{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T16:33:31Z","timestamp":1790267611640,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,27]],"date-time":"2021-11-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637971200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,27]],"date-time":"2021-11-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637971200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["INV-010478"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INV-010478"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Reprod Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>There is substantial evidence that contraceptive side-effects are a major deterrent to consistent use of contraception but few studies in low- or middle-income countries explore the role of specific side-effects on contraceptive use dynamics. This study used population-based, longitudinal data to explore the effect of specific side-effects on contraceptive continuation, discontinuation, and switching in Uganda.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Data for this study come from two rounds of survey data collection in Uganda: PMA2020\u2019s sixth cross-sectional survey and a follow-up survey conducted 1\u00a0year later. The main outcomes of interest were discontinuation and switching among users of hormonal contraceptive methods (implants, injectables and oral pill) and the IUD at baseline (n\u2009=\u2009560). Multivariable logistic regressions assessed the association of experiencing specific side-effects (more bleeding, less bleeding, irregular bleeding, increased dryness\/reduced libido, and physical discomfort) with discontinuation and switching 1\u00a0year later, adjusting for socio-demographic characteristics, type of method, and length of use. We also examined the differential effects of side-effects between discontinuation and switching risks.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>About 23% of hormonal and IUD contraceptive users reported experiencing side-effects at baseline survey. Overall, discontinuation and switching were higher among injectables and pill users, compared to IUD and implants users. Reporting more bleeding or less bleeding increased the odds of discontinuation and switching by 2.74 (95% CI 1.00\u20137.51) and 1.86 (1.04\u20133.34), respectively. There was no significant difference in discontinuation and switching by side-effects.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Greater attention should be paid to understanding the unique contributions of side-effects to contraceptive behavior using population-based data. While about a quarter of women reported experiencing side effects, those who experienced bleeding specific side effects were at higher risk of contraceptive discontinuation and switching. Providing greater individualized care that includes information and counseling about common side-effects, how they may impact daily life, and how tolerable these effects may be is necessary.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12978-021-01287-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,27]],"date-time":"2021-11-27T09:02:41Z","timestamp":1638003761000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Association between experience of specific side-effects and contraceptive switching and discontinuation in Uganda: results from a longitudinal study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0118-0889","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Linnea A.","family":"Zimmerman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dana O.","family":"Sarnak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Celia","family":"Karp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shannon N.","family":"Wood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saifuddin","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fredrick","family":"Makumbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon P. S.","family":"Kibira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"1287_CR1","first-page":"41","volume-title":"Contraceptive discontinuation: reasons, challenges, and solutions","author":"S Castle","year":"2015","unstructured":"Castle S, Askew I. Contraceptive discontinuation: reasons, challenges, and solutions. Washington, DC: Population Council and FP2020; 2015. p. 41."},{"key":"1287_CR2","unstructured":"Bradley SEK, Schwandt HM, Khan S. Levels, trends, and reasons for contraceptive discontinuation. Calverton: ICF Macro; 200AD. (DHS Analytical Studies). Report No.: 20. https:\/\/www.dhsprogram.com\/pubs\/pdf\/AS20\/AS20.pdf. Accessed 5 Mar 2021."},{"issue":"4","key":"1287_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2006.12.015","volume":"196","author":"CL Westhoff","year":"2007","unstructured":"Westhoff CL, Heartwell S, Edwards S, Zieman M, Stuart G, Cwiak C, et al. Oral contraceptive discontinuation: do side effects matter? Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2007;196(4):412.e1-412.e7.","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"3 Pt 1","key":"1287_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(98)70047-X","volume":"179","author":"MJ Rosenberg","year":"1998","unstructured":"Rosenberg MJ, Waugh MS. Oral contraceptive discontinuation: a prospective evaluation of frequency and reasons. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1998;179(3 Pt 1):577\u201382.","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1287_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1080\/13691058.2012.664659","volume":"14","author":"N Diamond-Smith","year":"2012","unstructured":"Diamond-Smith N, Campbell M, Madan S. Misinformation and fear of side-effects of family planning. Cult Health Sex. 2012;14(4):421\u201333.","journal-title":"Cult Health Sex"},{"key":"1287_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2018.09.030","volume":"220","author":"J Schwarz","year":"2019","unstructured":"Schwarz J, Dumbaugh M, Bapolisi W, Ndorere MS, Mwamini M-C, Bisimwa G, et al. \u201cSo that\u2019s why I\u2019m scared of these methods\u201d: locating contraceptive side effects in embodied life circumstances in Burundi and eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo. Soc Sci Med. 2019;220:264\u201372.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"1287_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1728-4465.1999.00054.x","volume":"30","author":"AA Bawah","year":"1999","unstructured":"Bawah AA, Akweongo P, Simmons R, Phillips JF. Women\u2019s fears and men\u2019s anxieties: the impact of family planning on gender relations in Northern Ghana. Stud Fam Plann. 1999;30(1):54\u201366.","journal-title":"Stud Fam Plann"},{"issue":"2","key":"1287_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1728-4465.2006.00088.x","volume":"37","author":"M Campbell","year":"2006","unstructured":"Campbell M, Sahin-Hodoglugil NN, Potts M. Barriers to fertility regulation: a review of the literature. Stud Fam Plann. 2006;37(2):87\u201398.","journal-title":"Stud Fam Plann"},{"issue":"40","key":"1287_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/S0968-8080(12)40654-1","volume":"20","author":"M Hyttel","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hyttel M, Rasanathan JJK, Tellier M, Taremwa W. Use of injectable hormonal contraceptives: diverging perspectives of women and men, service providers and policymakers in Uganda. Reprod Health Matters. 2012;20(40):148\u201357.","journal-title":"Reprod Health Matters"},{"key":"1287_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.2147\/OAJC.S140214","volume":"8","author":"A Jain","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jain A, Reichenbach L, Ehsan I, Rob U. \u201cSide effects affected my daily activities a lot\u201d: a qualitative exploration of the impact of contraceptive side effects in Bangladesh. Open Access J Contracept. 2017;8:45\u201352.","journal-title":"Open Access J Contracept"},{"key":"1287_CR11","first-page":"52","volume-title":"Contraceptive technologies: responding to women\u2019s needs","author":"JE Darroch","year":"2011","unstructured":"Darroch JE, Sedgh G, Ball H. Contraceptive technologies: responding to women\u2019s needs. New York: Guttmacher Institute; 2011. p. 52."},{"issue":"11","key":"1287_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0141998","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0141998","volume":"10","author":"SPS Kibira","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kibira SPS, Muhumuza C, Bukenya JN, Atuyambe LM. \u201cI Spent a Full Month Bleeding, I Thought I Was Going to Die\u2026\u201d a qualitative study of experiences of women using modern contraception in Wakiso District, Uganda. PLoS ONE. 2015;10(11):e0141998.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1287_CR13","first-page":"2018","volume-title":"Uganda Demographic and Health Survey 2016","author":"Uganda Bureau of Statistics (UBOS)","year":"2016","unstructured":"Uganda Bureau of Statistics (UBOS), ICF. Uganda Demographic and Health Survey 2016. Kampala: UBOS and ICF; 2016. p. 2018."},{"key":"1287_CR14","unstructured":"Makerere University, School of Public Health at the College of Health Sciences, Bill and Melinda Gates Institute for Population and Reproductive Health at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. Performance Monitoring and Accountability 2020 (PMA2020) Survey Round 6, PMA2018\/Uganda-R6. Uganda and Baltimore, Maryland, USA; 2018."},{"issue":"1","key":"1287_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1186\/s12978-018-0561-0","volume":"15","author":"CB Polis","year":"2018","unstructured":"Polis CB, Hussain R, Berry A. There might be blood: a scoping review on women\u2019s responses to contraceptive-induced menstrual bleeding changes. Reprod Health. 2018;15(1):114. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12978-018-0561-0.","journal-title":"Reprod Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"1287_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1763652","DOI":"10.1080\/26410397.2020.1763652","volume":"28","author":"SN Wood","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wood SN, Karp C, Zimmerman L. Women\u2019s sexual experiences as a side effect of contraception in low- and middle-income countries: evidence from a systematic scoping review. Sex Reprod Health Matters. 2020;28(1):1763652.","journal-title":"Sex Reprod Health Matters"},{"key":"1287_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100030","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conx.2020.100030","volume":"2","author":"G Odwe","year":"2020","unstructured":"Odwe G, Obare F, Machiyama K, Cleland J. Which contraceptive side effects matter most? Evidence from current and past users of injectables and implants in Western Kenya. Contracept X. 2020;2:100030.","journal-title":"Contracept X"},{"issue":"4","key":"1287_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1080\/13625180701548040","volume":"12","author":"DK Gezginc","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gezginc DK, Balci O, Karatayli R, Colakoglu MC. Contraceptive efficacy and side effects of Implanon\u00ae. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care. 2007;12(4):362\u20135.","journal-title":"Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care"},{"issue":"6","key":"1287_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2010.06.002","volume":"82","author":"RL Reid","year":"2010","unstructured":"Reid RL, Fortier MP, Smith L, Mirkin S, Grubb GS, Constantine GD. Safety and bleeding profile of continuous levonorgestrel 90 mcg\/ethinyl estradiol 20 mcg based on 2 years of clinical trial data in Canada. Contraception. 2010;82(6):497\u2013502.","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"issue":"4","key":"1287_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.05.011","volume":"191","author":"CC Harper","year":"2004","unstructured":"Harper CC, Rocca CH, Darney PD, von Hertzen H, Raine TR. Tolerability of levonorgestrel emergency contraception in adolescents. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2004;191(4):1158\u201363.","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1287_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2015.12.014","volume":"93","author":"I Cristobal","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cristobal I, Lete LI, de la Viuda E, Perulero N, Arbat A, Canals I. One year quality of life measured with SEC-QoL in levonorgestrel 52 mg IUS users. Contraception. 2016;93(4):367\u201371.","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"issue":"5","key":"1287_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2009.03.021","volume":"80","author":"RC Wong","year":"2009","unstructured":"Wong RC, Bell RJ, Thunuguntla K, McNamee K, Vollenhoven B. Implanon users are less likely to be satisfied with their contraception after 6 months than IUD users. Contraception. 2009;80(5):452\u20136.","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"issue":"4","key":"1287_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2013.03.014","volume":"88","author":"J Stephenson","year":"2013","unstructured":"Stephenson J, Shawe J, Panicker S, Brima N, Copas A, Sauer U, et al. Randomized trial of the effect of tailored versus standard use of the combined oral contraceptive pill on continuation rates at 1 year. Contraception. 2013;88(4):523\u201331.","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"1287_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-016-0326-2","volume":"16","author":"R Capurchande","year":"2016","unstructured":"Capurchande R, Coene G, Schockaert I, Macia M, Meulemans H. \u201cIt is challenging\u2026 oh, nobody likes it!\u201d: a qualitative study exploring Mozambican adolescents and young adults\u2019 experiences with contraception. BMC Womens Health. 2016;16:48.","journal-title":"BMC Womens Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"1287_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pec.2010.10.010","volume":"81","author":"N Abdel-Tawab","year":"2010","unstructured":"Abdel-Tawab N, RamaRao S. Do improvements in client-provider interaction increase contraceptive continuation? Unraveling the puzzle. Patient Educ Couns. 2010;81(3):381\u20137.","journal-title":"Patient Educ Couns"},{"issue":"2","key":"1287_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1111\/sifp.12150","volume":"52","author":"A Jain","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jain A, Dwyer SC, Mozumdar A, Tobey E. Not all women who experience side effects discontinue their contraceptive method: insights from a longitudinal study in India. Stud Fam Plann. 2021;52(2):165\u201378.","journal-title":"Stud Fam Plann"},{"issue":"2","key":"1287_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1728-4465.2010.00234.x","volume":"41","author":"MM Ali","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ali MM, Cleland J. Contraceptive switching after method-related discontinuation: levels and differentials. Stud Fam Plann. 2010;41(2):129\u201333.","journal-title":"Stud Fam Plann"},{"key":"1287_CR28","unstructured":"Ali MM, Cleland J, Shah IH. Causes and consequences of contraceptive discontinuation evidence from 60 demographic and health surveys. World Health Organization; 2012. https:\/\/www.who.int\/reproductivehealth\/publications\/family_planning\/9789241504058\/en\/."},{"issue":"1","key":"1287_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1728-4465.1999.00028.x","volume":"30","author":"F Steele","year":"1999","unstructured":"Steele F, Curtis SL, Choe M. The impact of family planning service provision on contraceptive-use dynamics in Morocco. Stud Fam Plann. 1999;30(1):28\u201342.","journal-title":"Stud Fam Plann"},{"issue":"4","key":"1287_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1728-4465.2003.00227.x","volume":"34","author":"S RamaRao","year":"2003","unstructured":"RamaRao S, Mohanam R. The quality of family planning programs: concepts, measurements, interventions, and effects. Stud Fam Plann. 2003;34(4):227\u201348.","journal-title":"Stud Fam Plann"},{"issue":"01","key":"1287_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"016","DOI":"10.1363\/3701611","volume":"37","author":"J Barden-O\u2019Fallon","year":"2011","unstructured":"Barden-O\u2019Fallon J, Speizer I. What differentiates method stoppers from switchers? Contraceptive discontinuation and switching among honduran women. Int Perspect Sex Reprod Health. 2011;37(01):016\u201323.","journal-title":"Int Perspect Sex Reprod Health"},{"key":"1287_CR32","unstructured":"World Population Prospects\u2014Population Division\u2014United Nations. https:\/\/population.un.org\/wpp\/. Accessed 23 Oct 2020."},{"key":"1287_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1111\/sifp.12031","volume":"48","author":"L Zimmerman","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zimmerman L, Olson H, Tsui A, Radloff S. PMA2020: rapid turn-around survey data to monitor family planning service and practice in ten countries. Studies in Family Planning. 2017;48:293\u2013303. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/sifp.12031.","journal-title":"Studies in Family Planning."},{"issue":"9","key":"1287_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1166","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.81.9.1166","volume":"81","author":"EL Korn","year":"1991","unstructured":"Korn EL, Graubard BI. Epidemiologic studies utilizing surveys: accounting for the sampling design. Am J Public Health. 1991;81(9):1166\u201373.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"1287_CR35","volume-title":"Stata statistical software: Release 16","author":"StataCorp","year":"2019","unstructured":"StataCorp. Stata statistical software: Release 16. College Station: StataCorp LLC; 2019."},{"key":"1287_CR36","unstructured":"von Elm E, Altman D, Egger M, Pocock S, Gotzsche P, Vandenbroucke J. The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies."},{"issue":"1","key":"1287_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2013.07.014","volume":"124","author":"JE Morse","year":"2014","unstructured":"Morse JE, Rowen TS, Steinauer J, Byamugisha J, Kakaire O. A qualitative assessment of Ugandan women\u2019s perceptions and knowledge of contraception. Int J Gynecol Obstet. 2014;124(1):30\u20133.","journal-title":"Int J Gynecol Obstet"},{"issue":"5","key":"1287_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0217333","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0217333","volume":"14","author":"RL Callahan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Callahan RL, Brunie A, Mackenzie ACL, Wayack-Pamb\u00e8 M, Guiella G, Kibira SPS, et al. Potential user interest in new long-acting contraceptives: results from a mixed methods study in Burkina Faso and Uganda. PLoS ONE. 2019;14(5):e0217333.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1287_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj.2014.19.253.5313","volume":"19","author":"R Boosey","year":"2014","unstructured":"Boosey R, Prestwich G, Deave T. Menstrual hygiene management amongst schoolgirls in the Rukungiri district of Uganda and the impact on their education: a cross-sectional study. Pan Afr Med J. 2014;19:253.","journal-title":"Pan Afr Med J"},{"issue":"2","key":"1287_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e034461","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-034461","volume":"10","author":"J Hennegan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hennegan J, Nansubuga A, Smith C, Redshaw M, Akullo A, Schwab KJ. Measuring menstrual hygiene experience: development and validation of the Menstrual Practice Needs Scale (MPNS-36) in Soroti, Uganda. BMJ Open. 2020;10(2):e034461.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"1","key":"1287_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-017-0502-z","volume":"18","author":"G Miiro","year":"2018","unstructured":"Miiro G, Rutakumwa R, Nakiyingi-Miiro J, Nakuya K, Musoke S, Namakula J, et al. Menstrual health and school absenteeism among adolescent girls in Uganda (MENISCUS): a feasibility study. BMC Women\u2019s Health. 2018;18(1):4.","journal-title":"BMC Women\u2019s Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"1287_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1002803","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002803","volume":"16","author":"J Hennegan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hennegan J, Shannon AK, Rubli J, Schwab KJ, Melendez-Torres GJ. Women\u2019s and girls\u2019 experiences of menstruation in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis. PLoS Med. 2019;16(5):e1002803.","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"1287_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1111\/sifp.12076","volume":"49","author":"E Sedlander","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sedlander E, Bingenheimer JB, Thiongo M, Gichangi P, Rimal RN, Edberg M, et al. \u201cThey Destroy the Reproductive System\u201d: exploring the belief that modern contraceptive use causes infertility. Stud Fam Plann. 2018;49(4):345\u201365.","journal-title":"Stud Fam Plann"},{"issue":"4","key":"1287_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1363\/intsexrephea.41.4.0191","volume":"41","author":"A Gueye","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gueye A, Speizer IS, Corroon M, Okigbo CC. Belief in family planning myths at the individual and community levels and modern contraceptive use in urban Africa. Int Perspect Sex Reprod Health. 2015;41(4):191\u20139.","journal-title":"Int Perspect Sex Reprod Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"1287_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1080\/13691058.2018.1470255","volume":"21","author":"M Dumbaugh","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dumbaugh M, Bapolisi W, Bisimwa G, Mwamini M-C, Mommers P, Merten S. Navigating fertility, reproduction and modern contraception in the fragile context of South Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo: \u201cLes enfants sont une richesse.\u201d Cult Health Sex. 2019;21(3):323\u201337.","journal-title":"Cult Health Sex"},{"issue":"4\u20135","key":"1287_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1080\/00224499.2015.1134425","volume":"53","author":"JA Higgins","year":"2016","unstructured":"Higgins JA, Smith NK. The sexual acceptability of contraception: reviewing the literature and building a new concept. J Sex Res. 2016;53(4\u20135):417\u201356.","journal-title":"J Sex Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"1287_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.2307\/2981421","volume":"145","author":"G Kalton","year":"1982","unstructured":"Kalton G, Schuman H. The effect of the question on survey responses: a review. J R Stat Soc Ser A (Gen). 1982;145(1):42\u201373.","journal-title":"J R Stat Soc Ser A (Gen)"},{"issue":"3","key":"1287_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1397","DOI":"10.1007\/s11135-011-9597-8","volume":"47","author":"O Friborg","year":"2013","unstructured":"Friborg O, Rosenvinge JH. A comparison of open-ended and closed questions in the prediction of mental health. Qual Quant. 2013;47(3):1397\u2013411.","journal-title":"Qual Quant"},{"issue":"1","key":"1287_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/s12978-016-0118-z","volume":"13","author":"F OlaOlorun","year":"2016","unstructured":"OlaOlorun F, Seme A, Otupiri E, Ogunjuyigbe P, Tsui A. Women\u2019s fertility desires and contraceptive behavior in three peri-urban communities in sub Saharan Africa. Reprod Health. 2016;13(1):12.","journal-title":"Reprod Health"}],"container-title":["Reproductive Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12978-021-01287-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12978-021-01287-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12978-021-01287-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,27]],"date-time":"2021-11-27T21:24:05Z","timestamp":1638048245000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/reproductive-health-journal.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12978-021-01287-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,27]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1287"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12978-021-01287-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["1742-4755"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1742-4755","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"21 July 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 November 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 November 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All data collection procedures were approved by Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) at the Makerere University School of Public Health and Uganda National Council of Sciences and Technology in Kampala, Uganda, and the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health in Baltimore, USA. After eligibility was confirmed, women were asked to complete written consent; if the woman agreed to participate, she was then interviewed by a trained resident interviewer. For unmarried women aged 15\u201317, written consent was first obtained from a parent or legal guardian prior to the women providing written assent to participate.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"239"}}