{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T10:24:20Z","timestamp":1773915860802,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"S2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,1]],"date-time":"2020-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604188800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,30]],"date-time":"2020-11-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606694400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":29,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009633","name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Reprod Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Congenital anomalies are a significant cause of death and disability for infants, especially in low and middle-income countries (LMIC), where 95% of all deaths due to anomalies occur. Limited data on the prevalence and survival of infants with congenital anomalies are available from Central America. Estimates have indicated that 53 of every 10,000 live births in Guatemala are associated with a congenital anomaly. We aim to report on the incidence and survival of infants with congenital anomalies from a population-based registry and classify the anomalies according to the International Classification of Disease, Tenth Revision (ICD-10).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>We conducted a planned secondary analysis of data from the Maternal Newborn Health Registry (MNHR), a prospective, population-based study carried out by the Global Network for Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Health Research in seven research sites. We included all deliveries between 2014 and 2018 in urban and rural settings in Chimaltenango, in the Western Highlands of Guatemala. These cases of clinically evident anomalies were reported by field staff and reviewed by medically trained staff, who classified them according to ICD \u2013 10 categories. The incidence of congenital anomalies and associated stillbirth, neonatal mortality, and survival rates were determined for up to 42\u2009days.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Out of 60,142 births, 384 infants were found to have a clinically evident congenital anomaly (63.8 per 10,000 births). The most common were anomalies of the nervous system (28.8 per 10,000), malformations and deformations of the musculoskeletal system (10.8 per 10,000), and cleft lip and palate (10.0 per 10,000). Infants born with nervous system anomalies had the highest stillbirth and neonatal mortality rates (14.6 and 9.0 per 10,000, respectively).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This is the first population-based report on congenital anomalies in Guatemala. The rates we found of overall anomalies are higher than previously reported estimates. These data will be useful to increase the focus on congenital anomalies and hopefully increase the use of interventions of proven benefit.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Trial registration<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>ClinalTrial.gov ID: <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT01073475\">NCT01073475<\/jats:ext-link>.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12978-020-01007-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,30]],"date-time":"2020-11-30T13:03:42Z","timestamp":1606741422000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Prevalence of clinically-evident congenital anomalies in the Western highlands of Guatemala"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1732-0361","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lester","family":"Figueroa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Garces","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K. Michael","family":"Hambidge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth M.","family":"McClure","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Janet","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Goldenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nancy F.","family":"Krebs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"1007_CR1","unstructured":"WHO. Birth defects Report by the Secretariat [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2020 Sep 13]. Available from: https:\/\/apps.who.int\/gb\/ebwha\/pdf_files\/WHA63\/A63_10-en.pdf?ua=1."},{"key":"1007_CR2","unstructured":"WHO. Congenital anomalies news room [Internet]. 7 September 2016 [cited 2020 Sep 13]. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/congenital-anomalies."},{"key":"1007_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sitkin NA, Ozgediz D, Donkor P, Farmer DL. Congenital anomalies in low- and middle-income countries: the unborn child of global surgery. World J Surg. 2015;39(1):36\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00268-014-2714-9.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00268-014-2714-9"},{"key":"1007_CR4","unstructured":"Stevens G, Mahanani R, Ho J, Fat DM, Hogan D. WHO methods and data sources for global burden of disease estimates 2000\u20132016 [internet]. 2000. Available from: http:\/\/www.who.int\/gho\/mortality_burden_disease\/en\/index.html."},{"key":"1007_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zaganjor I, Sekkarie A, Tsang BL, Williams J, Razzaghi H, Mulinare J, Sniezek JE, Cannon MJ, Rosenthal J. Describing the Prevalence of Neural Tube Defects Worldwide: A Systematic Literature Review. PLoS One. 2016;11(4):e0151586. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0151586.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0151586"},{"key":"1007_CR6","unstructured":"Ministerio de Salud Publica y Asistencia Social de Guatemala. Memoria de Labores 2018 [Internet]. Centro Nacional de Epidemiologia. 2018 [cited 2020 Sep 13]. p. 609. Available from: http:\/\/epidemiologia.mspas.gob.gt\/informacion\/estadisticas-vitales\/memorias-1999-2018."},{"key":"1007_CR7","unstructured":"Biswas Roshni, Tao Vivian. Congenital Anomalies in Guatemala: Causes and Actions [Internet]. 2016. https:\/\/publichealth.gwu.edu\/content\/congenital-anomalies-guatemala-causes-and-actions. [cited 2020 Sep 13]. Available from: https:\/\/publichealth.gwu.edu\/content\/congenital-anomalies-guatemala-causes-and-actions."},{"key":"1007_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1002\/bdr2.1105","volume":"110","author":"MH Toufaily","year":"2018","unstructured":"Toufaily MH, Westgate MN, Lin AE, Holmes LB. Causes of congenital malformations. Birth Defects Res. 2018;110:87\u201391 John Wiley and Sons Inc.; [cited 2020 Sep 13]; Available from: https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/29377643\/.","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res"},{"key":"1007_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Semih Demirta\u015f M. The Pathogenesis of Congenital Anomalies: Roles of Teratogens and Infections. Congenit Anomalies Neonates - Clin Perspect [Working Title] [Internet]. IntechOpen; 2020 [cited 2020 Sep 13]. Available from: https:\/\/www.intechopen.com\/online-first\/the-pathogenesis-of-congenital-anomalies-roles-of-teratogens-and-infections.","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.92580"},{"key":"1007_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2012.04.022","volume":"118","author":"SS Goudar","year":"2012","unstructured":"Goudar SS, Carlo WA, McClure EM, Pasha O, Patel A, Esamai F, et al. The maternal and newborn health registry study of the global network for women\u2019s and children\u2019s health research. Int J Gynecol Obstet. 2012;118:190\u20133 John Wiley and Sons Ltd; [cited 2020 Sep 13]; Available from: https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/22738806\/.","journal-title":"Int J Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"1007_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.13805","volume":"106","author":"AL Garces","year":"2017","unstructured":"Garces AL, McClure EM, P\u00e9rez W, Hambidge KM, Krebs NF, Figueroa L, et al. The global network neonatal cause of death algorithm for low-resource settings. Acta Paediatr Int J Paediatr. 2017;106:904\u201311 Blackwell Publishing Ltd; [cited 2020 Sep 13]; Available from: \/pmc\/articles\/PMC5425300\/?report=abstract.","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr Int J Paediatr"},{"key":"1007_CR12","unstructured":"Gobierno de Guatemala. CODIGO PENAL DE GUATEMALA [Internet]. Constitucion Politica de la republica. [cited 2020 Sep 13]. Available from: https:\/\/www.congreso.gob.gt\/assets\/uploads\/info_legislativo\/iniciativas\/1542041414_5494.pdf."},{"key":"1007_CR13","unstructured":"Gobierno de Guatemala. Censo Poblacional 2018 [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2020 Sep 13]. Available from: https:\/\/www.censopoblacion.gt\/dondeestamos."},{"key":"1007_CR14","unstructured":"WHO. ICD-10 Version:2016 [Internet]. 2016. 2016 [cited 2019 May 14]. Available from: https:\/\/icd.who.int\/browse10\/2016\/en."},{"key":"1007_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rosenthal J, Casas J, Taren D, Alverson CJ, Flores A, Frias J. Neural tube defects in Latin America and the impact of fortification: a literature review. Public Health Nutr. 2014;17(3):537\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S1368980013000256.","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980013000256"},{"key":"1007_CR16","unstructured":"Mazariegos M, Mart\u00ednez C, Mazariegos DI, M\u00e9ndez H, Rom\u00e1n AV, Palmieri M, Tom\u00e1s V. An\u00e1lisis de la situaci\u00f3n y tendencias de los micronutrientes clave en Guatemala, con un llamado a la acci\u00f3n desde las pol\u00edticas p\u00fablicas. Washington, D.C: FHI 360\/FANTA; 2016."},{"key":"1007_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Matute J, Lydick EA, Torres OR, Owen KK, Jacobsen KH. Prevalence of cleft lip and cleft palate in rural North-Central Guatemala. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2015. 52:377\u2013380. American Cleft Palate Craniofacial Association; [cited 2020 Sep 13]; Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1597\/13-347.","DOI":"10.1597\/13-347"},{"key":"1007_CR18","unstructured":"Ch\u00faa Carlos. ANOMAL\u00ccAS DEL TUBO NEURAL EN GUATEMALA [Internet]. Guatemala; 2004 [cited 2020 Sep 13]. Available from: http:\/\/biblioteca.usac.edu.gt\/tesis\/07\/07_1440.pdf."}],"container-title":["Reproductive Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12978-020-01007-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12978-020-01007-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12978-020-01007-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,30]],"date-time":"2020-11-30T13:07:48Z","timestamp":1606741668000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/reproductive-health-journal.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12978-020-01007-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"S2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]}},"alternative-id":["1007"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12978-020-01007-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["1742-4755"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1742-4755","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"18 September 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 October 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 November 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This study was reviewed and approved by The Colorado Multiple Institutional Review Board (COMIRB) (FWA00005070) and the Universidad Francisco Marroquin (FWA000003581 Guatemala City, Guatemala). All women provided informed consent before enrollment in the study.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable (we have not included names, images, or videos of participants that need obtaining consent).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no conflicts of interest.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"153"}}