{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T02:50:41Z","timestamp":1777949441026,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774310400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777852800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":41,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01MH095507"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01MH095507"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OPP10556051"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPP10556051"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["AIDS Res Ther"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Objective biomarkers of oral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), such as tenofovir diphosphate (TFV-DP) in dried blood spots (DBS), remain critical for interpreting PrEP adherence. We tested 195 DBS randomly collected from 168 of 4,955 PrEP clients returning for refills at 25 public HIV clinics in Kenya. DBS were extracted using the 50:50 methanol: water method, and drug concentrations quantified using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Optimal adherence was defined as \u2265\u2009900 fmol\/punch, corresponding to \u2265\u20094 doses\/week. TFV-DP was detectable in 96% (188\/195) of samples; 71% (138\/195) had optimal adherence, higher among older clients and men. Optimal adherence is achievable in real-world PrEP programs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12981-026-00875-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T19:23:39Z","timestamp":1774380219000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["High adherence to oral daily PrEP in a real-world implementation project in Kenya: a brief communication"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4535-1694","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivan","family":"Segawa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Linxuan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Josephine","family":"Odoyo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Margaret","family":"Mwangi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jennifer F.","family":"Morton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Irungu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kenneth","family":"Ngure","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nelly R.","family":"Mugo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Bukusi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kenneth K.","family":"Mugwanya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"875_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1108524","volume":"367","author":"JM Baeten","year":"2012","unstructured":"Baeten JM, Donnell D, Ndase P, Mugo NR, Campbell JD, Wangisi J, et al. Antiretroviral prophylaxis for HIV prevention in heterosexual men and women. N Engl J Med. 2012;367(5):399\u2013410.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"875_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000000647","volume":"29","author":"JE Haberer","year":"2015","unstructured":"Haberer JE, Bangsberg DR, Baeten JM, Curran K, Koechlin F, Amico KR, et al. Defining success with HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis: a prevention-effective adherence paradigm. AIDS. 2015;29(11):1277\u201385.","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"9","key":"875_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2841","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-025-04741-8","volume":"29","author":"D Zeballos","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zeballos D, Guimar\u00e3es NS, Pereira M, Magno L, Dourado I. Performance of adherence measures for oral, tenofovir-based HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis: a systematic review. AIDS Behav. 2025;29(9):2841\u201354.","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"issue":"1","key":"875_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01710-17","volume":"62","author":"PL Anderson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Anderson PL, Liu AY, Castillo-Mancilla JR, Gardner EM, Seifert SM, McHugh C, et al. Intracellular Tenofovir-Diphosphate and Emtricitabine-Triphosphate in Dried Blood Spots following Directly Observed Therapy. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2018;62(1):10.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"2","key":"875_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2012.0089","volume":"29","author":"JR Castillo-Mancilla","year":"2013","unstructured":"Castillo-Mancilla JR, Zheng J-H, Rower JE, Meditz A, Gardner EM, Predhomme J, et al. Tenofovir, emtricitabine, and tenofovir diphosphate in dried blood spots for determining recent and cumulative drug exposure. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2013;29(2):384\u201390.","journal-title":"AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses"},{"issue":"9","key":"875_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(14)70847-3","volume":"14","author":"RM Grant","year":"2014","unstructured":"Grant RM, Anderson PL, McMahan V, Liu A, Amico KR, Mehrotra M, et al. Uptake of pre-exposure prophylaxis, sexual practices, and HIV incidence in men and transgender women who have sex with men: a cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2014;14(9):820\u20139.","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"9","key":"875_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1004732","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1004732","volume":"22","author":"KK Mugwanya","year":"2025","unstructured":"Mugwanya KK, Saina M, Mugo NR, MaWhinney S, Morrow M, Schaafsma TT, et al. Adherence thresholds for emtricitabine-tenofovir disoproxil fumarate preexposure prophylaxis against HIV acquisition in cisgender women: a randomized directly observed dosing study. PLoS Med. 2025;22(9):e1004732.","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"875_CR8","unstructured":"National AIDS, STI Control Programme (NASCOP) and Ministry of Health. Framework for the implementation of pre-exposure prophylaxis of HIV in Kenya. Nairobi, Kenya; 2022. https:\/\/www.prepwatch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Kenya-PrEP-Framework.pdf"},{"issue":"9","key":"875_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e509","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa181","volume":"71","author":"J Pintye","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pintye J, Kinuthia J, Abuna F, Mugwanya K, Lagat H, Dettinger JC, et al. Frequency and predictors of tenofovir-diphosphate detection among young kenyan women in a real-world pre-exposure prophylaxis implementation program. Clin Infect Dis Off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am. 2020;71(9):e509\u201312.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis Off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am"},{"key":"875_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2020.100541","volume":"26","author":"EW Wahome","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wahome EW, Graham SM, Thiong\u2019o AN, Mohamed K, Oduor T, Gichuru E, et al. PrEP uptake and adherence in relation to HIV-1 incidence among Kenyan men who have sex with men. EClinicalMedicine. 2020;26:100541.","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"issue":"9","key":"875_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1004097","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1004097","volume":"19","author":"J Tapsoba","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tapsoba J, de Cover D, Obong\u2019o J, Brady C, Cressey M, Mori TR. Continued attendance in a PrEP program despite low adherence and non-protective drug levels among adolescent girls and young women in Kenya: results from a prospective cohort study. 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J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2019;82(3):265\u201374.","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"issue":"7","key":"875_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e26137","DOI":"10.1002\/jia2.26137","volume":"26","author":"KK Mugwanya","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mugwanya KK, Palayew A, Schaafsma T, Irungu EM, Bukusi E, Mugo N, et al. Patterns of PrEP continuation and coverage in the first year of use: a latent class analysis of a programmatic PrEP trial in Kenya. J Int AIDS Soc. 2023;26(7):e26137.","journal-title":"J Int AIDS Soc"},{"issue":"1","key":"875_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-024-03516-y","volume":"24","author":"M Admassu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Admassu M, N\u00f6stlinger C, Hensen B. Barriers to PrEP use and adherence among adolescent girls and young women in Eastern, Southern, and Western Africa: a scoping review. BMC Womens Health. 2024;24(1):665.","journal-title":"BMC Womens Health"}],"container-title":["AIDS Research and Therapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12981-026-00875-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12981-026-00875-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12981-026-00875-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,3]],"date-time":"2026-05-03T23:44:05Z","timestamp":1777851845000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12981-026-00875-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["875"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12981-026-00875-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1742-6405"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1742-6405","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"12 November 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 March 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 March 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study received ethical approval from the Scientific and Ethics Review Unit of the Kenya Medical Research Institute (SERU\/CCR\/0048\/3328, SERU\/CMR\/0040\/3338) and the Human Subjects Division of the University of Washington (STUDY00002183).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"Dr. Kenneth K. Mugwanya has received an Investigator Sponsored Research Grant from Gilead Sciences Inc. awarded to the University of Washington. The other authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"56"}}