{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T02:06:24Z","timestamp":1785290784329,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,12]],"date-time":"2019-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1568246400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,12]],"date-time":"2019-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1568246400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["AIDS Res Ther"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n              <jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>According to the user instructions from the manufacturer of OraQuick HIV self-test (HIVST)\u00a0kits, individuals whose kits show one red band should be considered to be HIV-negative, no matter how weak the band is. However, recent reports show potential for a second false weak band after storage, thereby creating confusion in the interpretation of results.\u00a0In this study, we re-tested individuals whose results were initially non-reactive but changed to weak reactive results to determine their true HIV status.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>\n              <jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This study was nested within a large, cluster-randomized HIVST trial implemented among pregnant women attending antenatal care and their male partners in central Uganda between July 2016 and February 2017. Ninety-five initially HIV-negative respondents were enrolled into this study, including 52 whose kits developed a second weak band while in storage and 43 whose kits were interpreted as HIV-positive by interviewers at the next follow-up interview. Respondents were invited to return for repeat HIVST which was performed under the observation of a trained nurse counsellor. After HIVST, respondents underwent blood-based rapid HIV testing as per the national HIV testing algorithm (Determine (Abbot Laboratories), STAT-PAK (Chembio Diagnostic Systems Inc.) and Unigold (Trinity Biotech plc.) and dry blood spots were obtained for DNA\/PCR testing. DNA\/PCR was considered as the gold-standard HIV testing method.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>\n              <jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>After repeat HIVST, 90 (94.7%) tested HIV-negative; 2 (2.1%) tested HIV-positive; and 3 (3.2%) had missing HIV test results. When respondents were subjected to blood-based rapid HIV testing, 97.9% (93\/95) tested HIV-negative while 2.1% (2\/95) tested HIV-positive. Finally, when the respondents were subjected to DNA\/PCR, 99% (94\/95) tested HIV-negative while 1.1% (1\/95) tested HIV-positive.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>\n              <jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Nearly all initially HIV-negative individuals whose HIVST kits developed a second weak band while in storage or were interpreted as HIV-positive by interviewers were found to be HIV-negative after confirmatory DNA\/PCR HIV testing. These findings suggest a need for HIV-negative individuals whose HIVST results change to false positive while under storage or under other sub-optimal conditions to be provided with an option for repeat testing to determine their true HIV status.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12981-019-0243-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,12]],"date-time":"2019-09-12T11:03:08Z","timestamp":1568286188000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Repeat HIV testing of individuals with discrepant HIV self-test results in Central Uganda"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Rose","family":"Kisa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6480-2940","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joseph K. B.","family":"Matovu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esther","family":"Buregyeya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Musoke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline J.","family":"Vrana-Diaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey E.","family":"Korte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rhoda K.","family":"Wanyenze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"243_CR1","unstructured":"WHO. Guidelines on HIV self-testing and partner notification: supplement to consolidated guidelines on HIV testing services 2016. Geneva: World Health Organization. \n                    https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/251655\/9789241549868-eng.pdf?sequence=1\n                    \n                  . Accessed 14 Apr 2019."},{"key":"243_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2296-11-77","volume":"11","author":"MH Ickenroth","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ickenroth MH, Ronda G, Grispen JE, Dinant GJ, de Vries NK, Van Der Weijden T. How do people respond to self-test results? A cross-sectional survey. BMC Fam Pract. 2010;11:77\u201384.","journal-title":"BMC Fam Pract"},{"key":"243_CR3","unstructured":"WHO. HIV self-testing among health workers: a review of the literature and discussion of current practices, issues and options for increasing access to HIV testing in sub-Saharan Africa 2011. Geneva: World Health Organization. \n                    https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/44510\/9789241501033_eng.pdf;jsessionid=25919DD56BE630EDDDDB03631373BC43?sequence=1\n                    \n                  . Accessed 21 May 2019."},{"key":"243_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0122783","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0122783","volume":"10","author":"T Makusha","year":"2015","unstructured":"Makusha T, Knight L, Taegtmeyer M, Tulloch O, Davids A, Lim J, et al. HIV self-testing could \u201crevolutionize testing in South Africa, but it has got to be done properly\u201d: perceptions of key stakeholders. PLoS ONE. 2015;10:e0122783.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"243_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19445","DOI":"10.7448\/IAS.18.1.19445","volume":"18","author":"H van Rooyen","year":"2015","unstructured":"van Rooyen H, Tulloch O, Mukoma W, Makusha T, Chepuka L, Knight LC, et al. What are the constraints and opportunities for HIVST scale-up in Africa? Evidence from Kenya, Malawi and South Africa. J Int AIDS Soc. 2015;18:19445\u201354.","journal-title":"J Int AIDS Soc"},{"key":"243_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0158107","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0158107","volume":"11","author":"AT Choko","year":"2016","unstructured":"Choko AT, Taegtmeyer M, MacPherson P, Cocker D, Khundi M, Thindwa D, et al. Initial accuracy of HIV rapid test kits stored in suboptimal conditions and validity of delayed reading of oral fluid tests. PLoS ONE. 2016;11:e0158107.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"243_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e25234","DOI":"10.1002\/jia2.25234","volume":"22","author":"V Watson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Watson V, Dacombe RJ, Williams C, Edwards T, Adams ER, Cheryl CJ, et al. Re-reading of OraQuick HIV-1\/2 rapid antibody test results: quality assurance implications for HIV self-testing programmes. J Int AIDS Soc. 2019;22(Suppl):e25234.","journal-title":"J Int AIDS Soc"},{"key":"243_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0132422","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0132422","volume":"10","author":"L Shanks","year":"2015","unstructured":"Shanks L, Ritmeijer K, Piriou E, Siddiqui MR, Kliescikova J, Pearce N, et al. Accounting for false positive HIV tests: is visceral leishmaniasis responsible? PLoS ONE. 2015;10:e0132422.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"243_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-0500-5-154","volume":"5","author":"S Baveewo","year":"2012","unstructured":"Baveewo S, Kamya MR, Mayanja-Kizza H, Fatch R, Bangsberg DR, Coates T, et al. Potential for false positive HIV test results with the serial rapid HIV testing algorithm. 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PLoS ONE. 2009;4:e8217.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"243_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1258\/ijsa.2008.008132","volume":"19","author":"J Zelin","year":"2008","unstructured":"Zelin J, Garrett N, Saunders J, Warburton F, Anderson J, Moir K, et al. An evaluation of the performance of OraQuick\u00ae ADVANCE Rapid HIV-1\/2 Test in a high-risk population attending genitourinary medicine clinics in East London, UK. Int J STD AIDS. 2008;19:665\u20137.","journal-title":"Int J STD AIDS"},{"key":"243_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0210866","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0210866","volume":"14","author":"W Belete","year":"2019","unstructured":"Belete W, Deressa T, Feleke A, Menna T, Moshago T, Abdella S, et al. Evaluation of diagnostic performance of non-invasive HIV self-testing kit using oral fluid in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: a facility-based cross-sectional study. 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J Virol Methods. 2013;192:25\u20137.","journal-title":"J Virol Methods"},{"key":"243_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1480","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.05069-11","volume":"18","author":"T Crucitti","year":"2011","unstructured":"Crucitti T, Taylor D, Beelaert G, Fransen K, Van Damme L. Performance of a rapid and simple HIV testing algorithm in a multicenter phase III microbicide clinical trial. Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2011;18:1480\u20135.","journal-title":"Clin Vaccine Immunol"}],"container-title":["AIDS Research and Therapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12981-019-0243-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12981-019-0243-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12981-019-0243-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,10]],"date-time":"2020-09-10T23:22:13Z","timestamp":1599780133000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/aidsrestherapy.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12981-019-0243-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,12]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["243"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12981-019-0243-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["1742-6405"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1742-6405","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"21 May 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 August 2019","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 September 2019","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The study procedures for the primary study were approved by Makerere University School of Public Health Higher Degrees Research and Ethics Committee (#392), Uganda National Council for Science and Technology (HS 2022), and the Medical University of South Carolina Institutional Review Board. The study was registered with 3ie\u2019s Registry for International Development Impact Evaluations (RIDIE-STUDY-ID-56e1817442fbf).","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"The general informed consent included a statement on intent to publish. Researchers sought permission from participants prior to administering the questionnaires.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"26"}}