{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T03:12:25Z","timestamp":1783653145373,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,26]],"date-time":"2021-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632614400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,26]],"date-time":"2021-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632614400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003748","name":"Svenska S\u00e4llskapet f\u00f6r Medicinsk Forskning","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["S19-0074"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S19-0074"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003748","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"ALF agreement","award":["ALFGBG-879111"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ALFGBG-879111"]}]},{"name":"ALF agreement","award":["ALFGBG-718711"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ALFGBG-718711"]}]},{"name":"ALF agreement","award":["ALFGBG-826331"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ALFGBG-826331"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004359","name":"Vetenskapsr\u00e5det","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["VR 2017-00946"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VR 2017-00946"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004875","name":"Norrbacka-Eugeniastiftelsen","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["802\/19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["802\/19"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004875","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004875","name":"Norrbacka-Eugeniastiftelsen","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["803\/20"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["803\/20"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004875","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010119","name":"Forsknings- och utvecklingsstyrelsen f\u00f6r G\u00f6teborg och S\u00f6dra Bohusl\u00e4n","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["VGFOUGSB-868941"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VGFOUGSB-868941"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010119","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005754","name":"Sahlgrenska Universitetssjukhuset","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SU-793851"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SU-793851"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005754","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009389","name":"Stiftelsen Promobilia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009389","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005760","name":"University of Gothenburg","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005760","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J NeuroEngineering Rehabil"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>More knowledge of the relationships between kinematic measures and clinical assessments is required to guide clinical decision making and future research.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>To determine which kinematic variables obtained during a drinking task were associated with clinical assessments of upper extremity functioning in people with spinal cord injury (SCI).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>In total, 25 individuals with chronic cervical (n\u2009=\u200917) or thoracic (n\u2009=\u20098) complete (n\u2009=\u200914) or motor incomplete (n\u2009=\u200911) SCI (mean age 58.4, SD 13.8) were included. Kinematic data, including movement time, smoothness and joint angles was captured with a 5-camera optoelectronic system during a unimanual drinking task. Action Research Arm Test (ARAT), Sollerman Hand Function Test (SHFT) and basic hand classification of the Upper Extremity Data Set (ISCI-Hand) were used as clinical assessments. Multiple regression analysis was used to identify kinematic variables associated with clinical assessments after controlling for potential confounding factors, such as, age, severity of SCI, sensory function, and hand surgery.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Movement time, smoothness and movement pattern kinematics including trunk displacement, elbow and wrist joint angles were correlated (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.05) with all three clinical scales while the velocity-related kinematics and inter-joint coordination showed low correlations. Multiple regression analysis revealed that wrist angle combined with movement time or smoothness explained 82% and 77% of the total variance in ARAT and SHFT, respectively. Wrist angle alone explained 59% of the variance in ISCI-Hand. The proprioception of the hand increased the explanatory power in the models of ARAT and SHFT. Associations between kinematics and clinical assessments in the subgroup with cervical SCI were equivalent to the whole group analyses. The number of participants in the subgroup with thoracic SCI was small and only allowed limited analysis.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Wrist angle, movement time, movement smoothness are the most important kinematic variables associated with upper extremity clinical assessments in people with SCI. The results are most valid for individuals with cervical SCI. All three assessments are appropriate for SCI. Further research with larger representative sample of thoracic SCI needed.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-021-00938-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,26]],"date-time":"2021-09-26T15:02:55Z","timestamp":1632668575000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Associations between upper extremity functioning and kinematics in people with spinal cord injury"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5524-8589","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lamprini","family":"Lili","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katharina S","family":"Sunnerhagen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tiina","family":"Rekand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margit","family":"Alt Murphy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,26]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"938_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2009.133","volume":"48","author":"EM Hagen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hagen EM, et al. A 50-year follow-up of the incidence of traumatic spinal cord injuries in Western Norway. Spinal Cord. 2010;48(4):313\u20138.","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"issue":"5","key":"938_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968308331143","volume":"23","author":"C Rudhe","year":"2009","unstructured":"Rudhe C, van Hedel HJA. Upper extremity function in persons with tetraplegia: relationships between strength, capacity, and the spinal cord independence measure. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2009;23(5):413\u201321.","journal-title":"Neurorehabil Neural Repair"},{"issue":"1 Suppl","key":"938_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.3171\/2012.6.AOSPINE1252","volume":"17","author":"M Boakye","year":"2012","unstructured":"Boakye M, Leigh BC, Skelly AC. Quality of life in persons with spinal cord injury: comparisons with other populations. J Neurosurg Spine. 2012;17(1 Suppl):29\u201337.","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Spine"},{"issue":"10","key":"938_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2004.21.1371","volume":"21","author":"KD Anderson","year":"2004","unstructured":"Anderson KD. Targeting recovery: priorities of the spinal cord-injured population. J Neurotrauma. 2004;21(10):1371\u201383.","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"938_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-0003-12-9","volume":"12","author":"S Mateo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mateo S, et al. Upper limb kinematics after cervical spinal cord injury: a review. J Neuroeng Rehabil. 2015;12:9.","journal-title":"J Neuroeng Rehabil"},{"issue":"4","key":"938_CR6","first-page":"543","volume":"33","author":"S Mateo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mateo S, et al. Improvement of grasping after motor imagery in C6\u2013C7 tetraplegia: a kinematic and MEG pilot study. Restor Neurol Neurosci. 2015;33(4):543\u201355.","journal-title":"Restor Neurol Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"938_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3101101","volume":"39","author":"LA Harvey","year":"2001","unstructured":"Harvey LA, et al. Hand function of C6 and C7 tetraplegics 1\u201316 years following injury. Spinal Cord. 2001;39(1):37\u201343.","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"issue":"2","key":"938_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.3109\/02844319509034334","volume":"29","author":"C Sollerman","year":"1995","unstructured":"Sollerman C, Ejeskar A. Sollerman hand function test. A standardised method and its use in tetraplegic patients. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg Hand Surg. 1995;29(2):167\u201376.","journal-title":"Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg Hand Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"938_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphys.2017.08.005","volume":"63","author":"LA Harvey","year":"2017","unstructured":"Harvey LA, et al. Early intensive hand rehabilitation is not more effective than usual care plus one-to-one hand therapy in people with sub-acute spinal cord injury (\u2018Hands On\u2019): a randomised trial. J Physiother. 2017;63(4):197\u2013204.","journal-title":"J Physiother"},{"issue":"5","key":"938_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968310394869","volume":"25","author":"J Kowalczewski","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kowalczewski J, et al. In-home tele-rehabilitation improves tetraplegic hand function. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2011;25(5):412\u201322.","journal-title":"Neurorehabil Neural Repair"},{"issue":"9","key":"938_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2014.87","volume":"52","author":"F Biering-S\u00f8rensen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Biering-S\u00f8rensen F, et al. International spinal cord injury upper extremity basic data set. Spinal Cord. 2014;52(9):652\u20137.","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"issue":"1","key":"938_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968310370748","volume":"25","author":"M Alt Murphy","year":"2011","unstructured":"Alt Murphy M, Willen C, Sunnerhagen KS. Kinematic variables quantifying upper-extremity performance after stroke during reaching and drinking from a glass. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2011;25(1):71\u201380.","journal-title":"Neurorehabil Neural Repair"},{"issue":"1","key":"938_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1097\/MRR.0b013e32833d6cf3","volume":"34","author":"EW Cacho","year":"2011","unstructured":"Cacho EW, et al. Upper limb assessment in tetraplegia: clinical, functional and kinematic correlations. Int J Rehabil Res. 2011;34(1):65\u201372.","journal-title":"Int J Rehabil Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"938_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1177\/1747493019873519","volume":"14","author":"G Kwakkel","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kwakkel G, et al. Standardized measurement of quality of upper limb movement after stroke: consensus-based core recommendations from the Second Stroke Recovery and Rehabilitation Roundtable. Int J Stroke. 2019;14(8):783\u201391.","journal-title":"Int J Stroke"},{"key":"938_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-0003-7-41","volume":"7","author":"A de los Reyes-Guzman","year":"2010","unstructured":"de los Reyes-Guzman A, et al. Kinematic analysis of the daily activity of drinking from a glass in a population with cervical spinal cord injury. J Neuroeng Rehabil. 2010;7:41.","journal-title":"J Neuroeng Rehabil"},{"issue":"7","key":"938_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968314521695","volume":"28","author":"IM Velstra","year":"2014","unstructured":"Velstra IM, et al. Prediction and stratification of upper limb function and self-care in acute cervical spinal cord injury with the graded redefined assessment of strength, sensibility, and prehension (GRASSP). Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2014;28(7):632\u201342.","journal-title":"Neurorehabil Neural Repair"},{"issue":"1","key":"938_CR17","first-page":"31","volume":"50","author":"R Thorsen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Thorsen R, et al. Correlation among lesion level, muscle strength and hand function in cervical spinal cord injury. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med. 2014;50(1):31\u20138.","journal-title":"Eur J Phys Rehabil Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"938_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1179\/204577211X13207446293695","volume":"34","author":"SC Kirshblum","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kirshblum SC, et al. International standards for neurological classification of spinal cord injury (revised 2011). J Spinal Cord Med. 2011;34(6):535\u201346.","journal-title":"J Spinal Cord Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"938_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2007.11.008","volume":"61","author":"E von Elm","year":"2008","unstructured":"von Elm E, et al. The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies. J Clin Epidemiol. 2008;61(4):344\u20139.","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"938_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968307305353","volume":"22","author":"N Yozbatiran","year":"2008","unstructured":"Yozbatiran N, Der-Yeghiaian L, Cramer SC. A standardized approach to performing the action research arm test. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2008;22(1):78\u201390.","journal-title":"Neurorehabil Neural Repair"},{"issue":"8","key":"938_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.2340\/16501977-1831","volume":"46","author":"A Nordin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Nordin A, Alt Murphy M, Danielsson A. Intra-rater and inter-rater reliability at the item level of the Action Research Arm Test for patients with stroke. J Rehabil Med. 2014;46(8):738\u201345.","journal-title":"J Rehabil Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"938_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3101261","volume":"40","author":"JH van Tuijl","year":"2002","unstructured":"van Tuijl JH, Janssen-Potten YJ, Seelen HA. Evaluation of upper extremity motor function tests in tetraplegics. Spinal Cord. 2002;40(2):51\u201364.","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"issue":"2","key":"938_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3101551","volume":"42","author":"C Fattal","year":"2004","unstructured":"Fattal C. Motor capacities of upper limbs in tetraplegics: a new scale for the assessment of the results of functional surgery on upper limbs. Spinal Cord. 2004;42(2):80\u201390.","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"issue":"1","key":"938_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1682\/JRRD.2005.10.0167","volume":"44","author":"MJ Mulcahey","year":"2007","unstructured":"Mulcahey MJ, Hutchinson D, Kozin S. Assessment of upper limb in tetraplegia: considerations in evaluation and outcomes research. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2007;44(1):91\u2013102.","journal-title":"J Rehabil Res Dev"},{"issue":"8","key":"938_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2017.59","volume":"55","author":"F Biering-Sorensen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Biering-Sorensen F, et al. International Spinal Cord Injury Core Data Set (version 2.0)-including standardization of reporting. Spinal Cord. 2017;55(8):759\u201364.","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"issue":"4","key":"938_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3101960","volume":"45","author":"A Catz","year":"2007","unstructured":"Catz A, et al. A multicenter international study on the Spinal Cord Independence Measure, version III: Rasch psychometric validation. Spinal Cord. 2007;45(4):275\u201391.","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"938_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3791\/57228","author":"M Alt Murphy","year":"2018","unstructured":"Alt Murphy M, et al. Kinematic analysis using 3D motion capture of drinking task in people with and without upper-extremity impairments. JOVE-J Vis Exp. 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3791\/57228.","journal-title":"JOVE-J Vis Exp"},{"issue":"2","key":"938_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2012.101","volume":"51","author":"S Mateo","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mateo S, et al. Kinematic characteristics of tenodesis grasp in C6 quadriplegia. Spinal Cord. 2013;51(2):144\u20139.","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"issue":"2","key":"938_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.5535\/arm.2017.41.2.218","volume":"41","author":"WK Chang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chang WK, et al. \u2019 Quantitative assessment of proprioception using dynamometer in incomplete spinal cord injury patients: a preliminary study. Ann Rehabil Med-ARM. 2017;41(2):218\u201324.","journal-title":"Ann Rehabil Med-ARM"},{"issue":"3","key":"938_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2015.4217","volume":"33","author":"S Kalsi-Ryan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kalsi-Ryan S, et al. Responsiveness, sensitivity, and minimally detectable difference of the graded and redefined assessment of strength, sensibility, and prehension, Version 1.0. J Neurotrauma. 2016;33(3):307\u201314.","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"}],"container-title":["Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12984-021-00938-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12984-021-00938-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12984-021-00938-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,26]],"date-time":"2021-10-26T08:02:05Z","timestamp":1635235325000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jneuroengrehab.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12984-021-00938-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,26]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["938"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12984-021-00938-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1743-0003"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1743-0003","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"8 March 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 September 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 September 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 October 2021","order":4,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Correction","order":5,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"In the online version of this article, an author's name was wrongly tagged. The article has been updated.","order":6,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study was approved by the Swedish Ethical Review Authority (408-17). We certify that all applicable institutional and governmental\u00a0regulations concerning the ethical use of human volunteers were followed during the course of this research.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"147"}}