{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T06:39:58Z","timestamp":1784615998593,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,8]],"date-time":"2022-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644278400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,8]],"date-time":"2022-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644278400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Reprod Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The use of in vitro fertilisation (IVF) has increased rapidly since its inception in 1978. Women seeking IVF have a wide range of subfertility causes including unexplained subfertility. A growing subgroup of women seek treatment for other reasons than fertility problems, for example, women in same sex relationships and single women. This study aims to better understand the contraceptive needs of women after successful IVF pregnancy in order to improve service delivery and prevent unplanned and rapid-repeat pregnancies.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A qualitative study of views of women who have had spontaneous pregnancies after successful IVF. Participants were recruited using purposive and snowballing sampling methods from social media and peer networks. The framework method was used for analysis using NVivo12.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The sample comprised 21 interviewees from the United Kingdom (UK), having a range of spontaneous pregnancy outcomes, including single and multiple livebirths, miscarriage, ectopic pregnancy and termination of pregnancy. Contraceptive choices were subject to a complex and dynamic interaction of influencing factors including beliefs regarding subfertility, desire for children and views on contraception. None of the women recalled receiving any information or useful counselling about contraception during fertility or maternity care. After IVF pregnancy, most women (n\u2009=\u200916) used no or ineffective contraception. Spontaneous pregnancy was not universally welcomed in this group and inter-pregnancy intervals were often short (n\u2009=\u200916, less than 18\u00a0months). Even after subsequent spontaneous pregnancy, use of contraception and the most effective methods remained low. Women held persistent beliefs regarding their subfertility despite subsequent spontaneous pregnancy. They associated aspects of the IVF process with a sense of personal failure, despite an ultimately \u201csuccessful\u201d outcome of livebirth. These aspects may reinforce their self-belief in subfertility. Other barriers to contraception use in women having IVF included: lack of knowledge of likelihood of spontaneous pregnancy, lack of contraceptive experience and inherent incentives towards shorter inter-pregnancy intervals.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The contraceptive needs of women having IVF pregnancies are real and are being overlooked. Fertility services should take responsibility for providing information on the risks of subsequent spontaneous pregnancy. Maternity and community healthcare professionals must address women\u2019s perceptions of their fertility in order to engage them in contraception counselling.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12978-022-01349-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,8]],"date-time":"2022-02-08T11:05:08Z","timestamp":1644318308000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Contraception after in vitro fertilisation (IVF): a qualitative study of the views of women who have had spontaneous pregnancies after successful IVF"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Annette","family":"Thwaites","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Hall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geraldine","family":"Barrett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8852-0881","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Judith","family":"Stephenson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"1349_CR1","unstructured":"Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority. Fertility treatment 2018: trends and figures. 2020."},{"key":"1349_CR2","unstructured":"More than 8 million babies born from IVF since the world's first in 1978 [press release]. ScienceDaily: European Society of Human Reproduction and EmbryologyJuly 3, 2018."},{"issue":"1","key":"1349_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1111\/tog.12608","volume":"22","author":"A Richardson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Richardson A, Taylor M, Teoh J, Karasu T. Antenatal management of singleton pregnancies conceived using assisted reproductive technology. Obstet Gynaecol. 2020;22(1):34\u201344.","journal-title":"Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"1349_CR4","unstructured":"Fertility problems: assessment and treatment. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence; 2013 (last updated 2017)."},{"issue":"8","key":"1349_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1470","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dez099","volume":"34","author":"Y ElMokhallalati","year":"2019","unstructured":"ElMokhallalati Y, van Eekelen R, Bhattacharya S, McLernon DJ. Treatment-independent live birth after in-vitro fertilisation: a retrospective cohort study of 2,133 women. Hum Reprod. 2019;34(8):1470\u20138.","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"1349_CR6","unstructured":"Canning K. The Surprising Reason Why Some Women Get Pregnant Naturally After Undergoing IVF or Adopting. Health.com2021."},{"key":"1349_CR7","unstructured":"Anonymous. https:\/\/www.telegraph.co.uk\/women\/life\/spent-years-trying-conceive-had-abortion\/. Stella Magazine. 2020. accessed 30 Aug 2020"},{"key":"1349_CR8","first-page":"173","volume-title":"Qualitative data analysis for applied policy research. Analysing qualitative data","author":"J Ritchie","year":"1994","unstructured":"Ritchie J, Spencer L. Qualitative data analysis for applied policy research. Analysing qualitative data. London: Routledge; 1994. p. 173\u201393."},{"issue":"11","key":"1349_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2556","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deaa218","volume":"35","author":"J Boivin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Boivin J, Harrison C, Mathur R, Burns G, Pericleous-Smith A, Gameiro S. Patient experiences of fertility clinic closure during the COVID-19 pandemic: appraisals, coping and emotions. Hum Reprod. 2020;35(11):2556\u201366.","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"issue":"4","key":"1349_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1177\/1363459319891215","volume":"25","author":"H Allan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Allan H, Mounce G, Culley L, van den Akker O, Hudson R. Transition to parenthood after successful non-donor in vitro fertilisation: The effects of infertility and in vitro fertilisation on previously infertile couples\u2019 experiences of early parenthood. Health (London, England: 1997). 2021;25(4):434\u201353.","journal-title":"Health (London, England: 1997)."},{"issue":"3","key":"1349_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1547-5069.2003.00263.x","volume":"35","author":"E Olshansky","year":"2003","unstructured":"Olshansky E. A theoretical explanation for previously infertile mothers\u2019 vulnerability to depression. J Nurs Scholarship. 2003;35(3):263\u20138.","journal-title":"J Nurs Scholarship"},{"issue":"2","key":"1349_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1002\/nur.4770180206","volume":"18","author":"M Sandelowski","year":"1995","unstructured":"Sandelowski M. A theory of the transition to parenthood of infertile couples. Res Nurs Health. 1995;18(2):123\u201332.","journal-title":"Res Nurs Health"},{"key":"1349_CR13","volume-title":"Programming strategies for postpartum family planning","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2013","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Programming strategies for postpartum family planning. Geneva; 2013."},{"key":"1349_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thwaites A, Logan L, Nardone A, Mann S. Immediate postnatal contraception: what women know and think. BMJ Sex Reprod Health. 2018.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjsrh-2018-200078"},{"key":"1349_CR15","unstructured":"Moss R. This Is How It Feels To Be 'Cut Adrift' After IVF, Say Women. HuffPost UK. 2020 Nov 2; 2020."},{"key":"1349_CR16","unstructured":"Omer N, Hill E. From the first IVF baby to now \u2013 how the fertility industry grew. Inside \u2018Big Egg\u2019. Tortoise Media; 2020."},{"key":"1349_CR17","unstructured":"New figures show low uptake of fertility treatment among BAME communities [press release]. Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority; 2019."},{"issue":"1","key":"1349_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.3109\/14647273.2010.536609","volume":"14","author":"M Morris","year":"2011","unstructured":"Morris M, Oakley L, Maconochie N, Doyle P. An investigation of social inequalities in help-seeking and use of health services for fertility problems in a population-based sample of UK women. Hum Fertil. 2011;14(1):16\u201322.","journal-title":"Hum Fertil"}],"container-title":["Reproductive Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12978-022-01349-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12978-022-01349-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12978-022-01349-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,8]],"date-time":"2022-02-08T11:15:22Z","timestamp":1644318922000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/reproductive-health-journal.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12978-022-01349-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,8]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1349"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12978-022-01349-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1742-4755"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1742-4755","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 August 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 January 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 February 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Ethical approval was obtained from the University College London (UCL) Research Ethics Committee (ID: 17501\/001). All participants completed an electronic consent form prior to interview, compliant with General Data Protection Regulation 2018, indicating voluntary agreement to participate.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"All participants gave their specific consent for their information to be published in academic journals.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"40"}}