{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T12:53:25Z","timestamp":1780491205057,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":10,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,10]],"date-time":"2021-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615334400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,10]],"date-time":"2021-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615334400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J NeuroEngineering Rehabil"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>While walking, people swing their arms in a specific pattern. This specific arm swing pattern during walking has shown to have a beneficial effect on gait as it reduces walking energy cost and optimizes balance. In several patient populations the arm movements can be directly affected (e.g. in patients with acquired brain injury (ABI)), which in turn has a negative effect on their gait pattern, balance and energy cost of walking.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Main\ntext<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>In\nDecember 2019, Kahn et al. published a paper in JNER concerning the\nquantification of upper limb associated reactions (ARs) during walking in people\nwith ABI. ARs are defined as \u201can effort-dependent phenomenon causing an\ninvoluntary increase in upper limb muscle tone, with awkward and uncomfortable\npostures\u201d. These upper limb ARs appear often in patients with ABI and can have\nan important effect on their gait. The authors calculated kinematic measures\nusing three-dimensional gait analysis relating to range of motion, variability\nand mean position over the gait cycle for the different upper limb joints\n(shoulder, elbow, wrist) during self-selected steady-state walking. Based on\ndifferences they found between an ABI cohort and healthy control cohort, the\nauthors concluded that they were able to quantify ARs during walking in this\npopulation. This calculation, however, is not specific for upper limb ARs. In\nfact, the authors calculated general measures of arm posture (e.g. mean position\nover the gait cycle) or arm movement (e.g. range of motion and variability)\nduring gait. Previous research has already indicated that other factors than\nARs can influence the posture or movement of the arm during gait in patients\nwith brain injury, such as voluntary compensations for gait instability and\ncontractures or spasticity of upper arm muscles. Yet, it is not possible to disentangle\nthe different causes of the altered arm posture during steady-state walking\nbased on the proposed measures.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The kinematic arm measures proposed by Kahn et al. (J Neuroeng Rehabil 16(1):160, 2019) are not a\ndirect measure of ARs, but provide a quantification of overall deviation of arm\nposture or movement during gait. Depending on the specific study design these\nmeasures may provide insights in ARs.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-021-00844-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,10]],"date-time":"2021-03-10T12:03:23Z","timestamp":1615377803000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Comment: difference between assessment of upper limb movement and upper limb associated reactions during walking"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2218-187X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pieter","family":"Meyns","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,10]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"844_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2013.02.006","volume":"38","author":"P Meyns","year":"2013","unstructured":"Meyns P, Bruijn SM, Duysens J. The how and why of arm swing during human walking. Gait Posture. 2013;38(4):555\u201362.","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"844_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2014.04.204","volume":"40","author":"M Goudriaan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Goudriaan M, Jonkers I, van Dieen JH, Bruijn SM. Arm swing in human walking: What is their drive? Gait Posture. 2014;40:321\u20136.","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"issue":"1","key":"844_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-019-0637-2","volume":"16","author":"MB Kahn","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kahn MB, Clark RA, Williams G, Bower KJ, Banky M, Olver J, et al. The nature and extent of upper limb associated reactions during walking in people with acquired brain injury. J Neuroeng Rehabil. 2019;16(1):160.","journal-title":"J Neuroeng Rehabil"},{"issue":"5","key":"844_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpn.2012.01.011","volume":"16","author":"P Meyns","year":"2012","unstructured":"Meyns P, Desloovere K, Van Gestel L, Massaad F, Smits-Engelsman B, Duysens J. Altered arm posture in children with cerebral palsy is related to instability during walking. Eur J Paediatr Neurol. 2012;16(5):528\u201335.","journal-title":"Eur J Paediatr Neurol"},{"key":"844_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2016.00354","volume":"10","author":"T Delabastita","year":"2016","unstructured":"Delabastita T, Desloovere K, Meyns P. Restricted arm swing affects gait stability and increased walking speed alters trunk movements in children with cerebral palsy. Front Hum Neurosci. 2016;10:354.","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"issue":"4","key":"844_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infbeh.2006.05.001","volume":"29","author":"M Kubo","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kubo M, Ulrich B. A biomechanical analysis of the \u201chigh guard\u201d position of arms during walking in toddlers. Infant Behav Dev. 2006;29(4):509\u201317.","journal-title":"Infant Behav Dev"},{"issue":"2","key":"844_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-018-1042-z","volume":"79","author":"A Santamato","year":"2019","unstructured":"Santamato A, Cinone N, Panza F, Letizia S, Santoro L, Lozupone M, et al. Botulinum toxin type A for the treatment of lower limb spasticity after stroke. Drugs. 2019;79(2):143\u201360.","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"issue":"11","key":"844_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2020.105253","volume":"29","author":"A Doussoulin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Doussoulin A, Rivas C, Bacco J, Sep\u00falveda P, Carvallo G, Gajardo C, et al. Prevalence of spasticity and postural patterns in the upper extremity post stroke. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2020;29(11):105253.","journal-title":"J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"844_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20499","volume":"20","author":"MA Hirsch","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hirsch MA, Westhoff B, Toole T, Haupenthal S, Krauspe R, Hefter H. Association between botulinum toxin injection into the arm and changes in gait in adults after stroke. Mov Disord. 2005;20(8):1014\u201320.","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"4","key":"844_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0b013e318168d36c","volume":"87","author":"A Esquenazi","year":"2008","unstructured":"Esquenazi A, Mayer N, Garreta R. Influence of botulinum toxin type A treatment of elbow flexor spasticity on hemiparetic gait. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2008;87(4):305\u201310.","journal-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil"}],"container-title":["Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12984-021-00844-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12984-021-00844-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12984-021-00844-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,10]],"date-time":"2021-03-10T12:21:31Z","timestamp":1615378891000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jneuroengrehab.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12984-021-00844-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,10]]},"references-count":10,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["844"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12984-021-00844-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1743-0003"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1743-0003","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"8 December 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 March 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 March 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"No ethical approval is required for a comment to a previously published paper.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The author declares that he has no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"47"}}