{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T07:56:54Z","timestamp":1773388614053,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":10,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,26]],"date-time":"2021-10-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635206400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,26]],"date-time":"2021-10-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635206400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["AIDS Res Ther"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Symptoms of primary HIV infection, including fever, rash, and headache, are nonspecific and are often described as flu-like. COVID-19 vaccination side effects, such as fever, which occur in up to 10% of people following COVID-19 vaccination, can make the diagnosis of acute HIV infection even more challenging.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Case presentation<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A 26-year-old man presented with fever and headache following COVID-19 vaccination. The symptoms were initially thought to be vaccine side effects. A diagnostic workup was conducted due to persisting fever and headache &gt;\u200972\u00a0h following vaccination, and he was diagnosed with Fiebig stage II acute HIV infection, 3\u00a0weeks after having unprotected anal intercourse with another man.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Thorough anamnesis is key to estimating the individual risk of primary HIV infection, in patients presenting with flu-like symptoms. Early diagnosis and initiation of antiretroviral therapy is associated with better prognosis and limits transmission of the disease.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12981-021-00407-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,26]],"date-time":"2021-10-26T19:23:08Z","timestamp":1635276188000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Acute HIV infection syndrome mimicking COVID-19 vaccination side effects: a case report"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Julian","family":"Triebelhorn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefanie","family":"Haschka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Felix","family":"Hesse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Johanna","family":"Erber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Weidlich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marcel","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dieter","family":"Hoffmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Josef","family":"Eberle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christoph D.","family":"Spinner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,26]]},"reference":[{"issue":"13","key":"407_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1871","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200309050-00005","volume":"17","author":"EW Fiebig","year":"2003","unstructured":"Fiebig EW, Wright DJ, Rawal BD, Garrett PE, Schumacher RT, Peddada L, et al. Dynamics of HIV viremia and antibody seroconversion in plasma donors: implications for diagnosis and staging of primary HIV infection. AIDS. 2003;17(13):1871\u20139.","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"4","key":"407_CR2","first-page":"48, 51","volume":"26","author":"J Santangelo","year":"2001","unstructured":"Santangelo J. Acute seroconversion of HIV infection in the ambulatory care setting. Nurse Pract. 2001;26(4):48, 51\u20134, 6.","journal-title":"Nurse Pract"},{"issue":"1","key":"407_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/s13037-021-00291-9","volume":"15","author":"P Anand","year":"2021","unstructured":"Anand P, Stahel VP. Review the safety of Covid-19 mRNA vaccines: a review. Patient Saf Surg. 2021;15(1):20.","journal-title":"Patient Saf Surg"},{"issue":"20","key":"407_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1943","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1011874","volume":"364","author":"MS Cohen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Cohen MS, Shaw GM, McMichael AJ, Haynes BF. Acute HIV-1 infection. N Engl J Med. 2011;364(20):1943\u201354.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"407_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268820000503","volume":"148","author":"SN Facente","year":"2020","unstructured":"Facente SN, Grebe E, Pilcher CD, Busch MP, Murphy G, Welte A. Estimated dates of detectable infection (EDDIs) as an improvement upon Fiebig staging for HIV infection dating. Epidemiol Infect. 2020;148: e53.","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"issue":"8","key":"407_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200205240-00005","volume":"16","author":"FM Hecht","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hecht FM, Busch MP, Rawal B, Webb M, Rosenberg E, Swanson M, et al. Use of laboratory tests and clinical symptoms for identification of primary HIV infection. AIDS. 2002;16(8):1119\u201329.","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"407_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2010.06.002","volume":"168","author":"G Beelaert","year":"2010","unstructured":"Beelaert G, Fransen K. Evaluation of a rapid and simple fourth-generation HIV screening assay for qualitative detection of HIV p24 antigen and\/or antibodies to HIV-1 and HIV-2. J Virol Methods. 2010;168(1\u20132):218\u201322.","journal-title":"J Virol Methods"},{"issue":"9","key":"407_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1506816","volume":"373","author":"JD Lundgren","year":"2015","unstructured":"INSIGHT START Study Group, Lundgren JD, Babiker AG, Gordin F, Emery S, Grund B, et al. Initiation of antiretroviral therapy in early asymptomatic HIV infection. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(9):795\u2013807.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"407_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dks533","volume":"68","author":"L Hocqueloux","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hocqueloux L, Avettand-Fenoel V, Jacquot S, Prazuck T, Legac E, Melard A, et al. Long-term antiretroviral therapy initiated during primary HIV-1 infection is key to achieving both low HIV reservoirs and normal T cell counts. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2013;68(5):1169\u201378.","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"issue":"7","key":"407_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1086\/512088","volume":"195","author":"BG Brenner","year":"2007","unstructured":"Brenner BG, Roger M, Routy JP, Moisi D, Ntemgwa M, Matte C, et al. High rates of forward transmission events after acute\/early HIV-1 infection. J Infect Dis. 2007;195(7):951\u20139.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"}],"container-title":["AIDS Research and Therapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12981-021-00407-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12981-021-00407-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12981-021-00407-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,26]],"date-time":"2021-10-26T19:31:57Z","timestamp":1635276717000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/aidsrestherapy.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12981-021-00407-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,26]]},"references-count":10,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["407"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12981-021-00407-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1742-6405"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1742-6405","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 September 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 October 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 October 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Written informed consent was obtained from the patient for publication of this case report. A copy of the written consent is available for review by the Editor of this journal.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"Christoph Spinner reports grants, personal fees, and non-financial support from AbbVie; grants, personal fees, and non-financial support from Apeiron; grants, personal fees from B. Braun Melsungen, grants from Cepheid, personal fees from Formycon, grants, personal fees, and non-financial support from Gilead Sciences; grants and personal fees from Eli Lilly; grants, personal fees, and non-financial support from Janssen-Cilag; personal fees from Molecular partners, grants, personal fees, and non-financial support from GSK\/ViiV Healthcare; grants, personal fees, and non-financial support from MSD, outside the submitted work. Simon Weidlich reports personal fees and non-financial support from Gilead Sciences and Janssen-Cilag. No additional competing interests by any authors of this article.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"78"}}