{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T20:34:01Z","timestamp":1776803641866,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,15]],"date-time":"2021-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618444800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,15]],"date-time":"2021-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618444800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["AIDS Res Ther"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The frequency of new-onset HIV-associated seizure in the HIV-infected patient is estimated to be between 2 and 11%. Identifying the underlying etiology of new-onset seizure will have a vital impact on the mortality and morbidity of patients living with HIV infection.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Case presentation<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We report a 34-year old newly diagnosed HIV+\u2009male patient presented with abnormal body movement (ABM) involving his right hemibody associated with loss of consciousness lasting few minutes of two weeks duration. The ABM occurred frequently (&gt;\u2009five times per week) and associated with frothy and excessive salivation. He reported headache following each spells. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed bilateral frontal T2 and FLAIR hyperintensity and T1 hypointensity; post contrast study showed bilateral small ring enhancing lesion with perilesional oedema, the biggest one on the left hemisphere, with a 10\u00a0mm diameter; considering patient advanced immunosuppression and underlying HIV infection, the brain MRI findings were consistent with cerebral toxoplasmosis. Bipolar montage electroencephalography (EEG) study showed generalized background slowing, prominent in the left fronto-centeral region. Patient was managed with combination antiretroviral therapy, anti-toxoplasmosis medication, and anticonvulsant. On follow up, the frequency of seizure attack has significantly reduced.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Considering the high prevalence of HIV infection and associated seizure among people living with HIV in sub-Saharan Africa, this case fairly highlights on the importance of utilizing advanced imaging techniques such as MRI and EEG in identifying the underlying causes of HIV-associated seizures.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12981-021-00344-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,15]],"date-time":"2021-04-15T10:48:47Z","timestamp":1618483727000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["New-onset focal seizure as a presenting feature of HIV infection: a case report and mini review to the challenge in resource-limited settings"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7955-6030","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Biniyam A.","family":"Ayele","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zemichael","family":"Getu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amen","family":"Samuel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"344_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-6405-9-11","volume":"9","author":"T Berhe","year":"2012","unstructured":"Berhe T, Melkamu Y, Amare A. The pattern and predictors of mortality of HIV\/AIDS patients with neurologic manifestation in Ethiopia: a retrospective study. AIDS Res Ther. 2012;9:1\u20137.","journal-title":"AIDS Res Ther"},{"key":"344_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000001796","volume":"33","author":"KT Thakur","year":"2019","unstructured":"Thakur KT, Boubour A, Saylor D, Das M, Bearden DR, Birbeck GL. Global HIV neurology: a comprehensive review. AIDS. 2019;33:163\u201384.","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"344_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebcr.2018.02.006","author":"L Zaporojan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zaporojan L, McNamara PH, Williams JA, Bergin C, Redmond J, Doherty CP. Seizures in HIV: the case for special consideration. Epilepsy Behav Case Reports. 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ebcr.2018.02.006.","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav Case Reports"},{"key":"344_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2013-009333","volume":"2013","author":"P Parekh","year":"2013","unstructured":"Parekh P, Boggs JP, Silverberg M, Marik P. Seizure as an initial presentation of human immunodeficiency virus: acute toxoplasmosis mimicking glioblastoma multiforme. BMJ Case Rep. 2013;2013:1\u20133.","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep"},{"key":"344_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/usy002","volume":"183","author":"PA Reilly","year":"2018","unstructured":"Reilly PA, Hendrickson TL. Issue overview. Mil Med. 2018;183:2.","journal-title":"Mil Med"},{"key":"344_CR6","volume-title":"National consolidated HIV prevention, comprehensive guidelines for care and treatment","author":"Ethiopian Federal Ministry of Health","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ethiopian Federal Ministry of Health. National consolidated HIV prevention, comprehensive guidelines for care and treatment. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Ethiopian Federal Ministry of Health; 2018."},{"key":"344_CR7","unstructured":"Opportunistic infections in adults and adolescents with HIV. Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in adults and adolescents with HIV: recommendations from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the National Institutes of Health, and the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. http:\/\/aidsinfo.nih.gov\/contentfiles\/lvguidelines\/adult_oi.pdf."},{"key":"344_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00242","volume":"10","author":"D Schl\u00fcter","year":"2019","unstructured":"Schl\u00fcter D, Barragan A. Advances and challenges in understanding cerebral toxoplasmosis. Front Immunol. 2019;10:1\u201313.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"344_CR9","first-page":"21","volume":"33","author":"YN Mapoure","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mapoure YN, Luma HN, Tchaleu BC. Seizure during cerebral toxoplasmosis in HIV\/AIDS patients. Afr J Neurol Sci. 2014;33(1):21\u20139.","journal-title":"Afr J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"344_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.12490","volume":"55","author":"F Bonini","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bonini F, McGonigal A, Tr\u00e9buchon A, Gavaret M, Bartolomei F, Giusiano B, et al. Frontal lobe seizures: from clinical semiology to localization. Epilepsia. 2014;55:264\u201377.","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"344_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205031211880124","DOI":"10.1177\/2050312118801242","volume":"6","author":"S Pillay","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pillay S, Ramchandre K. Audit of computed tomography brain findings in HIV-infected patients with space occupying infective lesions at a regional level hospital in KwaZulu-Natal. SAGE Open Med. 2018;6:205031211880124.","journal-title":"SAGE Open Med"},{"key":"344_CR12","first-page":"160","volume":"57","author":"V Nissapatorn","year":"2004","unstructured":"Nissapatorn V, Lee C, Quek KF, Leong CL, Mahmud R, Abdullah KA. Toxoplasmosis in HIV\/AIDS patients: a current situation. Jpn J Infect Dis. 2004;57:160\u20135.","journal-title":"Jpn J Infect Dis"},{"key":"344_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000001411","volume":"84","author":"OK Siddiqi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Siddiqi OK, Elafros MA, Sikazwe I, Birbeck GL, Kalungwana L, Potchen MJ, et al. Acute EEG findings in HIV-infected: Zambian adults with new-onset seizure. Neurology. 2015;84:1317\u201322.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"344_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.75.885.387","volume":"75","author":"RK Garg","year":"1999","unstructured":"Garg RK. HIV infection and seizures. Postgrad Med J. 1999;75:387\u201390.","journal-title":"Postgrad Med J"},{"key":"344_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(08)70284-9","author":"R Craven","year":"2009","unstructured":"Craven R. Building neurological services in Africa. Lancet Neurol. 2009. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1474-4422(08)70284-9.","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"344_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e48","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.14404","volume":"27","author":"BA Ayele","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ayele BA, Rizig M, Amogne W, Zenebe Y, Demissie H, Gams Massi D, El-Sadig S, Charway-Felli A, Abd-Allah F. COVID-19 and the state of African neurology. Eur J Neurol. 2020;27:e48\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ene.14404.","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"344_CR17","volume-title":"Neurology Atlas","author":"World Health Organization (WHO)","year":"2004","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO). Neurology Atlas. Switzerland: WHO; 2004."}],"container-title":["AIDS Research and Therapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12981-021-00344-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12981-021-00344-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12981-021-00344-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,15]],"date-time":"2021-04-15T10:58:45Z","timestamp":1618484325000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/aidsrestherapy.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12981-021-00344-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,15]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["344"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12981-021-00344-0","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-112078\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1742-6405"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1742-6405","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 November 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 April 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 April 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The author\u2019s institutions does not require ethical approval letter for publication of a single case. The patient has given written informed consent for publication of the case.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"The authors have no competing interests to declare.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"12"}}