{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T06:26:23Z","timestamp":1791440783637,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,28]],"date-time":"2021-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627430400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,28]],"date-time":"2021-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627430400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004484","name":"Tehran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["34044"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["34044"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004484","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Reprod Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Recently known as the genito-pelvic pain\/penetration disorder (GPPPD), Dyspareunia is considered a negative factor affecting a couple\u2019s sexual health. This paper analyzes pain in Dyspareunia cases and determines protective factors causing lower levels of sexual distress among patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In a population-based cross-sectional study conducted in 2017, the cluster quota sampling technique was adopted to randomly select 590 Iranian married women aged 18\u201370 years from 30 health centers. The research tools included demographic data, a sexual distress scale, and Binik\u2019s GPPPD questionnaire.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this study, the prevalence of self-report Dyspareunia, confirmed moderate Dyspareunia, and confirmed severe Dyspareunia (based on Binik\u2019s proposed criteria) were 33\u2009%, 25.8\u2009%, and 10.5\u2009%, respectively. Interestingly, 32 (34\u2009%) out of 94 women who experienced severe pain based on Binik\u2019s criteria reported no sexual distress. Compared to women with distress, they also had more positive body images, higher self-confidence, higher levels of sexual satisfaction, and more intimacy in their relationships (P\u2009=\u20090.000). In contrast, 8.5\u2009% of the participants reported significant sexual distress even without confirmed Dyspareunia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Improving intrapersonal characteristics such as self-confidence and body image as well as interpersonal factors such as sexual satisfaction and intimacy with a spouse can effectively treat Dyspareunia by alleviating sexual distress. The partner\u2019s role in female pain and distress management would be more critical than previously thought.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12978-021-01206-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,28]],"date-time":"2021-07-28T15:02:46Z","timestamp":1627484566000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Coping with dyspareunia, the importance of inter and intrapersonal context on women\u2019s sexual distress: a population-based study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Ameneh","family":"Alizadeh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1706-7079","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Farnaz","family":"Farnam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,28]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"1206_CR1","first-page":"122","volume":"2","author":"WW Ishak","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ishak WW, Tobia G. 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