{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T18:55:22Z","timestamp":1791140122595,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,24]],"date-time":"2021-06-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1624492800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,24]],"date-time":"2021-06-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1624492800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009054","name":"U.S. President\u2019s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["AIDS Res Ther"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Uganda has registered a reduction in new HIV infections among children in recent years. However, mother-to-child transmission of HIV still occurs, especially among pregnant women who present late. To eliminate this transmission, all HIV-positive pregnant women should be identified during antenatal HIV testing. We described women newly identified HIV-positive during pregnancy and postnatal period 2015\u20132018.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We extracted surveillance data for women identified as HIV-positive during pregnancy and the postnatal period reported through the Health Management Information System from 2015\u20132018. We calculated proportions newly positive at antenatal, labor, and postnatal periods nationally and at district levels. We disaggregated data into \u2018tested early\u2019 (during antenatal care) and \u2018tested late\u2019 (during labor or postnatal period) and calculated the proportion positive. We evaluated trends in these parameters at national and district levels.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Overall, 8,485,854 mothers were tested for HIV during this period. Of these, 2.4% tested HIV-positive for the first time. While the total number of mothers tested increased from 1,327,022 in 2015 to 2,514,212 in 2018, the proportion testing HIV-positive decreased from 3.0% in 2015 to 1.7% in 2018 (43% decline over the study period, p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Of 6,781,047 tested early, 2.2% tested HIV-positive. The proportion positive among those tested early dropped from 2.5% in 2015 to 1.7% in 2018. Of 1,704,807 tested late, 3.2% tested HIV-positive. The proportion positive among those tested late dropped from 5.2% in 2015 to 1.6% in 2018. At the district level, Kalangala District had the highest proportion testing positive at 13% (909\/11,312) in 2015; this dropped to 5.2% (169\/3278) in 2018.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The proportion of women newly testing HIV-positive during pregnancy and postnatal declined significantly during 2015\u20132018. A higher proportion of mothers who tested late vs early were HIV-positive. Failure to identify HIV early represents an increased risk of transmission. Ministry of Health should strengthen Elimination of Mother to Child Transmission (eMTCT) services to sustain this decrease through targeted interventions for poorly-performing districts. It should strengthen community-based health education on antenatal care and HIV testing and enhance the implementation of other primary prevention strategies targeting adolescents and young women.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12981-021-00360-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,24]],"date-time":"2021-06-24T09:03:43Z","timestamp":1624525423000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["The yield of HIV testing during pregnancy and postnatal period, Uganda, 2015\u20132018: analysis of surveillance data"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4346-8810","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yvette","family":"Wibabara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivan","family":"Lukabwe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irene","family":"Kyamwine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benon","family":"Kwesiga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex R.","family":"Ario","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda","family":"Nabitaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lilian","family":"Bulage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie","family":"Harris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Mudiope","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"360_CR1","unstructured":"Prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) of HIV [Internet]. Avert. 2015 [cited 2020 Jun 11]. https:\/\/www.avert.org\/professionals\/hiv-programming\/prevention\/prevention-mother-child"},{"key":"360_CR2","unstructured":"Kak L, Chitsike I, Luo C, Rollins N. Prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV\/AIDS programmes. :14."},{"key":"360_CR3","unstructured":"MOH Uganda. UGANDA POPULATION-BASED HIV IMPACT ASSESSMENT UPHIA 2016\u20132017. 2017."},{"key":"360_CR4","unstructured":"UNAIDS. 2014 PROGRESS REPORT ON THE GLOBAL PLAN towards the elimination of new HIV infections among children by 2015 and keeping their mothers alive [Internet]. 2014. Available from: https:\/\/www.unaids.org\/sites\/default\/files\/documents\/JC2681_2014-Global-Plan-progress_en.pdf"},{"key":"360_CR5","unstructured":"MOH Uganda. Consolidated Guidelines for Prevention and Treatment of HIV in Uganda. 2018;"},{"issue":"1","key":"360_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-018-3304-y","volume":"11","author":"RK Wanyenze","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wanyenze RK, Goggin K, Finocchario-Kessler S, Beyeza-Kashesya J, Mindry D, Birungi J, et al. Utilization of prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) services among pregnant women in HIV care in Uganda: a 24-month cohort of women from pre-conception to post-delivery. BMC Res Notes. 2018;11(1):1\u20135.","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"issue":"2","key":"360_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1001608","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001608","volume":"11","author":"AL Drake","year":"2014","unstructured":"Drake AL, Wagner A, Richardson B, John-Stewart G. Incident HIV during pregnancy and postpartum and risk of mother-to-child HIV transmission: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLOS Med. 2014;11(2):1001608.","journal-title":"PLOS Med"},{"key":"360_CR8","unstructured":"MOH Uganda. Webportal_DHIS2 [Internet]. [cited 2020 Mar 23]. https:\/\/hmis2.health.go.ug\/"},{"issue":"1","key":"360_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.21106\/ijma.13","volume":"1","author":"AF Hairston","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hairston AF, Bobrow EA, Pitter CS. Towards the elimination of pediatric HIV: enhancing maternal, sexual, and reproductive health services. Int J MCH AIDS. 2012;1(1):6\u201316.","journal-title":"Int J MCH AIDS"},{"key":"360_CR10","unstructured":"MoH Uganda. National HIV Testing Services Policy and Implementation Guidelines. 2016."},{"key":"360_CR11","unstructured":"MOH Uganda. Ministry of Health Financial Year 2018\/19 PMTCT Report AIDS Control Programme. 2019."},{"key":"360_CR12","unstructured":"Annual Health Sector Performance Report 2017\/18 | Ministry of Health Knowledge Management Portal [Internet]. [cited 2020 Jun 1]. http:\/\/library.health.go.ug\/publications\/annual-quarterly-performance-reports\/annual-health-sector-performance-report-201718"},{"key":"360_CR13","unstructured":"Annual Health Sector Performance Report 2018\/2019 | Ministry of Health Knowledge Management Portal [Internet]. [cited 2020 Jun 1]. http:\/\/library.health.go.ug\/publications\/performance-management\/annual-health-sector-performance-report-20182019"},{"key":"360_CR14","unstructured":"The deteriorating state of Health care In Kalangala District [Internet]. CEHURD. 2017 [cited 2020 Jul 17]. https:\/\/www.cehurd.org\/the-deteriorating-state-of-health-care-in-kalangala-district\/"},{"issue":"3","key":"360_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.4236\/ojpm.2015.53016","volume":"5","author":"PC Kawungezi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kawungezi PC, AkiiBua D, Aleni C, Chitayi M, Niwaha A, Kazibwe A, et al. Attendance and utilization of antenatal care (ANC) services: multi-center study in upcountry areas of Uganda. Open J Prev Med. 2015;5(3):132\u201342.","journal-title":"Open J Prev Med"},{"key":"360_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yadufashije C, Samuel R, Bahati Sangano G. Barriers to Antenatal Care Services Seeking in Africa. SSRN Electronic Journal. 2017 Jan 1;","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3034150"}],"container-title":["AIDS Research and Therapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12981-021-00360-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12981-021-00360-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12981-021-00360-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,24]],"date-time":"2021-06-24T09:12:53Z","timestamp":1624525973000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/aidsrestherapy.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12981-021-00360-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,24]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["360"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12981-021-00360-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1742-6405"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1742-6405","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 September 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 June 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 June 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Our study utilized routinely collected aggregated program surveillance data that did not have any personal identifiers. We obtained permission to use the HMIS data from the Ministry of Health Resource Centre which has the overall mandate to collect and store health related information. Additionally, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Center for Global Health determined our study was non-research whose primary intention was to address public health problems. We stored data in password-protected computers and data was not shared with anyone outside the investigation team.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"All authors declared that they have no competing interest.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"35"}}