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However, only sparse data on ankle position sense and no systematic data on ankle motion sense dysfunction in stroke are available. Moreover, the lesion sites underlying impaired ankle proprioception have not been comprehensively delineated. Using robotic technology, this study quantified ankle proprioceptive deficits post-stroke and determined the associated brain lesions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Twelve adults with chronic stroke and 13 neurotypical adults participated. A robot passively plantarflexed a participant\u2019s ankle to two distinct positions or at two distinct velocities. Participants subsequently indicated which of the two movements was further\/faster. Based on the stimulus-response data, psychometric just-noticeable-difference (JND) thresholds and intervals of uncertainty (IU) were derived as measures on proprioceptive bias and precision. To determine group differences, Welch\u2019s t-test and the Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test were performed for the JND threshold and IU, respectively. Voxel-based lesion subtraction analysis identified the brain lesions associated with observed proprioceptive deficits in adults with stroke.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>83% of adults with stroke exhibited abnormalities in either position or motion sense, or both. JND and IU measures were significantly elevated compared to the control group (Position sense: + 77% in JND, +\u2009148% in IU; Motion sense: +153% in JND, +\u200978% in IU). Adults with stroke with both impaired ankle position and motion sense had lesions in the parietal, frontal, and temporoparietal regions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This is the first study to document the magnitude and frequency of ankle position and motion sense impairment in adults with chronic stroke. Proprioceptive dysfunction was characterized by elevated JND thresholds and increased uncertainty in perceiving ankle position\/motion. Furthermore, the associated cortical lesions for impairment in both proprioceptive senses were largely overlapping.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-024-01396-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,24]],"date-time":"2024-06-24T06:02:05Z","timestamp":1719208925000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Robot-aided assessment and associated brain lesions of impaired ankle proprioception in chronic stroke"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Qiyin","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naveen","family":"Elangovan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingming","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ann","family":"Van de Winckel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00fcrgen","family":"Konczak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"1396_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2018.01.064","volume":"28","author":"JC Tuthill","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tuthill JC, Azim E, Proprioception. 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The study protocol was approved by the University of Minnesota Institutional Review Board (STUDY00013061). All participants were informed about the experiment and voluntarily consented to participate in the study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"All participants gave written informed consent for the publication of the study. The participant shown in the Fig.\u00a0\n                      \n                      A provided written consent for the identifying image to be published.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"109"}}