{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T02:39:22Z","timestamp":1787020762529,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,12]],"date-time":"2021-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628726400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,12]],"date-time":"2021-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628726400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["AIDS Res Ther"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The HIV pandemic continues to cause a high burden of morbidity and mortality due to delayed diagnosis. Histoplasmosis is prevalent in Latin America and Colombia, is difficult to diagnose and has a high mortality. Here we determined the clinical characteristics and risk factors of histoplasmosis in people living with HIV (PLWH) in Pereira, Colombia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This was a retrospective cross-sectional study (2014\u20132019) involving two tertiary medical centers in Pereira, Colombia. People hospitalized with HIV were included. Histoplasma antigen detection was performed in urine samples. Probable histoplasmosis was defined according to European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer\/Invasive Fungal Infections Cooperative Group\/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Mycoses Study Group criteria.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>172 HIV-infected patients were analyzed. Histoplasmosis was confirmed in 29% (n\u2009=\u200950\/172) of patients. The logistic regression analysis showed that the risk factors for histoplasmosis were pancytopenia (OR 4.1, 95% CI 1.6\u201310.3, P\u2009=\u20090.002), &lt;\u200950 CD4\u2009+\u2009cells\/\u03bcL (OR 3.1, 95% CI 1.3\u20137.3, P\u2009=\u20090.006) and Aspartate transaminase (AST) levels &gt;\u200946\u00a0IU\/L (OR 3.2, 95% CI 1.3\u20138, P\u2009=\u20090.010).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Histoplasmosis is highly prevalent in hospitalized patients with HIV in Pereira, Colombia. The clinical findings are nonspecific, but there are some clinical abnormalities that can lead to suspicion of the disease, early diagnosis and prompt treatment. Urine antigen detection is useful for diagnosis, but is not widely available. An algorithmic approach is proposed for low-resource clinical settings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12981-021-00377-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,12]],"date-time":"2021-08-12T03:07:15Z","timestamp":1628737635000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Closing gaps in histoplasmosis: clinical characteristics and factors associated with probable\/histoplasmosis in HIV\/AIDS hospitalized patients, a retrospective cross-sectional study in two tertiary centers in Pereira, Colombia"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Juli\u00e1n Andr\u00e9s","family":"Hoyos Pulgarin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John Alexander","family":"Alzate Piedrahita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"German Alberto","family":"Moreno G\u00f3mez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan Felipe","family":"Sierra Palacio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen Melissa","family":"Ordo\u00f1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deving","family":"Arias Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,12]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"377_CR1","first-page":"785","volume":"49","author":"AL Colombo","year":"2011","unstructured":"Colombo AL, Tobon A, Restrepo A, Queiroz-Telles F, Nucci M. Epidemiology of endemic systemic fungal infections in Latin America. Med Mycol. 2011;49(8):785\u201398.","journal-title":"Med Mycol"},{"issue":"5","key":"377_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1008449","volume":"16","author":"M Nacher","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nacher M, Couppie P, Epelboin L, Djossou F, Demar M, Adenis A. Disseminated histoplasmosis: fighting a neglected killer of patients with advanced HIV disease in Latin America. PLoS Pathog. 2020;16(5): e1008449.","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"377_CR3","first-page":"119","volume":"1","author":"AA Adenis","year":"2014","unstructured":"Adenis AA, Aznar C, Couppie P. Histoplasmosis in HIV-infected patients: a review of new developments and remaining gaps. Curr Trop Med Rep. 2014;1:119\u201328.","journal-title":"Curr Trop Med Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"377_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.7705\/biomedica.v31i3.348","volume":"31","author":"M Arango","year":"1969","unstructured":"Arango M, Casta\u00f1eda E, Agudelo CI, De Bedout C, Agudelo CA, Tob\u00f3n A, et al. Histoplasmosis en Colombia: resultados de la encuesta nacional, 1992\u20132008. Biomedica. 1969;31(3):344\u201356.","journal-title":"Biomedica"},{"issue":"8","key":"377_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003100","volume":"8","author":"A Adenis","year":"2014","unstructured":"Adenis A, Nacher M, Hanf M, Vantilcke V, Boukhari R, Blachet D, et al. HIV-associated histoplasmosis early mortality and incidence trends: from neglect to priority. 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How many have died from undiagnosed human immunodeficiency virus-associated histoplasmosis, a treatable disease? Time to act. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2014;90(2):193\u20134.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"6","key":"377_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1086\/513647","volume":"24","author":"J Wheat","year":"1997","unstructured":"Wheat J, Wheat H, Connolly P, Kleiman M, Supparatpinyo K, Nelson K, et al. Cross-reactivity in Histoplasma capsulatum variety capsulatum antigen assays of urine samples from patients with endemic mycoses. Clin Infect Dis. 1997;24(6):1169\u201371.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"377_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.19.1.95-110.2006","volume":"19","author":"N Vanittanakom","year":"2006","unstructured":"Vanittanakom N, Cooper CR Jr, Fisher MC, Sirisanthana T. 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Clin Chest Med. 2017;38(3):435\u201349.","journal-title":"Clin Chest Med"}],"container-title":["AIDS Research and Therapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12981-021-00377-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12981-021-00377-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12981-021-00377-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,12]],"date-time":"2021-08-12T03:18:49Z","timestamp":1628738329000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/aidsrestherapy.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12981-021-00377-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,12]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["377"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12981-021-00377-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["1742-6405"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1742-6405","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"21 May 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 August 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 August 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"For the development of this research, authorization was obtained from the ethics and bioethics committee of the Universidad Tecnol\u00f3gica de Pereira, Colombia. This committee considered that the investigation was risk-free and gave authorization for the development of this investigation. Administrative permissions were required to access the raw data, so we obtained authorization to handle raw data from the study center. The data of each patient were handled anonymously.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interest. None of the authors have financial and non-financial conflicts of interest.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"51"}}