{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T12:42:09Z","timestamp":1740141729069,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":7,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,12]],"date-time":"2021-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633996800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,12]],"date-time":"2021-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633996800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["AIDS Res Ther"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The current standard of care is to start antiretroviral therapy in all patients diagnosed with HIV-1, as for HIV-2 current DHHS guideline suggests ART for HIV-2 as soon as diagnosis is established, although this practice is not universal, for instance, in Portugal there are specific criteria to start treatment.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Case presentation<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We present a case of a man, chronically infected with HIV-1, HIV-2 and hepatitis B virus who developed resistance to HIV-2 while maintaining HIV-1 under control. 6\u00a0years after starting antiretroviral therapy he had his first virologic failure. We performed HIV-2 resistance tests that revealed high-grade resistance to all nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors except tenofovir and to all protease inhibitors except darunavir. After a decade of permanent poor adherence to therapy he developed resistance to both tenofovir and darunavir. We put together a new regiment with tenofovir alafenamide\u2009+\u2009emtricitabine\u2009+\u2009dolutegravir\u2009+\u2009maraviroc and nowadays he is with undetectable HIV-1 and HIV-2 viral loads.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This shows the importance of having access to HIV-2 viral load determination and HIV-2 resistance testing.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12981-021-00394-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,12]],"date-time":"2021-10-12T17:01:11Z","timestamp":1634058071000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Management of HIV-2 resistance to antiretroviral therapy in a HIV-1\/HIV-2\/HBV co-infected patient"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9478-076X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margarida","family":"Cardoso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joana","family":"Vasconcelos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Teresa","family":"Baptista","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Isabel","family":"Diogo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"F\u00e1tima","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kamal","family":"Mansinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Perp\u00e9tua","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"394_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e328321305a","volume":"23","author":"R Landman","year":"2009","unstructured":"Landman R, Damond F, Gerbe J, Brun-Vezinet F, Yeni P, Matheron S. Immunovirological and therapeutic follow up of HIV-1\/HIV-2 dually seropositive patients. AIDS. 2009;23:423\u201343.","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"6","key":"394_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciq248","volume":"52","author":"OT Campbell-Yesufu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Campbell-Yesufu OT, Gandhi RT. Update on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-2 infection. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;52(6):780\u20137.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"394_CR3","unstructured":"European Guidelines for treatment of HIV infected adults in Europe. (version 10.0). European AIDS Clinical Society. 2019."},{"key":"394_CR4","unstructured":"Recomenda\u00e7\u00f5es Portuguesas para o tratamento da infe\u00e7\u00e3o por VIH-1 e VIH-2. (version 1.0). Programa nacional para a infe\u00e7\u00e3o VIH\/SIDA\u2013Dire\u00e7\u00e3o Geral de Sa\u00fade. 2016."},{"issue":"3","key":"394_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa275","volume":"72","author":"D Berzow","year":"2020","unstructured":"Berzow D, Descamps D, Obermeier M, Charpentier C, Kaiser R, Guertler L, et al. Human immunodeficiency virus\u20132 (HIV-2): a summary of the present standard of care and treatment options for individuals living with HIV-2 in Western Europe. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;72(3):503\u20139.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"394_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1113244","volume":"367","author":"J Esbj\u00f6rnsson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Esbj\u00f6rnsson J, M\u00e5nsson F, Kvist A, Isberg P, Nowroozalizadeh S, Biague A, et al. Inhibition of HIV-1 disease progression by contemporaneous HIV-2 infection. N Engl J Med. 2012;367(3):224\u201332.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"394_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkl034","volume":"57","author":"B Rod\u00e9s","year":"2006","unstructured":"Rod\u00e9s B, Sheldon J, Toro C, Jim\u00e9nez V, \u00c1lvarez M, Soriano V. Susceptibility to protease inhibitors in HIV-2 primary isolates from patients failing antiretroviral therapy. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2006;57(4):709\u201313.","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"}],"container-title":["AIDS Research and Therapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12981-021-00394-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12981-021-00394-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12981-021-00394-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,12]],"date-time":"2021-10-12T17:23:02Z","timestamp":1634059382000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/aidsrestherapy.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12981-021-00394-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,12]]},"references-count":7,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["394"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12981-021-00394-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1742-6405"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1742-6405"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 December 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 September 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 October 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Ethical approval was not required.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"The patient gave written consent for the publication of the data presented in this clinical case.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"69"}}