{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T19:45:42Z","timestamp":1793475942352,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,15]],"date-time":"2021-02-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613347200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,15]],"date-time":"2021-02-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613347200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["779982"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["779982"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Shirley Ryan AbilityLab"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J NeuroEngineering Rehabil"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Interventions to reduce tremor in essential tremor (ET) and Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) clinical populations often utilize pharmacological or surgical therapies. However, there can be significant side effects, decline in effectiveness over time, or clinical contraindications for these interventions. Therefore, alternative approaches must be considered and developed. Some non-pharmacological strategies include assistive devices, orthoses and mechanical loading of the tremorgenic limb, while others propose peripheral electrical stimulation. Specifically, peripheral electrical stimulation encompasses strategies that activate motor and sensory pathways to evoke muscle contractions and impact sensorimotor function. Numerous studies report the efficacy of peripheral electrical stimulation to alter tremor generation, thereby opening new perspectives for both short- and long-term tremor reduction. Therefore, it is timely to explore this promising modality in a comprehensive review. In this review, we analyzed 27 studies that reported the use of peripheral electrical stimulation to reduce tremor and discuss various considerations regarding peripheral electrical stimulation: the stimulation strategies and parameters, electrodes, experimental designs, results, and mechanisms hypothesized to reduce tremor. From our review, we identified a high degree of disparity across studies with regard to stimulation patterns, experimental designs and methods of assessing tremor. Having standardized experimental methodology is a critical step in the field and is needed in order to accurately compare results across studies. With this review, we explore peripheral electrical stimulation as an intervention for tremor reduction, identify the limitations and benefits of the current state-of-the-art studies, and provide ideas to guide the development of novel approaches based on the neural circuitries and mechanical properties implied in tremor generation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-021-00811-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,17]],"date-time":"2021-02-17T14:16:29Z","timestamp":1613571389000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":61,"title":["Peripheral electrical stimulation to reduce pathological tremor: a review"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Alejandro","family":"Pascual-Valdunciel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grace W.","family":"Hoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Avrillon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Filipe Oliveira","family":"Barroso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer G.","family":"Goldman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julio C.","family":"Hernandez-Pavon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0265-0181","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 L.","family":"Pons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"811_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"l4485","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l4485","volume":"366","author":"V Shanker","year":"2019","unstructured":"Shanker V. Essential tremor: diagnosis and management. BMJ. 2019;366:l4485.","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"issue":"15","key":"811_CR2","first-page":"1144","volume":"339","author":"AE Lang","year":"1998","unstructured":"Lang AE, Lozano AM. Parkinson\u2019s disease. First of two parts. N Engl J Med. 1998;339(15):1144\u201353.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"811_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(06)70471-9","volume":"5","author":"LML de Lau","year":"2006","unstructured":"de Lau LML, Breteler MMB. Epidemiology of Parkinson\u2019s disease. Lancet Neurol. 2006;5(6):525\u201335.","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"811_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27224","volume":"33","author":"RC Helmich","year":"2018","unstructured":"Helmich RC. The cerebral basis of Parkinsonian tremor: a network perspective. Mov Disord. 2018;33(2):219\u201331.","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"811_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S118","DOI":"10.1016\/S1353-8020(13)70029-4","volume":"20","author":"M Hallett","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hallett M. Tremor: pathophysiology. Parkinson Relat Disord. 2014;20(Suppl 1):S118\u201322.","journal-title":"Parkinson Relat Disord."},{"issue":"9","key":"811_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-013-0378-8","volume":"13","author":"RC Helmich","year":"2013","unstructured":"Helmich RC, Toni I, Deuschl G, Bloem BR. The pathophysiology of essential tremor and Parkinson\u2019s tremor. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2013;13(9):378.","journal-title":"Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep."},{"issue":"1","key":"811_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1802","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp1707928","volume":"378","author":"D Haubenberger","year":"2018","unstructured":"Haubenberger D, Hallett M. Essential tremor. N Engl J Med. 2018;378(1):1802\u201310.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"811_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27121","volume":"33","author":"KP Bhatia","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bhatia KP, Bain P, Bajaj N, Elble RJ, Hallett M, Louis ED, et al. Consensus Statement on the classification of tremors from the task force on tremor of the International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society. Mov Disord. 2018;33(1):75\u201387.","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"16","key":"811_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199810153391607","volume":"339","author":"AE Lang","year":"1998","unstructured":"Lang AE, Lozano AM. Parkinson\u2019s disease. Second of two parts. N Engl J Med. 1998;339(16):1030\u201343.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"issue":"19","key":"811_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1752","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e318236f0fd","volume":"77","author":"TA Zesiewicz","year":"2011","unstructured":"Zesiewicz TA, Elble RJ, Louis ED, Gronseth GS, Ondo WG, Dewey RB Jr, et al. Evidence-based guideline update: treatment of essential tremor: report of the Quality Standards subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2011;77(19):1752\u20135.","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"issue":"2","key":"811_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2019.12.002","volume":"38","author":"W Poewe","year":"2020","unstructured":"Poewe W, Mahlknecht P. Pharmacologic treatment of motor symptoms associated with Parkinson disease. Neurol Clin. 2020;38(2):255\u201367.","journal-title":"Neurol Clin."},{"issue":"4","key":"811_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0000000000000465","volume":"30","author":"A Fasano","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fasano A, Lozano AM, Cubo E. New neurosurgical approaches for tremor and Parkinson\u2019s disease. Curr Opin Neurol. 2017;30(4):435\u201346.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurol."},{"issue":"4","key":"811_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2018-318240","volume":"90","author":"RF Dallapiazza","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dallapiazza RF, Lee DJ, De Vloo P, Fomenko A, Hamani C, Hodaie M, et al. Outcomes from stereotactic surgery for essential tremor. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2019;90(4):474\u201382.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry."},{"issue":"7","key":"811_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2010.12.016","volume":"17","author":"RJ O\u2019Connor","year":"2011","unstructured":"O\u2019Connor RJ, Kini MU. Non-pharmacological and non-surgical interventions for tremor: a systematic review. Park Relat Disord. 2011;17(7):509\u201315.","journal-title":"Park Relat Disord."},{"issue":"1","key":"811_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-019-0543-7","volume":"16","author":"NP Fromme","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fromme NP, Camenzind M, Riener R, Rossi RM. Need for mechanically and ergonomically enhanced tremor-suppression orthoses for the upper limb: a systematic review. J Neuroeng Rehabil. 2019;16(1):93.","journal-title":"J Neuroeng Rehabil."},{"issue":"3","key":"811_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2014.2328296","volume":"23","author":"S Dosen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dosen S, Muceli S, Dideriksen JL, Romero JP, Rocon E, Pons J, et al. Online tremor suppression using electromyography and low-level electrical stimulation. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng. 2015;23(3):385\u201395.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng."},{"issue":"3","key":"811_CR17","first-page":"123","volume":"13","author":"G Grimaldi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Grimaldi G, Camut S, Manto M. Functional electrical stimulation effect on upper limb tremor. Int J Bioelectromagn. 2011;13(3):123\u20134.","journal-title":"Int J Bioelectromagn."},{"issue":"2","key":"811_CR18","first-page":"191","volume":"18","author":"RP Munhoz","year":"2003","unstructured":"Munhoz RP, Hanajima R, Ashby P, Lang AE. Acute effect of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation on tremor. 2003;18(2):191\u20134.","journal-title":"Acute effect of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation on tremor."},{"key":"811_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3694","DOI":"10.1109\/ICRA.2011.5979865","volume":"2011","author":"F Widjaja","year":"2011","unstructured":"Widjaja F, Shee CY, Au WL, Poignet P, Ang WT. Using electromechanical delay for real-time anti-phase tremor attenuation system using functional electrical stimulation. Proc IEEE Int Conf Robot Autom. 2011;2011:3694\u20139.","journal-title":"Proc IEEE Int Conf Robot Autom"},{"key":"811_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1111\/aor.12261","volume":"38","author":"APL B\u00f3","year":"2014","unstructured":"B\u00f3 APL, Azevedo-Coste C, Geny C, Poignet P, Fattal C. On the use of fixed-intensity functional electrical stimulation for attenuating essential tremor. Artif Organs. 2014;38(11):984\u201391.","journal-title":"Artif Organs."},{"key":"811_CR21","first-page":"S803","volume":"26","author":"JH Heo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Heo JH, Kim JW, Kwon Y, Lee SK, Eom GM, Kwon DY, et al. Sensory electrical stimulation for suppression of postural tremor in patients with essential tremor. Biomed Mater Eng. 2015;26 Suppl 1:S803\u20139.","journal-title":"Biomed Mater Eng"},{"issue":"8","key":"811_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1650026","DOI":"10.1142\/S0219519416400261","volume":"16","author":"JH Heo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Heo JH, Kwon Y, Jeon HM, Kwon DY, Lee CN, Park KW, et al. Suppression of action tremor by sensory electrical stimulation in patients with essential tremor. J Mech Med Biol. 2016;16(8):1650026.","journal-title":"J Mech Med Biol."},{"key":"811_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1182","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27350","volume":"33","author":"PT Lin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lin PT, Ross EK, Chidester P, Rosenbluth KH, Hamner SR, Wong SH, et al. Noninvasive neuromodulation in essential tremor demonstrates relief in a sham-controlled pilot trial. Mov Disord. 2018;33(7):1182\u20133.","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"811_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1111\/ner.12930","volume":"22","author":"R Pahwa","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pahwa R, Dhall R, Ostrem J, Gwinn R, Lyons K, Ro S, et al. An acute randomized controlled trial of noninvasive peripheral nerve stimulation in essential tremor. Neuromodulation. 2019;22(5):537\u201345.","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"811_CR25","first-page":"2000111","volume":"8","author":"J Kim","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kim J, Wichmann T, Inan OT, De Weerth SP. A wearable system for attenuating essential tremor based on peripheral nerve stimulation. IEEE J Transl Eng Heal Med. 2020;8:2000111.","journal-title":"IEEE J Transl Eng Heal Med."},{"key":"811_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5334\/tohm.68","volume":"10","author":"SH Isaacson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Isaacson SH, Peckham E, Tse W, Waln O, Way C, Petrossian MT, et al. Prospective home-use study on non-invasive neuromodulation therapy for essential tremor. Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov. 2020;10(1):1\u201316.","journal-title":"Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov"},{"key":"811_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pascual Valdunciel A, Gonzalez-Sanchez M, Muceli S, Adan-Barrientos B, Escobar-Segura V, Perez-Sanchez JR, et al. Intramuscular stimulation of muscle afferents attains prolonged tremor reduction in essential tremor patients. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 2020;1.","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2020.3015572"},{"key":"811_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.32.6.512","volume":"32","author":"RJ Mones","year":"1969","unstructured":"Mones RJ, Weiss AH. The response of the tremor of patients with Parkinsonism to peripheral nerve stimulation. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1969;32(6):512\u20138.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"811_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1109\/86.788474","volume":"7","author":"DM Gillard","year":"1999","unstructured":"Gillard DM, Cameron T, Prochazka A, Gauthier MJA. Tremor suppression using functional electrical stimulation: a comparison between digital and analog controllers. IEEE Trans Rehabil Eng. 1999;7(3):385\u20138.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Rehabil Eng"},{"key":"811_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2015.08.1527","volume":"358","author":"O Jitkritsadakul","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jitkritsadakul O, Thanawattano C, Anan C, Bhidayasiri R. Exploring the effect of electrical muscle stimulation as a novel treatment of intractable tremor in Parkinson\u2019s disease. J Neurol Sci. 2015;358(1-2):146\u201352.","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci."},{"key":"811_CR31","first-page":"1782","volume":"2016","author":"FL Xu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Xu FL, Hao MZ, Xu SQ, Hu ZX, Xiao Q, Lan N. Development of a closed-loop system for tremor suppression in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease. Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2016;2016:1782\u20135.","journal-title":"Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc"},{"issue":"1","key":"811_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-017-0286-2","volume":"14","author":"MZ Hao","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hao MZ, Xu SQ, Hu ZX, Xu FL, Niu CXM, Xiao Q, et al. Inhibition of Parkinsonian tremor with cutaneous afferent evoked by transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation. J Neuroeng Rehabil. 2017;14(1):75.","journal-title":"J Neuroeng Rehabil."},{"key":"811_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2017.08.3246","volume":"381","author":"O Jitkritsadakul","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jitkritsadakul O, Thanawattano C, Anan C, Bhidayasiri R. Tremor\u2019s glove-an innovative electrical muscle stimulation therapy for intractable tremor in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a randomized sham-controlled trial. J Neurol Sci. 2017;381:331\u201340.","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci."},{"issue":"7","key":"811_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1840006","DOI":"10.1142\/S0219519418400067","volume":"18","author":"JH Heo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Heo JH, Jeon HM, Choi EB, Kwon DY, Eom GM. Continuous sensory electrical stimulation for the suppression of parkinsonian rest tremor. J Mech Med Biol. 2018;18(7):1840006.","journal-title":"J Mech Med Biol."},{"issue":"7","key":"811_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1940033","DOI":"10.1142\/S0219519419400335","volume":"19","author":"JH Heo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Heo JH, Jeon HM, Choi EB, Kwon DY, Eom GM. Effect of sensory electrical stimulation on resting tremors in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease and SWEEDs. J Mech Med Biol. 2019;19(7):1940033.","journal-title":"J Mech Med Biol."},{"issue":"2","key":"811_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"026035","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/ab047a","volume":"16","author":"S Muceli","year":"2019","unstructured":"Muceli S, Poppendieck W, Hoffmann KP, Dosen S, Benito-Le\u00f3n J, Barroso FO, et al. A thin-film multichannel electrode for muscle recording and stimulation in neuroprosthetics applications. J Neural Eng. 2019;16(2):026035.","journal-title":"J Neural Eng."},{"key":"811_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1097\/00004691-200201000-00012","volume":"19","author":"J Spiegel","year":"2002","unstructured":"Spiegel J, Fu\u00df G, Krick C, Schimrigk K, Dillmann U. Influence of proprioceptive input on parkinsonian tremor. J Clin Neurophysiol. 2002;19(1):84\u20139.","journal-title":"J Clin Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"811_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.56.10.1085","volume":"56","author":"TC Britton","year":"1993","unstructured":"Britton TC, Thompson PD, Rothwell JC, Findley LJ, Marsden CD. Modulation of postural tremors at the wrist by supramaximal electrical median nerve shocks in essential tremor, Parkinson\u2019s disease and normal subjects mimicking tremor. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1993;56(10):1085\u20139.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry."},{"key":"811_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-0003-10-36","volume":"10","author":"J\u00c1 Gallego","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gallego JA, Rocon E, Manuel Belda-Lois J, Pons JL. A neuroprosthesis for tremor management through the control of muscle co-contraction. J Neuroeng Rehabil. 2013;10:36.","journal-title":"J Neuroeng Rehabil"},{"key":"811_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02368522","volume":"20","author":"M Javidan","year":"1992","unstructured":"Javidan M, Elek J, Prochazka A. Attenuation of pathological tremors by functional electrical stimulation II: clinical evaluation. Ann Biomed Eng. 1992;20(2):225\u201336.","journal-title":"Ann Biomed Eng"},{"key":"811_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1007\/s11517-011-0803-6","volume":"49","author":"LP Maneski","year":"2011","unstructured":"Maneski LP, Jorgovanovi\u0107 N, Ili\u0107 V, Do\u0161en S, Keller T, Popovi\u0107 MB, et al. Electrical stimulation for the suppression of pathological tremor. Med Biol Eng Comput. 2011;49(10):1187\u201393.","journal-title":"Med Biol Eng Comput"},{"key":"811_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2017.00178","author":"JL Dideriksen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dideriksen JL, Laine CM, Dosen S, Muceli S, Rocon E, Pons JL, et al. Electrical stimulation of afferent pathways for the suppression of pathological tremor. Front Neurosci. 2017;11:178.","journal-title":"Front Neurosci."},{"key":"811_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8925","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0106-15.2015","volume":"35","author":"JA Gallego","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gallego JA, Dideriksen JL, Holobar A, Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez J, Glaser V, Romero JP, et al. The phase difference between neural drives to antagonist muscles in essential tremor is associated with the relative strength of supraspinal and afferent input. J Neurosci. 2015;35(23):8925-37.","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"5","key":"811_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2043","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00407.2019","volume":"122","author":"G Puttaraksa","year":"2019","unstructured":"Puttaraksa G, Muceli S, Gallego J\u00c1, Holobar A, Charles SK, Pons JL, et al. Voluntary and tremorogenic inputs to motor neuron pools of agonist\/antagonist muscles in essential tremor patients. J Neurophysiol. 2019;122(5):2043\u201353.","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol."},{"key":"811_CR45","first-page":"3606","volume":"2013","author":"JA Gallego","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gallego JA, Rocon E, Belda-Lois JM, Koutsou AD, Mena S, Castillo A, et al. Design and validation of a neuroprosthesis for the treatment of upper limb tremor. Proc Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc EMBS. 2013;2013:3606\u20139.","journal-title":"Proc Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc EMBS"},{"key":"811_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMCC.2012.2200101","volume":"42","author":"J\u00c1 Gallego","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gallego J\u00c1, Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez J, Dideriksen JL, Serrano JI, Del Castillo MD, Farina D, et al. A multimodal human-robot interface to drive a neuroprosthesis for tremor management. IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern Part C Appl Rev. 2012;42(6):1159\u201368.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern Part C Appl Rev"},{"key":"811_CR47","first-page":"40","volume":"35","author":"RM Enoka","year":"2020","unstructured":"Enoka RM, Amiridis IG, Duchateau J. Electrical stimulation of muscle: electrophysiology and rehabilitation. Physiology (Bethesda). 2020;35(1):40\u201356.","journal-title":"Physiology (Bethesda)."},{"key":"811_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00327.2014","volume":"118","author":"JL Dideriksen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dideriksen JL, Muceli S, Dosen S, Laine CM, Farina D. Physiological recruitment of motor units by high-frequency electrical stimulation of afferent pathways. J Appl Physiol. 2015;118(3):365\u201376.","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"811_CR49","first-page":"6267","volume":"2019","author":"A Pascual-Valdunciel","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pascual-Valdunciel A, Barroso FO, Muceli S, Taylor J, Farina D, Pons JL. Modulation of reciprocal inhibition at the wrist as a neurophysiological correlate of tremor suppression: a pilot healthy subject study. Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2019;2019:6267\u201372.","journal-title":"Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc"},{"issue":"11","key":"811_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e79829","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0079829","volume":"8","author":"M Hao","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hao M, He X, Xiao Q, Alstermark B, Lan N. Corticomuscular transmission of tremor signals by propriospinal neurons in Parkinson\u2019s disease. PLoS ONE. 2013;8(11):e79829.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"811_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1991.sp018464","volume":"434","author":"J Nielsen","year":"1991","unstructured":"Nielsen J, Pierrot-Deseilligny E. Pattern of cutaneous inhibition of the propriospinal-like excitation to human upper limb motoneurones. J Physiol. 1991;434:169\u201382.","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"811_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.64.2.166","volume":"64","author":"S Pol","year":"1998","unstructured":"Pol S, Vidailhet M, Meunier S, Mazevet D, Agid Y, Pierrot-Deseilligny E. Overactivity of cervical premotor neurons in Parkinson\u2019s disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1998;64(2):166\u201371.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"811_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02368521","volume":"20","author":"A Prochazka","year":"1992","unstructured":"Prochazka A, Elek J, Javidan M. Attenuation of pathological tremors by functional electrical stimulation I: method. Ann Biomed Eng. 1992;20(2):205\u201324.","journal-title":"Ann Biomed Eng"},{"key":"811_CR54","first-page":"1633","volume":"2009","author":"APL B\u00f3","year":"2009","unstructured":"B\u00f3 APL, Poignet P, Zhang D, Ang WT. FES-controlled co-contraction strategies for pathological tremor compensation. IEEE\/RSJ Int Conf Intell Robot Syst IROS. 2009;2009:1633\u20138.","journal-title":"IEEE\/RSJ Int Conf Intell Robot Syst IROS."},{"key":"811_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2249","DOI":"10.1109\/ICRA.2011.5979639","volume":"2011","author":"JA Gallego","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gallego JA, Rocon E, Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez J, Dideriksen JL, Koutsou AD, Paradiso R, et al. A soft wearable robot for tremor assessment and suppression. Proc IEEE Int Conf Robot Autom. 2011;2011:2249\u201354.","journal-title":"Proc IEEE Int Conf Robot Autom"},{"key":"811_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2911","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2011.2163069","volume":"58","author":"JL Dideriksen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Dideriksen JL, Gianfelici F, Maneski LZP, Farina D. EMG-based characterization of pathological tremor using the iterated hilbert transform. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 2011;58(10):2911\u201321.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Biomed Eng"},{"key":"811_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-010-2202-x","volume":"203","author":"CS Mang","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mang CS, Lagerquist O, Collins DF. Changes in corticospinal excitability evoked by common peroneal nerve stimulation depend on stimulation frequency. Exp brain Res Germany. 2010;203(1):11\u201320.","journal-title":"Exp brain Res Germany"},{"key":"811_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-020-00668-4","volume":"17","author":"J Gil-Castillo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gil-Castillo J, Alnajjar F, Koutsou A, Torricelli D, Moreno JC. Advances in neuroprosthetic management of foot drop: a review. J Neuroeng Rehabil. 2020;17:46.","journal-title":"J Neuroeng Rehabil"},{"issue":"8","key":"811_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"0810011","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4043442","volume":"141","author":"TH Corie","year":"2019","unstructured":"Corie TH, Charles SK. Simulated tremor propagation in the upper limb: from muscle activity to joint displacement. J Biomech Eng. 2019;141(8):0810011\u201308100117.","journal-title":"J Biomech Eng."},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"811_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1159\/000100603","volume":"60","author":"A Struppler","year":"1993","unstructured":"Struppler A. Tremor and skeletal muscle tone. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg Switzerland. 1993;60(1\u20133):152\u20136.","journal-title":"Stereotact Funct Neurosurg Switzerland"},{"issue":"4","key":"811_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-004-1919-9","volume":"156","author":"R Xia","year":"2004","unstructured":"Xia R, Rymer WZ. The role of shortening reaction in mediating rigidity in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Exp Brain Res. 2004;156(4):524\u20138.","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"811_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"a009282","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a009282","volume":"2","author":"P Mazzoni","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mazzoni P, Shabbott B, Cort\u00e9s JC. Motor control abnormalities in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2012;2(6):a009282.","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"811_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2010.06.012","volume":"122","author":"S Meunier","year":"2011","unstructured":"Meunier S, Bleton JP, Mazevet D, Sangla S, Grabli D, Roze E, et al. TENS is harmful in primary writing tremor. Clin Neurophysiol. 2011;122(1):171\u20135.","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"811_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16476","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-52988-8","volume":"9","author":"JS Lora-Mill\u00e1n","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lora-Mill\u00e1n JS, L\u00f3pez-Blanco R, Gallego J\u00c1, M\u00e9ndez-Guerrero A, Gonz\u00e1lez de la Aleja J, Rocon E. Mechanical vibration does not systematically reduce the tremor in essential tremor patients. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):16476.","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"811_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8117","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-44142-1","volume":"9","author":"PY Chan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chan PY, Mohd Ripin Z, Abdul Halim S, Kamarudin MI, Ng KS, Eow GB, et al. Biomechanical system versus observational rating scale for Parkinson\u2019s disease tremor assessment. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):8117.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"811_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66010","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2560\/12\/6\/066010","volume":"12","author":"A Ivorra","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ivorra A, Becerra-Fajardo L, Castellv\u00ed Q. In vivo demonstration of injectable microstimulators based on charge-balanced rectification of epidermically applied currents. J Neural Eng. 2015;12(6):066010.","journal-title":"J Neural Eng."},{"key":"811_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-46669-9_110","volume-title":"Converging Clin Eng Res Neurorehabilitation II","author":"L Becerra-Fajardo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Becerra-Fajardo L, Garcia-Arnau R, Ivorra A. Injectable stimulators based on rectification of high frequency current bursts: power efficiency of 2 mm thick prototypes. In: Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez J, Gonz\u00e1lez-Vargas J, Azor\u00edn JM, Akay M, Pons JL, editors. Converging Clin Eng Res Neurorehabilitation II. Cham: Springer International Publishing. 2017;667\u201371."}],"container-title":["Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12984-021-00811-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12984-021-00811-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12984-021-00811-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,29]],"date-time":"2023-01-29T09:05:43Z","timestamp":1674983143000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jneuroengrehab.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12984-021-00811-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,15]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["811"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12984-021-00811-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1743-0003"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1743-0003","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 August 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 January 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 February 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"33"}}