{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T04:26:48Z","timestamp":1791952008253,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,9]],"date-time":"2019-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1567987200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,9]],"date-time":"2019-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1567987200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Reprod Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Depression in patients with infertility often goes undiagnosed and untreated. The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) and its ultra-brief version (i.e. PHQ-2) are widely used measures of depressive symptoms. These scales have not been validated in patients with infertility. The aim of the present study was to examine the reliability and validity of the PHQ-9 and PHQ-2 in patients with infertility.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this cross-sectional study, a total of 539 patients with infertility from a referral infertility clinic in Tehran, Iran completed the PHQ-9, along with other relevant scales: the WHO-five Well-being Index (WHO-5), the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7). Factor structure and internal consistency of PHQ-9 were examined via confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and Cronbach\u2019s alpha, respectively. Convergent validity was evaluated by relationship with WHO-5, HADS and GAD-7.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The mean total PHQ-9 and PHQ-2 scores were 8.47\u2009\u00b1\u20096.17 and 2.42\u2009\u00b1\u20091.86, respectively, and using a cut-off value of 10 (for PHQ-9) and 3 (for PHQ-2), the prevalence of depressive symptoms was 38.6 and 43.6%, respectively. The Cronbach\u2019s alphas for PHQ-9 and PHQ-2 were, respectively, 0.851 and 0.767, indicating good internal consistency. The CFA results confirmed the one-factor model of the PHQ-9 (\u03c7\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \/df\u2009=\u20094.29; CFI\u2009=\u20090.98; RMSEA\u2009=\u20090.078 and SRMR\u2009=\u20090.044). Both PHQ-9 and PHQ-2 showed moderate to strong correlation with the measures of WHO-5, HADS-depression, HADS-anxiety, and the GAD-7, confirming convergent validity. In univariate analysis, female sex, long infertility duration, and unsuccessful treatment were significantly associated with depression symptoms.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Both PHQ-9 and PHQ-2 are brief and easy to use measures of depressive symptoms with good psychometric properties that appear suitable for routine use in patients with infertility.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12978-019-0802-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,9]],"date-time":"2019-09-09T09:04:31Z","timestamp":1568019871000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":117,"title":["The reliability and validity of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) and PHQ-2 in patients with infertility"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Saman","family":"Maroufizadeh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reza","family":"Omani-Samani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amir","family":"Almasi-Hashiani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Payam","family":"Amini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahdi","family":"Sepidarkish","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,9]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"802_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1506","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dem046","volume":"22","author":"J Boivin","year":"2007","unstructured":"Boivin J, Bunting L, Collins JA, Nygren KG. International estimates of infertility prevalence and treatment-seeking: potential need and demand for infertility medical care. Hum Reprod. 2007;22(6):1506\u201312.","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"issue":"1","key":"802_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1080\/14647270802331487","volume":"12","author":"L Schmidt","year":"2009","unstructured":"Schmidt L. Social and psychological consequences of infertility and assisted reproduction\u2013what are the research priorities? Hum Fertil. 2009;12(1):14\u201320.","journal-title":"Hum Fertil"},{"issue":"2","key":"802_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1080\/13548506.2016.1153681","volume":"22","author":"S Maroufizadeh","year":"2017","unstructured":"Maroufizadeh S, Ghaheri A, Omani Samani R. Factors associated with poor quality of life among Iranian infertile women undergoing IVF. Psychol Health Med. 2017;22(2):145\u201351.","journal-title":"Psychol Health Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"802_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1186\/s12955-018-0904-0","volume":"16","author":"S Maroufizadeh","year":"2018","unstructured":"Maroufizadeh S, Hosseini M, Foroushani AR, Omani-Samani R, Amini P. The effect of depression on quality of life in infertile couples: an actor-partner interdependence model approach. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2018;16(1):73.","journal-title":"Health Qual Life Outcomes"},{"issue":"4","key":"802_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mefs.2018.03.006","volume":"23","author":"S Maroufizadeh","year":"2018","unstructured":"Maroufizadeh S, Omani-Samani R, Bagheri-Lankarani N, Almasi-Hashiani A, Amini P. Factors associated with poor well-being of infertile people: a cross-sectional study. Middle East Fertil Soc J. 2018;23(4):468\u201370.","journal-title":"Middle East Fertil Soc J"},{"issue":"5","key":"802_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/der051","volume":"26","author":"J Aarts","year":"2011","unstructured":"Aarts J, van Empel I, Boivin J, Nelen W, Kremer J, Verhaak C. Relationship between quality of life and distress in infertility: a validation study of the Dutch FertiQoL. Hum Reprod. 2011;26(5):1112\u20138.","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"issue":"6","key":"802_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)55562-9","volume":"58","author":"AD Domar","year":"1992","unstructured":"Domar AD, Broome A, Zuttermeister PC, Seibel M, Friedman R. The prevalence and predictability of depression in infertile women. Fertil Steril. 1992;58(6):1158\u201363.","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"issue":"1","key":"802_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1080\/01674820902830276","volume":"30","author":"A Drosdzol","year":"2009","unstructured":"Drosdzol A, Skrzypulec V. Depression and anxiety among polish infertile couples\u2013an evaluative prevalence study. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol. 2009;30(1):11\u201320.","journal-title":"J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol"},{"issue":"2","key":"802_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mefs.2017.09.003","volume":"23","author":"Saman Maroufizadeh","year":"2018","unstructured":"Maroufizadeh S, Ghaheri A, Almasi-Hashiani A, Mohammadi M, Navid B, Ezabadi Z, Samani RO. The prevalence of anxiety and depression among people with infertility referring to Royan Institute in Tehran, Iran: A cross-sectional questionnaire study. Middle East Fertil Soc J. 2018;23(2):103-6.","journal-title":"Middle East Fertility Society Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"802_CR10","first-page":"13","volume":"21","author":"S Abbasi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Abbasi S, Kousar R, Sadiq SS. Depression and anxiety in Pakistani infertile women. J Surg Pakistan. 2016;21(1):13\u20137.","journal-title":"J Surg Pakistan"},{"issue":"1","key":"802_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1080\/13548506.2016.1231923","volume":"22","author":"R Omani Samani","year":"2017","unstructured":"Omani Samani R, Maroufizadeh S, Navid B, Amini P. Locus of control, anxiety, and depression in infertile patients. Psychol Health Med. 2017;22(1):44\u201350.","journal-title":"Psychol Health Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"802_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2015.03.044","volume":"130","author":"S Maroufizadeh","year":"2015","unstructured":"Maroufizadeh S, Karimi E, Vesali S, Samani RO. Anxiety and depression after failure of assisted reproductive treatment among patients experiencing infertility. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2015;130(3):253\u20136.","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"issue":"9","key":"802_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.3928\/0048-5713-20020901-06","volume":"32","author":"K Kroenke","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kroenke K, Spitzer RL. The PHQ-9: a new depression diagnostic and severity measure. Psychiatr Ann. 2002;32(9):509\u201315.","journal-title":"Psychiatr Ann"},{"issue":"11","key":"802_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1284","DOI":"10.1097\/01.MLR.0000093487.78664.3C","volume":"41","author":"Kurt Kroenke","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB. The Patient Health Questionnaire-2: validity of a two-item depression screener. Med Care. 2003;41(11):1284-92.","journal-title":"Medical Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"802_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-015-0552-2","volume":"16","author":"J-G Seo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Seo J-G, Park S-P. Validation of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) and PHQ-2 in patients with migraine. J Headache Pain. 2015;16(1):65.","journal-title":"J Headache Pain"},{"issue":"1","key":"802_CR16","first-page":"1059","volume":"4","author":"M Dadfar","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dadfar M, Lester D. Psychometric characteristics of Patient Health Questionnaire-2 (PHQ-2) in Iranian psychiatric outpatients. Austin J Psychiatry Behav Sci. 2017;4(1):1059.","journal-title":"Austin J Psychiatry Behav Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"802_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2004.09.006","volume":"58","author":"B L\u00f6we","year":"2005","unstructured":"L\u00f6we B, Kroenke K, Gr\u00e4fe K. Detecting and monitoring depression with a two-item questionnaire (PHQ-2). J Psychosom Res. 2005;58(2):163\u201371.","journal-title":"J Psychosom Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"802_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2007.08.006","volume":"49","author":"C Han","year":"2008","unstructured":"Han C, Jo SA, Kwak J-H, Pae C-U, Steffens D, Jo I, Park MH. Validation of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 Korean version in the elderly population: the Ansan geriatric study. Compr Psychiatry. 2008;49(2):218\u201323.","journal-title":"Compr Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"802_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-8-46","volume":"8","author":"M Lotrakul","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lotrakul M, Sumrithe S, Saipanish R. Reliability and validity of the Thai version of the PHQ-9. BMC Psychiatry. 2008;8(1):46.","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"802_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2011.05.007","volume":"134","author":"X Yu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Yu X, Stewart SM, Wong PT, Lam TH. Screening for depression with the Patient Health Questionnaire-2 (PHQ-2) among the general population in Hong Kong. J Affect Disord. 2011;134(1\u20133):444\u20137.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"802_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2010.11.002","volume":"53","author":"X Yu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Yu X, Tam WW, Wong PT, Lam TH, Stewart SM. The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 for measuring depressive symptoms among the general population in Hong Kong. Compr Psychiatry. 2012;53(1):95\u2013102.","journal-title":"Compr Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"802_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1037\/a0023883","volume":"17","author":"EL Merz","year":"2011","unstructured":"Merz EL, Malcarne VL, Roesch SC, Riley N, Sadler GR. A multigroup confirmatory factor analysis of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 among English-and Spanish-speaking Latinas. Cultur Divers Ethnic Minor Psychol. 2011;17(3):309\u201316.","journal-title":"Cultur Divers Ethnic Minor Psychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"802_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2013.07.015","volume":"210","author":"B Gelaye","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gelaye B, Williams MA, Lemma S, Deyessa N, Bahretibeb Y, Shibre T, Wondimagegn D, Lemenhe A, Fann JR, Vander Stoep A. Validity of the patient health questionnaire-9 for depression screening and diagnosis in East Africa. Psychiatry Res. 2013;210(2):653\u201361.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"802_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1002\/mpr.1461","volume":"24","author":"I Familiar","year":"2015","unstructured":"Familiar I, Ortiz-Panozo E, Hall B, Vieitez I, Romieu I, Lopez-Ridaura R, Lajous M. Factor structure of the Spanish version of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 in Mexican women. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res. 2015;24(1):74\u201382.","journal-title":"Int J Methods Psychiatr Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"802_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0052028","volume":"7","author":"E Arthurs","year":"2012","unstructured":"Arthurs E, Steele RJ, Hudson M, Baron M, Thombs BD. Are scores on English and French versions of the PHQ-9 comparable? An assessment of differential item functioning. PLoS One. 2012;7(12):e52028.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"2","key":"802_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0193356","volume":"13","author":"C Gonz\u00e1lez-Blanch","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Blanch C, Medrano LA, Mu\u00f1oz-Navarro R, Ru\u00edz-Rodr\u00edguez P, Moriana JA, Limonero JT, Schmitz F, Cano-Vindel A, Group PR. Factor structure and measurement invariance across various demographic groups and over time for the PHQ-9 in primary care patients in Spain. PLoS One. 2018;13(2):e0193356.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"3","key":"802_CR27","first-page":"283","volume":"10","author":"M Abedini","year":"2016","unstructured":"Abedini M, Ghaheri A, Omani Samani R. Assisted reproductive technology in Iran: the first national report on centers, 2011. Int J Fertil Steril. 2016;10(3):283\u20139.","journal-title":"Int J Fertil Steril"},{"issue":"3","key":"802_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2017.06.005","volume":"108","author":"F Zegers-Hochschild","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zegers-Hochschild F, Adamson G, Dyer S, Racowsky C, de Mouzon J, Sokol R, Rienzi L, Sunde A, Schmidt L, Cooke I, et al. The international glossary on infertility and fertility care, 2017. Fertil Steril. 2017;108(3):393\u2013406.","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"issue":"2","key":"802_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.19148\/ijhbs.651271","volume":"5","author":"MS Ardestani","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ardestani MS, Ashtiani RD, Rezaei Z, Vasegh S, Gudarzi SS. Validation of Persian version of PHQ-9 for diagnosis of major depressive episode in psychiatric wards in IRAN. Int J Appl Behav Sci. 2019;5(2):1\u20138.","journal-title":"Int J Appl Behav Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"802_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1159\/000289073","volume":"65","author":"P Bech","year":"1996","unstructured":"Bech P, Gudex C, Johansen KS. The WHO (ten) well-being index: validation in diabetes. Psychother Psychosom. 1996;65(4):183\u201390.","journal-title":"Psychother Psychosom"},{"issue":"2","key":"802_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1002\/mpr.145","volume":"12","author":"P Bech","year":"2003","unstructured":"Bech P, Olsen LR, Kjoller M, Rasmussen NK. Measuring well-being rather than the absence of distress symptoms: a comparison of the SF-36 mental health subscale and the WHO-five well-being scale. Int J Meth Psych Res. 2003;12(2):85\u201391.","journal-title":"Int J Meth Psych Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"802_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1983.tb09716.x","volume":"67","author":"AS Zigmond","year":"1983","unstructured":"Zigmond AS, Snaith RP. The hospital anxiety and depression scale. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1983;67(6):361\u201370.","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"issue":"5","key":"802_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.29252\/ijrm.15.5.287","volume":"15","author":"P Amini","year":"2017","unstructured":"Amini P, Maroufizadeh S, Omani Samani R. Evaluating the factor structure, item analyses, and internal consistency of hospital anxiety and depression scale in Iranian infertile patients. Int J Reprod Biomed. 2017;15(5):287\u201396.","journal-title":"Int J Reprod Biomed"},{"issue":"10","key":"802_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.166.10.1092","volume":"166","author":"RL Spitzer","year":"2006","unstructured":"Spitzer RL, Kroenke K, Williams JB, L\u00f6we B. A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166(10):1092\u20137.","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"802_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mefs.2018.01.013","volume":"23","author":"R Omani-Samani","year":"2018","unstructured":"Omani-Samani R, Maroufizadeh S, Ghaheri A, Navid B. Generalized anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) in people with infertility: a reliability and validity study. Middle East Fertil Soc J. 2018;23(4):446\u20139.","journal-title":"Middle East Fertil Soc J"},{"issue":"1","key":"802_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1186\/s12955-018-0956-1","volume":"16","author":"R Omani-Samani","year":"2018","unstructured":"Omani-Samani R, Ghaheri A, Navid B, Sepidarkish M, Maroufizadeh S. Prevalence of generalized anxiety disorder and its related factors among infertile patients in Iran: a cross-sectional study. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2018;16(1):129.","journal-title":"Health Qual Life Outcomes"},{"issue":"1","key":"802_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.7.1.64","volume":"7","author":"RP McDonald","year":"2002","unstructured":"McDonald RP, Ho M-HR. Principles and practice in reporting structural equation analyses. Psychol Methods. 2002;7(1):64.","journal-title":"Psychol Methods"},{"key":"802_CR38","volume-title":"Principles and practice of structural equation modeling","author":"RB Kline","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kline RB. Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. New York: Guilford Publications; 2015."},{"issue":"1","key":"802_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2012.12.012","volume":"75","author":"J Chilcot","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chilcot J, Rayner L, Lee W, Price A, Goodwin L, Monroe B, Sykes N, Hansford P, Hotopf M. The factor structure of the PHQ-9 in palliative care. J Psychosom Res. 2013;75(1):60\u20134.","journal-title":"J Psychosom Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"802_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1037\/a0013354","volume":"53","author":"JS Krause","year":"2008","unstructured":"Krause JS, Bombardier C, Carter RE. Assessment of depressive symptoms during inpatient rehabilitation for spinal cord injury: is there an underlying somatic factor when using the PHQ? Rehabil Psychol. 2008;53(4):513.","journal-title":"Rehabil Psychol"},{"key":"802_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2014.08.053","volume":"170","author":"JJ Petersen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Petersen JJ, Paulitsch MA, Hartig J, Mergenthal K, Gerlach FM, Gensichen J. Factor structure and measurement invariance of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 for female and male primary care patients with major depression in Germany. J Affect Disord. 2015;170:138\u201342.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"802_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.98","volume":"1","author":"R Johansson","year":"2013","unstructured":"Johansson R, Carlbring P, Heedman \u00c5, Paxling B, Andersson G. Depression, anxiety and their comorbidity in the Swedish general population: point prevalence and the effect on health-related quality of life. PeerJ. 2013;1:e98.","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"issue":"5\u20136","key":"802_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1007\/s00103-013-1688-3","volume":"56","author":"M Busch","year":"2013","unstructured":"Busch M, Maske U, Ryl L, Schlack R, Hapke U. Prevalence of depressive symptoms and diagnosed depression among adults in Germany. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz. 2013;56(5\u20136):733\u20139.","journal-title":"Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz"},{"issue":"6","key":"802_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0099692","volume":"9","author":"X Zhou","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zhou X, Bi B, Zheng L, Li Z, Yang H, Song H, Sun Y. The prevalence and risk factors for depression symptoms in a rural Chinese sample population. PLoS One. 2014;9(6):e99692.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"802_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6874-4-9","volume":"4","author":"F Ramezanzadeh","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ramezanzadeh F, Aghssa MM, Abedinia N, Zayeri F, Khanafshar N, Shariat M, Jafarabadi M. A survey of relationship between anxiety, depression and duration of infertility. BMC Womens Health. 2004;4(1):9.","journal-title":"BMC Womens Health"},{"key":"802_CR46","first-page":"519","volume-title":"Cardiovascular Diseases and Depression","author":"Malcolm P. Forbes","year":"2016","unstructured":"Forbes MP, Eyre HA. Screening for Depression in Coronary Heart Disease: Detection of Early Disease States. In: Cardiovascular Diseases and Depression. Switzerland: Springer International Publishing; 2016. p. 519\u201333."}],"container-title":["Reproductive Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12978-019-0802-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12978-019-0802-x\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12978-019-0802-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,7]],"date-time":"2020-09-07T19:14:44Z","timestamp":1599506084000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/reproductive-health-journal.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12978-019-0802-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,9]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["802"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12978-019-0802-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["1742-4755"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1742-4755","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 August 2018","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 September 2019","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 September 2019","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Ethical approval to conduct the study was received from the Ethics Committee of Royan Institute, Tehran, Iran. Written informed consent was obtained from each patient with infertility prior to data collection.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"137"}}