\u201393. PMID:1599755.","journal-title":"AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses"},{"key":"675_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4690-4-12","volume":"4","author":"Y 17 Wu","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wu Y, Beddall MH, Marsh JW. Rev-dependent lentiviral expression vector. Retrovirology. 2007;4:12. PMID:17286866.","journal-title":"Retrovirology"},{"key":"675_CR18","first-page":"395","volume":"5","author":"Y Wu","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wu Y, Beddall MH, Marsh JW. Rev-dependent indicator T cell line. Curr HIV Res. 2007;5:395\u2013403.","journal-title":"Curr HIV Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"675_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(86)90062-0","volume":"46","author":"MB Feinberg","year":"1986","unstructured":"Feinberg MB, Jarrett RF, Aldovini A, Gallo RC, Wong-Staal F. HTLV-III expression and production involve complex regulation at the levels of splicing and translation of viral RNA. Cell. 1986;46(6):807\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0092-8674(86)90062-0.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"675_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1038\/335181a0","volume":"335","author":"MH Malim","year":"1988","unstructured":"Malim MH, Hauber J, Fenrick R, Cullen BR. Immunodeficiency virus rev trans-activator modulates the expression of the viral regulatory genes. Nature. 1988;335:181\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/335181a0.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"675_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1038\/338254a0","volume":"338","author":"MH Malim","year":"1989","unstructured":"Malim MH, Hauber J, Le SY, Maizel JV, Cullen BR. The HIV-1 rev trans-activator acts through a structured target sequence to activate nuclear export of unspliced viral mRNA. Nature. 1989;338:254\u20137.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"7","key":"675_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(89)90053-6","volume":"57","author":"M Emerman","year":"1989","unstructured":"Emerman M, Vazeux R, Peden K. The rev gene product of the human immunodeficiency virus affects envelope-specific RNA localization. Cell. 1989;57(7):1155\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0092-8674(89)90053-6.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"675_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-76422-6","volume":"10","author":"DW Gludish","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gludish DW, Boliar S, Caldwell S, Tembo DL, Chimbayo ET, Jambo KC, et al. TZM-gfp cells: a tractable fluorescent tool for analysis of rare and early HIV-1 infection. Sci Rep. 2020;10:19900. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-020-76422-6.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"675_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1038\/gt.2010.53","volume":"17","author":"Z 24 Wang","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wang Z, Tang Z, Zheng Y, Yu D, Spear M, Iyer SR, Bishop B, Wu Y. Development of a nonintegrating Rev-dependent lentiviral vector carrying diphtheria toxin A chain and human TRAF6 to target HIV reservoirs. Gene Ther. 2010;17:1063\u201376. PMID:20410930.","journal-title":"Gene Ther"},{"key":"675_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41434-024-00467-9","author":"B Hetrick","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hetrick B, Siddiqui S, Spear M, Guo J, Liang H, Fu Y, et al. Suppression of viral rebound by a Rev-dependent lentiviral particle in SIV-infected rhesus macaques. Gene Ther. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41434-024-00467-9.","journal-title":"Gene Ther"},{"key":"675_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4690-11-48","volume":"11","author":"K Chikere","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chikere K, Webb NE, Chou T, Borm K, Sterjovski J, Gorry PR, et al. Distinct HIV-1 entry phenotypes are associated with transmission, subtype specificity, and resistance to broadly neutralizing antibodies. Retrovirology. 2014;11:48. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1742-4690-11-48.","journal-title":"Retrovirology"},{"key":"675_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-55596-8","volume":"9","author":"F Salasc","year":"2019","unstructured":"Salasc F, Gludish DW, Jarvis I, Boliar S, Wills MR, Russell DG, et al. A novel, sensitive dual-indicator cell line for detection and quantification of inducible, replication-competent latent HIV-1 from reservoir cells. Sci Rep. 2019;9:19325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-019-55596-8.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"8","key":"675_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3903","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.75.8.3903-3915.2001","volume":"75","author":"RE Means","year":"2001","unstructured":"Means RE, Matthews T, Hoxie JA, Malim MH, Kodama T, Desrosiers RC. Ability of the V3 loop of simian immunodeficiency virus to serve as a target for antibody-mediated neutralization: correlation of neutralization sensitivity, growth in macrophages, and decreased dependence on CD4. J Virol. 2001;75(8):3903\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jvi.75.8.3903-3915.2001.","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"675_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4539","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.82.13.4539","volume":"82","author":"T 29 Folks","year":"1985","unstructured":"Folks T, Benn S, Rabson A, Theodore T, Hoggan MD, Martin M, Lightfoote M, Sell K. Characterization of a continuous T-cell line susceptible to the cytopathic effects of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-associated retrovirus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1985;82:4539\u201343. PMCID:PMC391138. PMID:2989831.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"675_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.1987.3.283","volume":"3","author":"PL 30 Nara","year":"1987","unstructured":"Nara PL, Hatch WC, Dunlop NM, Robey WG, Arthur LO, Gonda MA, Fischinger PJ. Simple, rapid, quantitative, syncytium-forming microassay for the detection of human immunodeficiency virus neutralizing antibody. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 1987;3:283\u2013302. PMID:3481271.","journal-title":"AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses"},{"key":"675_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1996.0156","volume":"217","author":"NL 31 Riggs","year":"1996","unstructured":"Riggs NL, Guatelli JC. Production and characterization of high-titer stocks of rev-defective HIV-1. Virology. 1996;217:602\u20136. PMID:8610453.","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"675_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4690-5-36","volume":"5","author":"J 32 Young","year":"2008","unstructured":"Young J, Tang Z, Yu Q, Yu D, Wu Y. Selective killing of HIV-1-positive macrophages and T cells by the Rev-dependent lentivirus carrying anthrolysin o from Bacillus anthracis. Retrovirology. 2008;5:36 (PMID:18439272).","journal-title":"Retrovirology"},{"key":"675_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8662","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00874-09","volume":"83","author":"SR Iyer","year":"2009","unstructured":"Iyer SR, Yu D, Biancotto A, Margolis LB, Wu Y. Measurement of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 preintegration transcription by using Rev-dependent Rev-CEM cells reveals a sizable transcribing DNA population comparable to that from proviral templates. J Virol. 2009;83:8662\u201373. PMID:19553325.","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"675_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.1994.10.295","volume":"10","author":"E Aguilar-Cordova","year":"1994","unstructured":"Aguilar-Cordova E, Chinen J, Donehower L, Lewis DE, Belmont J. W. A sensitive reporter cell line for HIV-1 Tat activity, HIV-1 inhibitors, and T cell activation effects. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 1994;10:295\u2013301 PMID:8018390.","journal-title":"AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses"},{"key":"675_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3761","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1987.tb02711.x","volume":"6","author":"JA 35 Garcia","year":"1987","unstructured":"Garcia JA, Wu FK, Mitsuyasu R, Gaynor RB. Interactions of cellular proteins involved in the transcriptional regulation of the human immunodeficiency virus. EMBO J. 1987;6:3761\u201370.","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"key":"675_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1994.2228","volume":"203","author":"S 36 Swingler","year":"1994","unstructured":"Swingler S, Morris A, Easton A. Tumour necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-1 beta induce specific subunits of NFKB to bind the HIV-1 enhancer: characterisation of transcription factors controlling human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gene expression in neural cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1994;203:623\u201330. PMID:8074713.","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"675_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/S0145-2126(96)00125-7","volume":"21","author":"E 37 Akan","year":"1997","unstructured":"Akan E, Chang-Liu CM, Watanabe J, Ishizawa K, Woloschak GE. The effects of vinblastine on the expression of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 long terminal repeat. Leuk Res. 1997;21:459\u201364. PMID:9225075.","journal-title":"Leuk Res"},{"key":"675_CR38","first-page":"126","volume":"45","author":"MJ 38 Sweet","year":"1995","unstructured":"Sweet MJ, Hume DA. RAW264 macrophages stably transfected with an HIV-1 LTR reporter gene provide a sensitive bioassay for analysis of signalling pathways in macrophages stimulated with lipopolysaccharide, TNF-alpha or taxol. J Inflamm. 1995;45:126\u201335. PMID:7583358.","journal-title":"J Inflamm"},{"key":"675_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21798","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.271.36.21798","volume":"271","author":"S-i Kurata","year":"1996","unstructured":"Kurata S-i. Sensitization of the HIV-1-LTR upon long term low dose oxidative stress*. J Biol Chem. 1996;271:21798\u2013802. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1074\/jbc.271.36.21798.","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"675_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2015.06.021","volume":"485","author":"S Iordanskiy","year":"2015","unstructured":"Iordanskiy S, Van Duyne R, Sampey GC, Woodson CM, Fry K, Saifuddin M, et al. Therapeutic doses of irradiation activate viral transcription and induce apoptosis in HIV-1 infected cells. Virology. 2015;485:1\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.virol.2015.06.021.","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"675_CR41","first-page":"445","volume":"41","author":"A 41 Merzouki","year":"1995","unstructured":"Merzouki A, Patel P, Cassol S, Ennaji M, Tailor P, Turcotte FR, O\u2019Shaughnessy M, Arella M. HIV-1 gp120\/160 expressing cells upregulate HIV-1 LTR directed gene expression in a cell line transfected with HIV-1 LTR-reporter gene constructs. Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand). 1995;41:445\u201352. PMID:7580840.","journal-title":"Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand)"},{"key":"675_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0113341","volume":"9","author":"HK Lu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lu HK, Gray LR, Wightman F, Ellenberg P, Khoury G, Cheng W-J, et al. Ex vivo response to histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors of the HIV long terminal repeat (LTR) derived from HIV-infected patients on antiretroviral therapy. PLoS One. 2014;9:e113341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0113341.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"675_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2828","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01854-10","volume":"85","author":"RD 43 Sloan","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sloan RD, Kuhl BD, Donahue DA, Roland A, Bar-Magen T, Wainberg MA. Transcription of preintegrated HIV-1 cDNA modulates cell surface expression of major histocompatibility complex class I via Nef. J Virol. 2011;85:2828\u201336. PMID:21209113.","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"675_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4690-7-44","volume":"7","author":"RD 44 Sloan","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sloan RD, Donahue DA, Kuhl BD, Bar-Magen T, Wainberg MA. Expression of Nef from unintegrated HIV-1 DNA downregulates cell surface CXCR4 and CCR5 on T-lymphocytes. Retrovirology. 2011;7:44. PMID:20465832.","journal-title":"Retrovirology"},{"key":"675_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3940","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02683-10","volume":"85","author":"D Shuck-Lee","year":"2011","unstructured":"Shuck-Lee D, Chang H, Sloan EA, Hammarskjold ML, Rekosh D. Single-nucleotide changes in the HIV rev-response element mediate resistance to compounds that inhibit rev function. J Virol. 2011;85:3940\u20139. PMID:21289114.","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"675_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10347","volume":"477","author":"A 46 Sigal","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sigal A, Kim JT, Balazs AB, Dekel E, Mayo A, Milo R, Baltimore D. Cell-to-cell spread of HIV permits ongoing replication despite antiretroviral therapy. Nature. 2011;477:95\u20138. PMID:21849975.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"675_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3020","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02462-10","volume":"85","author":"A 47 Yoder","year":"2011","unstructured":"Yoder A, Guo J, Yu D, Cui Z, Zhang XE, Wu Y. Effects of microtubule modulators on HIV-1 infection of transformed and resting CD4 T cells. J Virol. 2011;85:3020\u20134. PMID:21209111.","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"675_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9824","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.05170-11","volume":"85","author":"J 48 Guo","year":"2011","unstructured":"Guo J, Wang W, Yu D, Wu Y. Spinoculation triggers dynamic actin and Cofilin activity facilitating HIV-1 infection of transformed and resting CD4 T cells. J Virol. 2011;85:9824\u201333. PMID:21795326.","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"675_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005964","volume":"12","author":"M Boull\u00e9","year":"2016","unstructured":"Boull\u00e9 M, M\u00fcller TG, D\u00e4hling S, Ganga Y, Jackson L, Mahamed D, et al. HIV cell-to-cell spread results in earlier onset of viral gene expression by multiple infections per cell. PLoS Pathog. 2016;12:e1005964. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005964.","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"675_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9537","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1916054117","volume":"117","author":"Y Fu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fu Y, He S, Waheed AA, Dabbagh D, Zhou Z, Trinite B, et al. PSGL-1 restricts HIV-1 infectivity by blocking virus particle attachment to target cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2020;117:9537\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1916054117.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"675_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1896","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.46.6.1896-1905.2002","volume":"46","author":"X 51 Wei","year":"2002","unstructured":"Wei X, Decker JM, Liu H, Zhang Z, Arani RB, Kilby JM, Saag MS, Wu X, Shaw GM, Kappes JC. Emergence of resistant human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in patients receiving fusion inhibitor (T-20) monotherapy. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2002;46:1896\u2013905. PMID:12019106.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"675_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1503","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1061548","volume":"293","author":"Y 52 Wu","year":"2001","unstructured":"Wu Y, Marsh JW. Selective transcription and modulation of resting T cell activity by preintegrated HIV DNA. Science. 2001;293:1503\u20136.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"675_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10376","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.77.19.10376-10382.2003","volume":"77","author":"Y Wu","year":"2003","unstructured":"Wu Y, Marsh JW. Early transcription from nonintegrated DNA in human immunodeficiency virus infection. J Virol. 2003;77:10376\u201382 PMID:12970422.","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"675_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2018.03.006","volume":"518","author":"B Meltzer","year":"2018","unstructured":"Meltzer B, Dabbagh D, Guo J, Kashanchi F, Tyagi M, Wu Y. Tat controls transcriptional persistence of unintegrated HIV genome in primary human macrophages. Virology. 2018;518:241\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.virol.2018.03.006.","journal-title":"Virology"},{"issue":"2","key":"675_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-4889(89)90030-x","volume":"1014","author":"IL Korichneva","year":"1989","unstructured":"Korichneva IL, Grigorian G, Krasnikova TL, Rudchenko SA, Tkachuk VA. Interleukin-2- and phytohemagglutinin-activated proliferation of human T-lymphocytes is accompanied by stimulation of phosphoinositide turnover. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1989;1014(2):173\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0167-4889(89)90030-x.","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"675_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0077756","volume":"8","author":"RJ McLinden","year":"2013","unstructured":"McLinden RJ, Labranche CC, Chenine AL, Polonis VR, Eller MA, Wieczorek L, et al. Detection of HIV-1 neutralizing antibodies in a human CD4(+)\/CXCR4(+)\/CCR5(+) T-lymphoblastoid cell assay system. PLoS One. 2013;8:e77756. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0077756.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"675_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jim.2014.02.013","volume":"409","author":"M Sarzotti-Kelsoe","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sarzotti-Kelsoe M, Daniell X, Todd CA, Bilska M, Martelli A, LaBranche C, et al. Optimization and validation of a neutralizing antibody assay for HIV-1 in A3R5 cells. J Immunol Methods. 2014;409:147\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jim.2014.02.013.","journal-title":"J Immunol Methods"},{"key":"675_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2006.10.027","volume":"360","author":"D 58 Huskens","year":"2007","unstructured":"Huskens D, Van Laethem K, Vermeire K, Balzarini J, Schols D. Resistance of HIV-1 to the broadly HIV-1-neutralizing, anti-carbohydrate antibody 2G12. Virology. 2007;360:294\u2013304. PMID:17123566.","journal-title":"Virology"},{"issue":"5","key":"675_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-019-0372-2","volume":"4","author":"Y Liu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Liu Y, Fu Y, Wang Q, Li M, Zhou Z, Dabbagh D, et al. Proteomic profiling of HIV-1 infection of human CD4(+) T cells identifies PSGL-1 as an HIV restriction factor. Nat Microbiol. 2019;4(5):813\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41564-019-0372-2.","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol"},{"issue":"14","key":"675_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8055","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1916055117","volume":"117","author":"T Murakami","year":"2020","unstructured":"Murakami T, Carmona N, Ono A. Virion-incorporated PSGL-1 and CD43 inhibit both cell-free infection and transinfection of HIV-1 by preventing virus-cell binding. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2020;117(14):8055\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1916055117.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"675_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1038\/nature00939","volume":"418","author":"AM 61 Sheehy","year":"2002","unstructured":"Sheehy AM, Gaddis NC, Choi JD, Malim MH. Isolation of a human gene that inhibits HIV-1 infection and is suppressed by the viral Vif protein. Nature. 2002;418:646\u201350. PMID:12167863.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"675_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1038\/nature15400","volume":"526","author":"Y Usami","year":"2015","unstructured":"Usami Y, Wu Y, Gottlinger HG. SERINC3 and SERINC5 restrict HIV-1 infectivity and are counteracted by Nef. Nature. 2015;526:218\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature15400.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"675_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1038\/nature15399","volume":"526","author":"A Rosa","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rosa A, Chande A, Ziglio S, De Sanctis V, Bertorelli R, Goh SL, et al. HIV-1 Nef promotes infection by excluding SERINC5 from virion incorporation. Nature. 2015;526:212\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature15399.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"675_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1959","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.63.5.1959-1966.1989","volume":"63","author":"ML Hammarskj\u00f6ld","year":"1989","unstructured":"Hammarskj\u00f6ld ML, Heimer J, Hammarskj\u00f6ld B, Sangwan I, Albert L, Rekosh D. Regulation of human immunodeficiency virus env expression by the rev gene product. J Virol. 1989;63:1959\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jvi.63.5.1959-1966.1989.","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"675_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1575","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2825351","volume":"238","author":"M 66 Siekevitz","year":"1987","unstructured":"Siekevitz M, Josephs SF, Dukovich M, Peffer N, Wong-Staal F, Greene WC. Activation of the HIV-1 LTR by T cell mitogens and the trans-activator protein of HTLV-I. Science. 1987;238:1575\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.2825351. PMID:2825351.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"675_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1038\/326711a0","volume":"326","author":"G 67 Nabel","year":"1987","unstructured":"Nabel G, Baltimore D. An inducible transcription factor activates expression of human immunodeficiency virus in T cells. Nature. 1987;326:711\u20133. PMID:3031512.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"675_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3260404","volume":"241","author":"J-P Shaw","year":"1988","unstructured":"Shaw J-P, Utz PJ, Durand DB, Toole JJ, Emmel EA, Crabtree GR. Identification of a putative regulator of early T cell activation genes. Science. 1988;241:202\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.3260404.","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"6","key":"675_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2585","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.63.6.2585-2591.1989","volume":"63","author":"D Harrich","year":"1989","unstructured":"Harrich D, Garcia J, Wu F, Mitsuyasu R, Gonazalez J, Gaynor R. Role of SP1-binding domains in in vivo transcriptional regulation of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 long terminal repeat. J Virol. 1989;63(6):2585\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jvi.63.6.2585-2591.1989.","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"675_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1989.tb03437.x","volume":"8","author":"JA Garcia","year":"1989","unstructured":"Garcia JA, Harrich D, Soultanakis E, Wu F, Mitsuyasu R, Gaynor RB. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 LTR TATA and TAR region sequences required for transcriptional regulation. EMBO J. 1989;8:765\u201378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1989.tb03437.x.","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"key":"675_CR71","first-page":"383","volume":"9","author":"DA Spandidos","year":"1989","unstructured":"Spandidos DA, Yiagnisis M, Pintzas A. Human immunodeficiency virus long terminal repeat responds to transformation by the mutant T24 H-ras1 oncogene and it contains multiple AP-1 binding TPA-inducible consensus sequence elements. Anticancer Res. 1989;9:383\u20136. PMID:2665635.","journal-title":"Anticancer Res"},{"key":"675_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(79)90240-X","volume":"18","author":"DH Hamer","year":"1979","unstructured":"Hamer DH, Leder P. Splicing and the formation of stable RNA. Cell. 1979;18:1299\u2013302. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0092-8674(79)90240-X.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"675_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4658","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/25.22.4658","volume":"25","author":"CM 73 Romfo","year":"1997","unstructured":"Romfo CM, Ann Wise J. Both the polypyrimidine tract and the 3\u2032 splice site function prior to the first step of splicing in fission yeast. Nucleic Acids Res. 1997;25:4658\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/nar\/25.22.4658.","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"675_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3815","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1201431","volume":"189","author":"MW Richardson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Richardson MW, Jadlowsky J, Didigu CA, Doms RW, Riley JL. Kruppel-like factor 2 modulates CCR5 expression and susceptibility to HIV-1 infection. J Immunol. 2012;189:3815\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4049\/jimmunol.1201431.","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"675_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/2045-3701-3-22","volume":"3","author":"T Hawley","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hawley T, Spear M, Guo J, Wu Y. Inhibition of HIV replication in vitro by clinical immunosuppressants and chemotherapeutic agents. Cell Biosci. 2013;3(1):22. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/2045-3701-3-22.","journal-title":"Cell Biosci"}],"container-title":["Retrovirology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12977-026-00675-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12977-026-00675-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12977-026-00675-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T10:26:52Z","timestamp":1770978412000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12977-026-00675-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["675"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12977-026-00675-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1742-4690"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1742-4690","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 September 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 January 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 February 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Patents related to the Rev-dependent vector have been filed by George Mason University. Y.W. and B.H. are board members and shareholders of Virongy Biosciences. All other authors declare they have no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"3"}}