{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T01:52:10Z","timestamp":1791856330546,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]],"date-time":"2026-02-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770595200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773360000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":32,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Reprod Health"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12978-026-02270-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]],"date-time":"2026-02-09T14:16:40Z","timestamp":1770646600000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Primary and secondary infertility in India: a systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Kshetrimayum Surmala","family":"Devi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Devika","family":"Mehra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deepika","family":"Bahl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Hamza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leena","family":"Uppal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sancheeta","family":"Ghosh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Subha Sankar","family":"Das","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sunil","family":"Mehra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"2270_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.20.252049","volume":"98","author":"JD Gipson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gipson JD, Bornstein MJ, Hindin MJ. Infertility: a continually neglected component of sexual and reproductive health and rights. Bull World Health Organ. 2020;98(7):505\u20136.","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"issue":"4","key":"2270_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.34297\/AJBSR.2019.05.000922","volume":"5","author":"SS Seyedi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Seyedi SS, Hosseini A, Rabiei R, Asadi F, Moghaddasi H. Infertility information system with a n approach to data architecture: A systematic review. Am J Biomed Sci Res. 2019;5(4):254\u201361.","journal-title":"Am J Biomed Sci Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"2270_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2004.11.033","volume":"83","author":"U Larsen","year":"2005","unstructured":"Larsen U. Research on infertility: which definition should we use? Fertil Steril. 2005;83(4):846\u201352.","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"issue":"4","key":"2270_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"hoac051","DOI":"10.1093\/hropen\/hoac051","volume":"2022","author":"CM Cox","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cox CM, Thoma ME, Tchangalova N, Mburu G, Bornstein MJ, Johnson CL, et al. Infertility prevalence and the methods of Estimation from 1990 to 2021: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Reprod Open. 2022;2022(4):hoac051.","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Open"},{"key":"2270_CR5","unstructured":"Infertility WHO. [cited 2024 Mar 22]. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news\/item\/04-04-2023-1-in-6-people-globally-affected-by-infertility."},{"issue":"7","key":"2270_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0289096","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0289096","volume":"18","author":"S Kundu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kundu S, Ali B, Dhillon P. Surging trends of infertility and its behavioural determinants in India. Yilmaz T, editor. PLoS ONE. 2023;18(7):e0289096.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2270_CR7","unstructured":"Neelma K, Smita, International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR). Abstract of Causes of Increasing, IJSR, Call for Papers, Online Journal. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR). [cited 2024 Mar 22]; Available from: https:\/\/www.ijsr.net\/."},{"issue":"1","key":"2270_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-018-0669-y","volume":"18","author":"R Mahey","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mahey R, Gupta M, Kandpal S, Malhotra N, Vanamail P, Singh N, et al. Fertility awareness and knowledge among Indian women attending an infertility clinic: a cross-sectional study. BMC Women\u2019s Health. 2018;18(1):177.","journal-title":"BMC Women\u2019s Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"2270_CR9","first-page":"131","volume":"12","author":"SB Hasanpoor-Azghdy","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hasanpoor-Azghdy SB, Simbar M, Vedadhir A. The emotional-psychological consequences of infertility among infertile women seeking treatment: results of a qualitative study. Iran J Reprod Med. 2014;12(2):131\u20138.","journal-title":"Iran J Reprod Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"2270_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.4103\/ijcm.IJCM_7_19","volume":"44","author":"A Katole","year":"2019","unstructured":"Katole A, Saoji AV. Prevalence of primary infertility and its associated risk factors in urban population of central India: A Community-Based Cross-Sectional study. Indian J Community Med. 2019;44(4):337\u201341.","journal-title":"Indian J Community Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2270_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10016-1298","volume":"14","author":"AB Banerjee","year":"2023","unstructured":"Banerjee AB, Jain P, Choudhary K, Banerjee A. Primary infertility: A Rural-based study of associated risk factors in North-west part of India. Int J Infertility Fetal Med. 2023;14(1):42\u20136.","journal-title":"Int J Infertility Fetal Med"},{"key":"2270_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cegh.2020.08.008","volume":"9","author":"N Purkayastha","year":"2021","unstructured":"Purkayastha N, Sharma H. Prevalence and potential determinants of primary infertility in India: evidence from Indian demographic health survey. Clin Epidemiol Global Health. 2021;9:162\u201370.","journal-title":"Clin Epidemiol Global Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"2270_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2010.02.007","volume":"8","author":"D Moher","year":"2010","unstructured":"Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. Int J Surg. 2010;8(5):336\u201341.","journal-title":"Int J Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"2270_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-017-0468-4","volume":"18","author":"Z Munn","year":"2018","unstructured":"Munn Z, Stern C, Aromataris E, Lockwood C, Jordan Z. What kind of systematic review should I conduct? A proposed typology and guidance for systematic reviewers in the medical and health sciences. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2018;18(1):5.","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"key":"2270_CR15","unstructured":"WHO. Infertility. Fact sheets. WHO. 2024 May. [cited 2024 Mar 21]. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/infertility."},{"key":"2270_CR16","unstructured":"Nosgen.pdf. [cited 2024 Mar 22]. Available from: https:\/\/www.ohri.ca\/programs\/clinical_epidemiology\/nosgen.pdf."},{"issue":"4","key":"2270_CR17","first-page":"338","volume":"17","author":"MSG Naz","year":"2020","unstructured":"Naz MSG, Ozgoli G, Sayehmiri K. Prevalence of infertility in Iran: A systematic review and Meta-Analysis. Urol J. 2020;17(4):338\u201345.","journal-title":"Urol J"},{"issue":"1","key":"2270_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e100074","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjos-2020-100074","volume":"5","author":"E Tanriver-Ayder","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tanriver-Ayder E, Faes C, van de Casteele T, McCann SK, Macleod MR. Comparison of commonly used methods in random effects meta-analysis: application to preclinical data in drug discovery research. BMJ Open Sci. 2021;5(1):e100074.","journal-title":"BMJ Open Sci"},{"key":"2270_CR19","unstructured":"Higgins JP, Green S. Recommendations on testing for funnel plot asymmetry. Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions version. 2011;5(0). Available from: https:\/\/handbook-5-1.cochrane.org\/chapter_10\/10_4_3_1_recommendations_on_testing_for_funnel_plot_asymmetry.htm."},{"issue":"2","key":"2270_CR20","first-page":"1","volume":"7","author":"D Kumar","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kumar D. Prevalence of female infertility and its socioeconomic factors in tribal communities of central India. Rural Remote Health. 2007;7(2):1\u20135.","journal-title":"Rural Remote Health"},{"key":"2270_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18203\/2320-1770.ijrcog20172118","volume-title":"Analysis of causes and clinical pattern of infertility in couples coming to a tertiary care centre in Bihar, India","author":"K Singh","year":"2017","unstructured":"Singh K, Kumari R, Ranjan A, Bharti G. Analysis of causes and clinical pattern of infertility in couples coming to a tertiary care centre in Bihar, India. Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology: International Journal of Reproduction; 2017."},{"issue":"4","key":"2270_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(97)00269-0","volume":"68","author":"AH Zargar","year":"1997","unstructured":"Zargar AH, Wani AI, Masoodi SR, Laway BA, Salahuddin M. Epidemiologic and etiologic aspects of primary infertility in the Kashmir region of India. Fertil Steril. 1997;68(4):637\u201343.","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"2270_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.9790\/0853-13221317","volume":"13","author":"D Manna","year":"2014","unstructured":"Manna D, Pandit D, Bhattacharya D, Biswas D. A community based study on infertility and associated sociodemographic factors in West Bengal, India. IOSR J Dent Med Sci. 2014;13:13\u20137.","journal-title":"IOSR J Dent Med Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"2270_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.4103\/ijcm.IJCM_306_16","volume":"43","author":"S Chauhan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chauhan S, Unisa S, Joshi B, Kulkarni R, Singh A, Subramanian T, et al. Capacity assessment of district health system in India on services for prevention and management of infertility. Indian J Community Med. 2018;43(1):19\u201323.","journal-title":"Indian J Community Med"},{"key":"2270_CR25","first-page":"8432","volume":"3","author":"M Rathod","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rathod M, Kaliya M, Gohel A, Bundela C, Unadakat S, Dipesh P. Prevalence of infertility in rural community: A community based Cross- sectional study. J Med Sci Clin Res. 2015;3:8432\u20136.","journal-title":"J Med Sci Clin Res"},{"key":"2270_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3372","DOI":"10.18203\/2394-6040.ijcmph20183064","volume":"5","author":"S Kazmi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kazmi S, Prakash S, Parveen K, Shaikh S, Prakash G. Prevalence and sociodemographic covariates of infertility in Allahabad district. Int J Community Med Public Health. 2018;5:3372.","journal-title":"Int J Community Med Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"2270_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.4103\/ijcm.IJCM_172_18","volume":"44","author":"R Udgiri","year":"2019","unstructured":"Udgiri R, Patil VV. Comparative study to determine the prevalence and socio-cultural practices of infertility in rural and urban field practice area of tertiary care hospital, Vijayapura, Karnataka. Indian J Community Med. 2019;44(2):129\u201333.","journal-title":"Indian J Community Med"},{"key":"2270_CR28","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Infertility prevalence estimates, 1990\u20132021. World Health Organization. 2023. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications-detail-redirect\/978920068315."},{"key":"2270_CR29","unstructured":"Vaessen M. Childlessness and infecundity. (No Title). [cited 2024 Mar 22]; Available from: https:\/\/cir.nii.ac.jp\/crid\/1130282268937652864."},{"issue":"4","key":"2270_CR30","first-page":"440","volume":"134","author":"PC Adamson","year":"2011","unstructured":"Adamson PC, Krupp K, Freeman AH, Klausner JD, Reingold AL, Madhivanan P. Prevalence & correlates of primary infertility among young women in Mysore, India. Indian J Med Res. 2011;134(4):440\u20136.","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"2270_CR31","first-page":"338","volume":"17","author":"MSG Naz","year":"2020","unstructured":"Saei Ghare Naz M, Ozgoli G, Sayehmiri K. Prevalence of infertility in Iran: A systematic review and Meta-Analysis. Urol J. 2020;17(4):338\u201345.","journal-title":"Urol J"},{"issue":"1","key":"2270_CR32","first-page":"37","volume":"20","author":"N Borumandnia","year":"2022","unstructured":"Borumandnia N, Alavi Majd H, Khadembashi N, Alaii H. Worldwide trend analysis of primary and secondary infertility rates over past decades: A cross-sectional study. Int J Reprod Biomed. 2022;20(1):37\u201346.","journal-title":"Int J Reprod Biomed"},{"issue":"2","key":"2270_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1093\/heapol\/czn053","volume":"24","author":"A Widge","year":"2009","unstructured":"Widge A, Cleland J. The public sector\u2019s role in infertility management in India. Health Policy Plann. 2009;24(2):108\u201315.","journal-title":"Health Policy Plann"},{"key":"2270_CR34","unstructured":"Sabha L. Government of India ministry of health and family welfare department of health research."},{"key":"2270_CR35","unstructured":"Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. Indian Public Health Standards. Sub Districts Hospitals and Districts Hospitals. 2022. Available from: https:\/\/nhm.gov.in\/images\/pdf\/guidelines\/iphs\/iphs-revised-guidlines-2022\/01-SDH_DH_IPHS_Guidelines-2022.pdf."},{"key":"2270_CR36","unstructured":"Indian Public Health Standards Health And Wellness Centre - Primary Health Centre. 2022 Volume-Iii Ministry Of Health & Family Welfare.Pdf."},{"key":"2270_CR37","unstructured":"Indian Public Health Standards Community Health Centre. 2022 Volume-Ii Ministry Of Health & Family Welfare.Pdf."},{"issue":"1","key":"2270_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rbmo.2020.03.007","volume":"41","author":"S Dyer","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dyer S, Chambers GM, Adamson GD, Banker M, De Mouzon J, Ishihara O, et al. ART utilization: an indicator of access to infertility care. Reprod Biomed Online. 2020;41(1):6\u20139.","journal-title":"Reprod Biomed Online"},{"issue":"2","key":"2270_CR39","first-page":"155","volume":"9","author":"K Singh","year":"1976","unstructured":"Singh K. National population policy. NIHAE Bull. 1976;9(2):155\u201360. Available from: https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/1028963\/.","journal-title":"NIHAE Bull"},{"issue":"3","key":"2270_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.22074\/IJFS.2021.139093.1039","volume":"15","author":"M Taebi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Taebi M, Kariman N, Montazeri A, Alavi Majd H. Infertility stigma: A qualitative study on feelings and experiences of infertile women. Int J Fertil Steril. 2021;15(3):189\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22074\/IJFS.2021.139093.1039. Epub 2021 Jun 22. PMID: 34155865; PMCID: PMC8233927.","journal-title":"Int J Fertil Steril"},{"key":"2270_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2699","DOI":"10.2147\/IJWH.S539531","volume":"17","author":"J Lee","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lee J, Kim S, Nam SH. Living with silence and shame: A Meta-Synthesis of women\u2019s lived experiences of Infertility-Related stigma. Int J Womens Health. 2025;17:2699\u2013713. PMID: 40900968; PMCID: PMC12399895.","journal-title":"Int J Womens Health"},{"key":"2270_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2022.102302","volume":"86","author":"R Ga","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ga R, Muvvala SPR. Access to infertility care and ART treatment in India: A clinician\u2019s perspective. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2023;86:102302.","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynecol"}],"container-title":["Reproductive Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12978-026-02270-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12978-026-02270-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12978-026-02270-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T11:27:28Z","timestamp":1773401248000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12978-026-02270-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2270"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12978-026-02270-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1742-4755"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1742-4755","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"25 June 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 January 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 February 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"55"}}