{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T17:47:08Z","timestamp":1793296028560,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,24]],"date-time":"2024-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721779200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,24]],"date-time":"2024-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721779200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Science and Technology Projects in Guangzhou","award":["2024A04J4485"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024A04J4485"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Reprod Health"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Female sex workers (FSW) are particularly vulnerable to unintended pregnancy. Research examining the experience of unintended pregnancy due to commercial sex among Chinese FSW, however, is limited. This study aimed to examine the prevalence and correlates of unintended pregnancy due to commercial sex among FSW in China.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In 2021, a cross-sectional study was conducted among 1257 FSW in five cities from Guangdong provinces in South China. Data were collected on social-demographic characteristics, sexual behaviors, experience of unintended pregnancy due to commercial sex and its pregnancy outcome, as well as experience of abortion in lifetime. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was employed to identify factors associated with unintended pregnancy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among the 1257 FSW, 19.3% reported having at least one unintended pregnancy due to commercial sex. Of those, 96.7% chose to terminate the pregnancy through induced abortion, and 40.5% reported undergoing multiple induced abortions in their lifetime. Multivariable logistic regression indicated that FSW working in current location over one year (adjusted Odds Ratio (aOR): 2.82, 95% CI 1.71\u20134.64) and having more than seven clients in the past week (aOR: 4.53, 95% CI 2.74\u20137.51) were more likely to have had unintended pregnancy due to commercial sex. Working in high tier (aOR: 0.21, 95% CI 0.14\u20130.30) and consistent condom use with clients in the past month (aOR: 0.16, 95% CI 0.10\u20130.23) were associated with a lower proportion of FSW having ever had unintended pregnancy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Unintended pregnancy are prevalent among FSW in South China. Interventions aimed at reducing the prevalence of unintended pregnancy and enhancing post-abortion care could be necessary among Chinese FSW.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12978-024-01853-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,24]],"date-time":"2024-07-24T16:32:04Z","timestamp":1721838724000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The prevalence and correlates of unintended pregnancy\u00a0among female\u00a0sex\u00a0workers\u00a0in South China: a cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Peng","family":"Liang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peizhen","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yijia","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shujie","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"1853_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/s12978-017-0277-6","volume":"14","author":"Y Lafort","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lafort Y, Greener R, Roy A, Greener L, Ombidi W, Lessitala F, et al. Sexual and reproductive health services utilization by female sex workers is context-specific: results from a cross-sectional survey in India, Kenya Mozambique and South Africa. Reprod Health. 2017;14:13.","journal-title":"Reprod Health"},{"key":"1853_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-021779","volume":"8","author":"FH Ampt","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ampt FH, Willenberg L, Agius PA, Chersich M, Luchters S, Lim MSC. Incidence of unintended pregnancy among female sex workers in low-income and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open. 2018;8: e021779.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"1853_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2017.07.003","volume":"96","author":"MM Chanda","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chanda MM, Ortblad KF, Mwale M, Chongo S, Kanchele C, Kamungoma N, et al. Contraceptive use and unplanned pregnancy among female sex workers in Zambia. Contraception. 2017;96:196\u2013202.","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"1853_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.9745\/GHSP-D-19-00330","volume":"8","author":"AL Bowring","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bowring AL, Schwartz S, Lyons C, Rao A, Olawore O, Njindam IM, et al. Unmet need for family planning and experience of unintended pregnancy among female sex workers in urban cameroon: results from a national cross-sectional study. Glob Health Sci Pract. 2020;8:82\u201399.","journal-title":"Glob Health Sci Pract"},{"key":"1853_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-015-1366-5","volume":"15","author":"R Weldegebreal","year":"2015","unstructured":"Weldegebreal R, Melaku YA, Alemayehu M, Gebrehiwot TG. Unintended pregnancy among female sex workers in Mekelle city, northern Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. BMC Publ Health. 2015;15:40.","journal-title":"BMC Publ Health"},{"key":"1853_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0115435","volume":"10","author":"MSC Lim","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lim MSC, Zhang X-D, Kennedy E, Li Y, Yang Y, Li L, et al. Sexual and reproductive health knowledge, contraception uptake, and factors associated with unmet need for modern contraception among adolescent female sex workers in China. PLoS ONE. 2015;10: e0115435.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1853_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-023-08722-x","volume":"23","author":"P Zhao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhao P, Xu W, Ye R, Shi Y, Wang C. Online commercial sex-seeking among female sex workers in south China: a cross-sectional study. BMC Infect Dis. 2023;23:701.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"1853_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-020-01137-9","volume":"20","author":"D Faini","year":"2020","unstructured":"Faini D, Munseri P, Bakari M, Sandstr\u00f6m E, Faxelid E, Hanson C. I did not plan to have a baby This is the outcome of our work: a qualitative study exploring unintended pregnancy among female sex workers. BMC Women\u2019s Health. 2020;20:267.","journal-title":"BMC Women\u2019s Health"},{"key":"1853_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-020-01091-6","volume":"20","author":"G Perrault Sullivan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Perrault Sullivan G, Gu\u00e9dou FA, Batona G, Kintin F, B\u00e9hanzin L, Avery L, et al. Overview and factors associated with pregnancies and abortions occurring in sex workers in Benin. BMC Women\u2019s Health. 2020;20:248.","journal-title":"BMC Women\u2019s Health"},{"key":"1853_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101658","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101658","volume":"52","author":"B Willis","year":"2022","unstructured":"Willis B, Perttu E, Fitzgerald M, Thompson H, Weerasinghe S, Macias-Konstantopoulos W. Causes of mortality among female sex workers: results of a multi-country study. eClinicalmedicine. 2022;52:101658.","journal-title":"eClinicalmedicine"},{"key":"1853_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1186\/1744-8603-10-46","volume":"10","author":"A Dhana","year":"2014","unstructured":"Dhana A, Luchters S, Moore L, Lafort Y, Roy A, Scorgie F, et al. Systematic review of facility-based sexual and reproductive health services for female sex workers in Africa. Global Health. 2014;10:46.","journal-title":"Global Health"},{"key":"1853_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1080\/00926230600998441","volume":"33","author":"JTF Lau","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lau JTF, Mui LWH, Tsui HY, Wong E, Ho SPY. Prevalence of induced abortion and associated factors among Chinese female sex workers in Hong Kong. J Sex Marital Ther. 2007;33:19\u201329.","journal-title":"J Sex Marital Ther"},{"key":"1853_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1186\/s12939-019-1084-1","volume":"18","author":"H Ma","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ma H, Loke AY. A qualitative study into female sex workers\u2019 experience of stigma in the health care setting in Hong Kong. Int J Equity Health. 2019;18:175.","journal-title":"Int J Equity Health"},{"key":"1853_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-031578","volume":"9","author":"C Wang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wang C, Tang W, Zhao P, Tucker J, Chen L, Smith MK, et al. Rapid increase of gonorrhoea cases in Guangdong Province, China, 2014\u20132017: a review of surveillance data. BMJ Open. 2019;9: e031578.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"1853_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanwpc.2021.100143","volume":"11","author":"MK Smith","year":"2021","unstructured":"Smith MK, Searle KM, Yang W, Rapheal E, Wang C, Zhao P, et al. Spatiotemporal analysis of 11 years of Chlamydia trachomatis data from southern China. Lancet Reg Health West Pacific. 2021;11:100143.","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health West Pacific"},{"key":"1853_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-041503","volume":"10","author":"P Zhao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhao P, Tang W, Cheng H, Huang S, Zheng H, Yang B, et al. Uptake of provider-initiated HIV and syphilis testing among heterosexual STD clinic patients in Guangdong, China: results from a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open. 2020;10: e041503.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"1853_CR17","unstructured":"Material source: Chinese Public Health Statistics Yearbo 2019."},{"key":"1853_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-053218","volume":"12","author":"AM Simmelink","year":"2022","unstructured":"Simmelink AM, Gichuki CM, Ampt FH, Manguro G, Lim MSC, Agius P, et al. Assessment of the lifetime prevalence and incidence of induced abortion and correlates among female sex workers in Mombasa, Kenya: a secondary cohort analysis. BMJ Open. 2022;12: e053218.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"1853_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2007.11.013","volume":"77","author":"CT Bautista","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bautista CT, Mej\u00eda A, Leal L, Ayala C, Sanchez JL, Montano SM. Prevalence of lifetime abortion and methods of contraception among female sex workers in Bogota Colombia. Contraception. 2008;77:209\u201313.","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"1853_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e31820b8eba","volume":"38","author":"SL Braunstein","year":"2011","unstructured":"Braunstein SL, Ingabire CM, Kestelyn E, Uwizera AU, Mwamarangwe L, Ntirushwa J, et al. High human immunodeficiency virus incidence in a cohort of Rwandan female sex workers. Sex Transm Dis. 2011;38:385\u201394.","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"1853_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000000796","volume":"71","author":"MM Deschamps","year":"2016","unstructured":"Deschamps MM, Metch B, Morgan CA, Zorilla CD, Donastorg Y, Swann E, et al. Feasibility of identifying a female sex worker cohort at high risk of HIV infection in the caribbean for HIV vaccine efficacy trials: longitudinal results of HVTN 907. JAIDS J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2016;71:70\u20137.","journal-title":"JAIDS J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"1853_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1168","DOI":"10.1080\/09540121.2018.1563284","volume":"31","author":"G George","year":"2019","unstructured":"George G, Nene S, Beckett S, Durevall D, Lindskog A, Govender K. Greater risk for more money: the economics of negotiating condom use amongst sex workers in South Africa. AIDS Care. 2019;31:1168\u201371.","journal-title":"AIDS Care"},{"key":"1853_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1080\/13691058.2015.1077994","volume":"18","author":"SY Tan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tan SY, Melendez-Torres GJ. A systematic review and metasynthesis of barriers and facilitators to negotiating consistent condom use among sex workers in Asia. Cult Health Sex. 2016;18:249\u201364.","journal-title":"Cult Health Sex"},{"key":"1853_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2022.07.009","volume":"74","author":"Y Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang Y, Dooley K, Wang C, Smith K. Biomedical contraceptives and their association with condom use consistency among female sex workers in China: results from a national cross-sectional study. Ann Epidemiol. 2022;74:104\u201310.","journal-title":"Ann Epidemiol"},{"key":"1853_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0182249","volume":"12","author":"T Wahed","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wahed T, Alam A, Sultana S, Rahman M, Alam N, Martens M, et al. Barriers to sexual and reproductive healthcare services as experienced by female sex workers and service providers in Dhaka city Bangladesh. PLoS ONE. 2017;12: e0182249.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1853_CR26","volume-title":"Sexual and reproductive health and HIV\/AIDS: a framework for priority linkages. La sant\u00e9 sexuelle et reproductive et le VIH\/SIDA: un cadre de liens prioritaires","author":"Organization WH, UNAIDS, Federation IPP, Fund UNP","year":"2005","unstructured":"Organization WH, UNAIDS, Federation IPP, Fund UNP. Sexual and reproductive health and HIV\/AIDS: a framework for priority linkages. La sant\u00e9 sexuelle et reproductive et le VIH\/SIDA: un cadre de liens prioritaires. Geneva: WHO; 2005."},{"key":"1853_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1186\/s12978-023-01659-z","volume":"20","author":"N Elmi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Elmi N, Marquez NG, Rucinski K, Lyons C, Turpin G, Ba I, et al. Meeting the reproductive health needs of female sex workers in C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire: protecting the human right to dignified health. Reprod Health. 2023;20:133.","journal-title":"Reprod Health"},{"key":"1853_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1186\/s12978-018-0633-1","volume":"15","author":"C Milford","year":"2018","unstructured":"Milford C, Scorgie F, Rambally Greener L, Mabude Z, Beksinska M, Harrison A, et al. Developing a model for integrating sexual and reproductive health services with HIV prevention and care in KwaZulu-Natal South Africa. Reprod Health. 2018;15:189.","journal-title":"Reprod Health"},{"key":"1853_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.srhc.2014.03.001","volume":"5","author":"A Cleeve","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cleeve A, Phrasisombath K, Sychareun V, Faxelid E. Attitudes and experiences regarding induced abortion among female sex workers, Savannakhet Province. Laos Sex Reprod Healthcare. 2014;5:137\u201341.","journal-title":"Laos Sex Reprod Healthcare"},{"key":"1853_CR30","first-page":"133","volume":"19","author":"T Shen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Shen T, Csete J. HIV, sex work, and law enforcement in China. Health Hum Rights. 2017;19:133\u201346.","journal-title":"Health Hum Rights"},{"key":"1853_CR31","volume-title":"Implementing comprehensive HIV\/STI programmes with sex workers: practical approaches from collaborative interventions","author":"World Health Organization, UNFPA, UNAIDS, World Bank, Global Network of Sex Work Projects (NSWP)","year":"2013","unstructured":"World Health Organization, UNFPA, UNAIDS, World Bank, Global Network of Sex Work Projects (NSWP). Implementing comprehensive HIV\/STI programmes with sex workers: practical approaches from collaborative interventions. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2013."},{"key":"1853_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0201214","volume":"13","author":"M Makenzius","year":"2018","unstructured":"Makenzius M, Faxelid E, Gemzell-Danielsson K, Odero TMA, Klingberg-Allvin M, Oguttu M. Contraceptive uptake in post abortion care\u2014Secondary outcomes from a randomised controlled trial, Kisumu Kenya. PLoS ONE. 2018;13: e0201214.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1853_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(18)30542-4","volume":"7","author":"M Temmerman","year":"2019","unstructured":"Temmerman M. Missed opportunities in women\u2019s health: post-abortion care. Lancet Glob Health. 2019;7:e12\u20133.","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"1853_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1080\/26410397.2021.1881209","volume":"29","author":"S Chareka","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chareka S, Crankshaw TL, Zambezi P. Economic and social dimensions influencing safety of induced abortions amongst young women who sell sex in Zimbabwe. Sex Reprod Health Matters. 2021;29:121\u201332.","journal-title":"Sex Reprod Health Matters"},{"key":"1853_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1080\/13691058.2014.922218","volume":"16","author":"HM Marlow","year":"2014","unstructured":"Marlow HM, Shellenberg K, Yegon E. Abortion services for sex workers in Uganda: successful strategies in an urban clinic. Cult Health Sex. 2014;16:931\u201343.","journal-title":"Cult Health Sex"},{"key":"1853_CR36","unstructured":"Family planning\/contraception methods. https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/family-planning-contraception. Accessed 7 Dec 2023."},{"key":"1853_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)62460-0","volume":"386","author":"CC Harper","year":"2015","unstructured":"Harper CC, Rocca CH, Thompson KM, Morfesis J, Goodman S, Darney PD, et al. Reductions in pregnancy rates in the USA with long-acting reversible contraception: a cluster randomised trial. The Lancet. 2015;386:562\u20138.","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"1853_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2015.06.026","volume":"131","author":"CE Martin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Martin CE, Wirtz AL, Mogilniy V, Peryshkina A, Beyrer C, Decker MR. Contraceptive use among female sex workers in three Russian cities. Int J Gynecol Obstet. 2015;131:156\u201360.","journal-title":"Int J Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"1853_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-046536","volume":"11","author":"H Kosugi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kosugi H, Shibanuma A, Kiriya J, Ong KIC, Mucunguzi S, Muzoora C, et al. Positive deviance for promoting dual-method contraceptive use among women in Uganda: a cluster randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open. 2021;11: e046536.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"1853_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1002\/ijgo.12862","volume":"146","author":"FH Ampt","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ampt FH, Lim MSC, Agius PA, Chersich MF, Manguro G, Gichuki CM, et al. Use of long-acting reversible contraception in a cluster-random sample of female sex workers in Kenya. Intl J Gynecology & Obste. 2019;146:184\u201391.","journal-title":"Intl J Gynecology & Obste"},{"key":"1853_CR41","volume-title":"Medical eligibility criteria for contraceptive use","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2015","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Medical eligibility criteria for contraceptive use. 5th ed. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2015.","edition":"5"}],"container-title":["Reproductive Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12978-024-01853-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12978-024-01853-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12978-024-01853-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,24]],"date-time":"2024-07-24T16:32:21Z","timestamp":1721838741000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/reproductive-health-journal.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12978-024-01853-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,24]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1853"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12978-024-01853-7","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-4373637\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1742-4755"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1742-4755","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"6 May 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 July 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 July 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the Ethical Committee of Dermatology Hospital of Southern Medical University (2022110). All participants provided written informed consent. This investigation was anonymous and confidential, and did not involve personally identifiable information.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"110"}}