{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T05:40:41Z","timestamp":1792820441379,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,28]],"date-time":"2022-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653696000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,28]],"date-time":"2022-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653696000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Reprod Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Young people have a higher chance of experimenting with sex before marriage, thus they engage in risky sexual behaviours that predispose them to HIV infections. The objective of this study was to assess the relationship between engaging in risky sexual behaviours and the uptake of HIV testing services among young people in Ghana.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We analysed secondary data from the 2017\/2018 Ghana Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey, which collected data on population and health indicators across the previous ten regions of Ghana, using a Computer Personal Assisted Interviewing application. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, Chi-square test and Binomial Logistic regression.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Seventy-nine per cent (79%) of young women and 68% of young men did not use a condom during last sexual intercourse. In addition, 68% of young women and 87% of young men had not tested for HIV. Young women (AOR\u2009=\u20092.19; 95% CI 1.56\u20133.07) and young men (AOR\u2009=\u20093.38; 95% CI 1.18\u20139.64) aged 20\u201324\u00a0years had a higher likelihood of being tested for HIV compared to those aged 15\u201319\u00a0years. Young women with junior high school education (AOR\u2009=\u20092.03; 95% CI 1.08\u20133.81) were more likely to test for HIV compared with those who had pre-primary\/no formal education. In addition, young women who were never married or in a union (AOR\u2009=\u20090.39; 95% CI 0.27\u20130.56) had 61% of reduced odds of being tested for HIV compared with those who were currently married or in a union. There was no significant association between risky sexual behaviours and HIV testing (p\u2009&gt;\u20090.05).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This study demonstrated that condom use among sexually active young people was low. The uptake of HIV testing services was below expectation. Age, educational status, marital status and exposure to the mass media were the salient factors influencing the uptake of HIV testing among young people. Stakeholders should implement interventions to help increase the uptake of HIV testing and condom use among young people in Ghana.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12978-022-01439-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,28]],"date-time":"2022-05-28T12:02:48Z","timestamp":1653739368000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Risky sexual behaviours and HIV testing among young people in Ghana: evidence from the 2017\/2018 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Adom","family":"Manu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deda","family":"Ogum-Alangea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua Cobby","family":"Azilaku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8942-0460","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emmanuel Anongeba","family":"Anaba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kwasi","family":"Torpey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"1439_CR1","first-page":"4","volume-title":"Global strategy for women's, children's and adolescents' health (2016\u20132030)","author":"C Mathers","year":"2016","unstructured":"WHO U, Mathers C. Global strategy for women\u2019s, children\u2019s and adolescents\u2019 health (2016\u20132030), vol. 201. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2016. p. 4\u2013103."},{"key":"1439_CR2","volume-title":"Status report: adolescents and young people in sub-Saharan Africa: opportunities and challenges","author":"A Hervish","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hervish A, Clifton D. Status report: adolescents and young people in sub-Saharan Africa: opportunities and challenges. Washington, DC: Population Reference Bureau; 2012."},{"key":"1439_CR3","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexual risk behavior: HIV, STD, & teen pregnancy prevention. Diakses pada. 2015. http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/HealthyYouth\/sexualbehaviors\/tanggal. p. 1."},{"issue":"1","key":"1439_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1007\/s10900-019-00726-6","volume":"45","author":"EKM Darteh","year":"2020","unstructured":"Darteh EKM, Dickson KS, Amu H. Understanding the socio-demographic factors surrounding young peoples\u2019 risky sexual behaviour in Ghana and Kenya. J Community Health. 2020;45(1):141\u20137.","journal-title":"J Community Health"},{"key":"1439_CR5","volume-title":"13 teenage pregnancies recorded every one hour, 110,000 recorded in 2020\u2014GHS statistics","author":"Ghana Web","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ghana Web. 13 teenage pregnancies recorded every one hour, 110,000 recorded in 2020\u2014GHS statistics. Ghana: Ghana web; 2021."},{"key":"1439_CR6","first-page":"100250","volume":"13","author":"BY Asare","year":"2020","unstructured":"Asare BY, Aryee SE, Kotoh AM. Sexual behaviour and the utilization of youth friendly health Services: a cross-sectional study among urban youth in Ghana. Int J Afr Nurs Sci. 2020;13:100250.","journal-title":"Int J Afr Nurs Sci"},{"key":"1439_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj-oh.2020.2.18.24237","volume":"2","author":"BT Woldeamanue","year":"2020","unstructured":"Woldeamanue BT. Risky sexual behavior and associated factors among high school adolescents in North Shewa zone, Oromia Region, Ethiopia. PAMJ-One Health. 2020;2:18.","journal-title":"PAMJ-One Health"},{"key":"1439_CR8","unstructured":"UNFPA W: UNAIDS. Position statement on condoms and the prevention of HIV, other sexually transmitted infections and unintended pregnancy. 2015."},{"key":"1439_CR9","volume-title":"Ghana Demographic and Health Survey 2014","author":"Ghana Statistical Service","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ghana Statistical Service, Ghana Health Service, Macro, ICF International. Ghana Demographic and Health Survey 2014. Accra: Ghana Statistical Service; 2015."},{"key":"1439_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/2857397","author":"AK Tetteh","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tetteh AK, Agyarko E. Discordant HIV Test Results: Implications on Perinatal and Haemotransfusion Screening for HIV Infection, Cape Coast, Ghana. J Sex Transm Dis. 2017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2017\/2857397.","journal-title":"J Sex Transm Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"1439_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-016-0180-3","volume":"5","author":"MJ Mahande","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mahande MJ, Phimemon RN, Ramadhani HO. Factors associated with changes in uptake of HIV testing among young women (aged 15\u201324) in Tanzania from 2003 to 2012. Infect Dis Poverty. 2016;5(1):1\u201312.","journal-title":"Infect Dis Poverty"},{"issue":"1","key":"1439_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12981-019-0237-z","volume":"16","author":"G George","year":"2019","unstructured":"George G, Beckett S, Cawood C, Khanyile D, Govender K, Kharsany AB. Impact of HIV testing and treatment services on risky sexual behaviour in the uMgungundlovu District, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa: a cross-sectional study. AIDS Res Ther. 2019;16(1):1\u201311.","journal-title":"AIDS Res Ther"},{"key":"1439_CR13","volume-title":"Young people and HIV\/AIDS: opportunity in crisis","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2002","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Young people and HIV\/AIDS: opportunity in crisis. London: The Stationery Office; 2002."},{"issue":"2","key":"1439_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0228783","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0228783","volume":"15","author":"YA Bekele","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bekele YA, Fekadu GA. Factors associated with HIV testing among young females; further analysis of the 2016 Ethiopian demographic and health survey data. PLoS ONE. 2020;15(2):e0228783.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"10","key":"1439_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0164052","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0164052","volume":"11","author":"IO Asaolu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Asaolu IO, Gunn JK, Center KE, Koss MP, Iwelunmor JI, Ehiri JE. Predictors of HIV testing among youth in sub-Saharan Africa: a cross-sectional study. PLoS ONE. 2016;11(10):e0164052.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"1439_CR16","first-page":"41","volume":"5","author":"LA Bisiriyu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bisiriyu LA, Bankole TO, Akewusola EI. Predictors of utilisation of voluntary counselling and testing of HIV among in-school teenagers in Ife Central Local Government Area of Osun State. J Popul Assoc Niger. 2021;5(1):41.","journal-title":"J Popul Assoc Niger"},{"issue":"1","key":"1439_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.4314\/ahs.v20i1.19","volume":"20","author":"BY Asare","year":"2020","unstructured":"Asare BY, Yeboaa HY, Dwumfour-Asare B. Acceptance and utilization of HIV testing among the youth: a cross-sectional study in Techiman, Ghana. Afr Health Sci. 2020;20(1):142\u20139.","journal-title":"Afr Health Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"1439_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1080\/15381501.2012.748583","volume":"13","author":"EK Darteh","year":"2014","unstructured":"Darteh EK, Amo-Adjei J, Awusabo-Asare K. Correlates of HIV testing among young people in Ghana. J HIV\/AIDS Soc Serv. 2014;13(3):219\u201333.","journal-title":"J HIV\/AIDS Soc Serv"},{"key":"1439_CR19","volume-title":"Understanding Fast-track. Accerelating actions to end the AIDS epidemic by 2030","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2015","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Understanding Fast-track. Accerelating actions to end the AIDS epidemic by 2030. Geneva: UNAIDS; 2015."},{"key":"1439_CR20","unstructured":"Ghana AIDS Commission: 90-90-90 Programme, vol. 2021. Ghana; 2021."},{"key":"1439_CR21","volume-title":"Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS2017\/18), Survey findings report","author":"Ghana Statistical Service","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ghana Statistical Service. Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS2017\/18), Survey findings report. Accra: Ghana Statistical Service; 2018."},{"issue":"4","key":"1439_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1080\/09540120802282586","volume":"21","author":"C MacPhail","year":"2009","unstructured":"MacPhail C, Pettifor A, Moyo W, Rees H. Factors associated with HIV testing among sexually active South African youth aged 15\u201324 years. AIDS Care. 2009;21(4):456\u201367.","journal-title":"AIDS Care"},{"key":"1439_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S51","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200108004-00006","volume":"15","author":"R Glynn Judith","year":"2001","unstructured":"Glynn Judith R, Michel C, Betran A, Maina K, Jane C, Rosemary M, Frederick K, Anne B. Study Group on the Heterogeneity of HIV Epidemics in African Cities Why do young women have a much higher prevalence of HIV than young men? A study in Kisumu, Kenya and Ndola, Zambia. AIDS. 2001;15:S51\u201360.","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"1","key":"1439_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-015-1771-9","volume":"15","author":"Z Sanga","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sanga Z, Kapanda G, Msuya S, Mwangi R. Factors influencing the uptake of Voluntary HIV Counseling and Testing among secondary school students in Arusha City, Tanzania: a cross sectional study. BMC Public Health. 2015;15(1):1\u20139.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"1439_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0227576","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0227576","volume":"15","author":"F Sambah","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sambah F, Baatiema L, Appiah F, Ameyaw EK, Budu E, Ahinkorah BO, Oduro JK, Seidu A-A. Educational attainment and HIV testing and counselling service utilisation during antenatal care in Ghana: analysis of demographic and health surveys. PLoS ONE. 2020;15(1):e0227576.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"3","key":"1439_CR26","first-page":"23","volume":"2","author":"M Ibrahim","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ibrahim M, Ipadeola O, Adebayo S, Fatusi A. Socio-demographic determinants of HIV counseling and testing uptake among young people in Nigeria. Int J Prev Treat. 2013;2(3):23\u201331.","journal-title":"Int J Prev Treat"},{"key":"1439_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/JHR-10-2018-0119","author":"AA Abuosi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Abuosi AA, Anaba EA. Barriers on access to and use of adolescent health services in Ghana. J Health Res. 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/JHR-10-2018-0119.","journal-title":"J Health Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"1439_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.15171\/ijhpm.2018.64","volume":"7","author":"JA Asamani","year":"2018","unstructured":"Asamani JA, Chebere MM, Barton PM, D\u2019Almeida SA, Odame EA, Oppong R. Forecast of healthcare facilities and health workforce requirements for the public sector in Ghana, 2016\u20132026. Int J Health Policy Manag. 2018;7(11):1040.","journal-title":"Int J Health Policy Manag"},{"issue":"1","key":"1439_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-0500-7-639","volume":"7","author":"O Abiodun","year":"2014","unstructured":"Abiodun O, Sotunsa J, Ani F, Jaiyesimi E. Knowledge of HIV\/AIDS and predictors of uptake of HIV counseling and testing among undergraduate students of a privately owned university in Nigeria. BMC Res Notes. 2014;7(1):1\u20138.","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"issue":"4","key":"1439_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.2989\/16085906.2013.863219","volume":"12","author":"LA Scott-Sheldon","year":"2013","unstructured":"Scott-Sheldon LA, Carey MP, Carey KB, Cain D, Simbayi LC, Mehlomakhulu V, Kalichman SC. HIV testing is associated with increased knowledge and reductions in sexual risk behaviours among men in Cape Town, South Africa. Afr J AIDS Res. 2013;12(4):195\u2013201.","journal-title":"Afr J AIDS Res"}],"container-title":["Reproductive Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12978-022-01439-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12978-022-01439-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12978-022-01439-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,28]],"date-time":"2022-05-28T12:06:22Z","timestamp":1653739582000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/reproductive-health-journal.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12978-022-01439-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,28]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1439"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12978-022-01439-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["1742-4755"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1742-4755","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"20 October 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 April 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 May 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The Ghana Health Service Ethics Review Committee approved the protocols for the 2017\/18 MICS. Informed consent was obtained from all adult participants and parents of minors. A formal request to use the raw data was made to UNICEF through their website (). Permission to use the raw data was granted by UNICEF. The study was performed in accordance with relevant regulations and guidelines. Data used in this study were anonymized before use.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"125"}}