{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T04:14:01Z","timestamp":1793506441874,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,6]],"date-time":"2025-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736121600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,6]],"date-time":"2025-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736121600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Translational Research Program for Rehabilitation Robots, National Rehabilitation Center, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Republic of Korea","award":["NRCTR-IN20001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRCTR-IN20001"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00vxgjw72","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J NeuroEngineering Rehabil"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Brain-computer interface (BCI) technology can enhance neural plasticity and motor recovery in persons with stroke. However, the effects of BCI training with motor imagery (MI)-contingent feedback versus MI-independent feedback remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate whether the contingent connection between MI-induced brain activity and feedback influences functional and neural plasticity outcomes. We hypothesized that BCI training, with MI-contingent feedback, would result in greater improvements in upper limb function and neural plasticity compared to BCI training, with MI-independent feedback.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This randomized controlled trial included persons with chronic stroke who underwent BCI training involving functional electrical stimulation feedback on the affected wrist extensor. Primary outcomes included the Medical Research Council (MRC) scale score for muscle strength in the wrist extensor (MRC-WE) and active range of motion in wrist extension (AROM-WE). Resting-state electroencephalogram recordings were used to assess neural plasticity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Compared to the MI-independent feedback BCI group, the MI-contingent feedback BCI group showed significantly greater improvements in MRC-WE scores (mean difference\u2009=\u20090.52, 95% CI\u2009=\u20090.03\u20131.00,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.036) and demonstrated increased AROM-WE at 4 weeks post-intervention (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.019). Enhanced functional connectivity in the affected hemisphere was observed in the MI-contingent feedback BCI group, correlating with MRC-WE and Fugl-Meyer assessment-distal scores. Improvements were also observed in the unaffected hemisphere\u2019s functional connectivity.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>BCI training with MI-contingent feedback is more effective than MI-independent feedback in improving AROM-WE, MRC, and neural plasticity in individuals with chronic stroke. BCI technology could be a valuable addition to conventional rehabilitation for stroke survivors, enhancing recovery outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Trial registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>CRIS (KCT0009013).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-024-01535-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,5]],"date-time":"2025-01-05T23:30:35Z","timestamp":1736119835000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":76,"title":["Efficacy of brain-computer interface training with motor imagery-contingent feedback in improving upper limb function and neuroplasticity among persons with chronic stroke: a double-blinded, parallel-group, randomized controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Myeong Sun","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyunju","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilho","family":"Kwon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kwang-Ok","family":"An","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hayeon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gyulee","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wooseok","family":"Hyung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chang-Hwan","family":"Im","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joon-Ho","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"1535_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1693","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60325-5","volume":"377","author":"P Langhorne","year":"2011","unstructured":"Langhorne P, Bernhardt J, Kwakkel G. Stroke rehabilitation. Lancet. 2011;377:1693\u2013702.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1535_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-63934-9.00002-0","volume":"168","author":"JR Wolpaw","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wolpaw JR, Mill\u00e1n JDR, Ramsey NF. Brain-computer interfaces: definitions and principles. Handb Clin Neurol. 2020;168:15\u201323.","journal-title":"Handb Clin Neurol"},{"key":"1535_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"041001","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/aba162","volume":"17","author":"R Mane","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mane R, Chouhan T, Guan C. BCI for stroke rehabilitation: motor and beyond. J Neural Eng. 2020;17:041001.","journal-title":"J Neural Eng"},{"key":"1535_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8882764","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8882764","volume":"2020","author":"Y Miao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Miao Y, Chen S, Zhang X, Jin J, Xu R, Daly I, et al. BCI-based rehabilitation on the stroke in sequela stage. Neural Plast. 2020;2020:8882764.","journal-title":"Neural Plast"},{"key":"1535_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24390","volume":"77","author":"F Pichiorri","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pichiorri F, Morone G, Petti M, Toppi J, Pisotta I, Molinari M, et al. Brain-computer interface boosts motor imagery practice during stroke recovery. Ann Neurol. 2015;77:851\u201365.","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"1535_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591435","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2020.591435","volume":"14","author":"M Sebasti\u00e1n-Romagosa","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sebasti\u00e1n-Romagosa M, Cho W, Ortner R, Murovec N, Von Oertzen T, Kamada K, et al. Brain computer interface treatment for motor rehabilitation of upper extremity of stroke patients\u2014A feasibility study. Front Neurosci. 2020;14:591435.","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"1535_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2017.00400","volume":"11","author":"AA Frolov","year":"2017","unstructured":"Frolov AA, Mokienko O, Lyukmanov R, Biryukova E, Kotov S, Turbina L, et al. Post-stroke rehabilitation training with a motor-imagery-based brain-computer interface (BCI)-controlled hand exoskeleton: a randomized controlled multicenter trial. Front Neurosci. 2017;11:400.","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"1535_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.23879","volume":"74","author":"A Ramos-Murguialday","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ramos-Murguialday A, Broetz D, Rea M, L\u00e4er L, Yilmaz O, Brasil FL, et al. Brain\u2013machine interface in chronic stroke rehabilitation: a controlled study. Ann Neurol. 2013;74:100\u20138.","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"1535_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2421","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-04673-z","volume":"9","author":"A Biasiucci","year":"2018","unstructured":"Biasiucci A, Leeb R, Iturrate I, Perdikis S, Al-Khodairy A, Corbet T, et al. Brain-actuated functional electrical stimulation elicits lasting arm motor recovery after stroke. Nat Commun. 2018;9:2421.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"1535_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.36518\/2689-0216.1196","volume":"2","author":"AJ Horowitz","year":"2021","unstructured":"Horowitz AJ, Guger C, Korostenskaja M, Healthc. J Med. 2021;2:163\u201379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.36518\/2689-0216.1196.","journal-title":"J Med"},{"key":"1535_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1002\/BIMJ.4710380806","volume":"38","author":"M Kieser","year":"1996","unstructured":"Kieser M, Wassmer G. On the use of the upper confidence limit for the variance from a pilot sample for sample size determination. Biom J. 1996;38:941\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/BIMJ.4710380806.","journal-title":"Biom J"},{"key":"1535_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e16","DOI":"10.12786\/bn.2022.15.e16","volume":"15","author":"H Kim","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kim H, Shin J-H. Assessment of upper extremity function in people with stroke based on the framework of the ICF: a narrative review. Brain Neurorehabil. 2022;15:e16.","journal-title":"Brain Neurorehabil"},{"key":"1535_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.2340\/1650197771331","volume":"7","author":"AR Fugl-Meyer","year":"1975","unstructured":"Fugl-Meyer AR, J\u00e4\u00e4sk\u00f6 L, Leyman I, Olsson S, Steglind S. The post-stroke hemiplegic patient. 1. A method for evaluation of physical performance. Scand J Rehabil Med. 1975;7:13\u201331.","journal-title":"Scand J Rehabil Med"},{"key":"1535_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.5535\/arm.20225","volume":"45","author":"SH Kim Tl, Hwang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kim Tl, Hwang SH, Lee WJ, Hwang JW, Cho I, Kim EH, et al. The Korean version of the Fugl-Meyer Assessment: reliability and validity evaluation. Ann Rehabil Med. 2021;45:83\u201398.","journal-title":"Ann Rehabil Med"},{"key":"1535_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.5535\/arm.2017.41.3.387","volume":"41","author":"SU Choi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Choi SU, Lee HS, Shin JH, Ho SH, Koo MJ, Park KH, et al. Stroke impact scale 3.0: reliability and validity evaluation of the Korean version. Ann Rehabil Med. 2017;41:387\u201393.","journal-title":"Ann Rehabil Med"},{"key":"1535_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9993(03)00035-2","volume":"84","author":"PW Duncan","year":"2003","unstructured":"Duncan PW, Bode RK, Min Lai S, Perera S. Glycine antagonist in Neuroprotection americans investigators. Rasch analysis of a new stroke-specific outcome scale: the stroke impact scale11No. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2003;84:950\u201363.","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"1535_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22007","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-00975-3","volume":"11","author":"KM Choi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Choi KM, Kim JY, Kim YW, Han JW, Im CH, Lee SH. Comparative analysis of default mode networks in major psychiatric disorders using resting-state EEG. Sci Rep. 2021;11:22007.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"1535_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00007990","volume":"84","author":"LA Baccal\u00e1","year":"2001","unstructured":"Baccal\u00e1 LA, Sameshima K. Partial directed coherence: a new concept in neural structure determination. Biol Cybern. 2001;84:463\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/PL00007990.","journal-title":"Biol Cybern"},{"key":"1535_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1802","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2006.873692","volume":"53","author":"L Astolfi","year":"2006","unstructured":"Astolfi L, Cincotti F, Mattia D, Marciani MG, Baccal\u00e0 LA, de Vico Fallani FDV, et al. Assessing cortical functional connectivity by partial directed coherence: simulations and application to real data. IEEE Trans Bio Med Eng. 2006;53:1802\u201312.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Bio Med Eng"},{"key":"1535_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1007\/s12021-013-9186-1","volume":"11","author":"G Niso","year":"2013","unstructured":"Niso G, Bru\u00f1a R, Pereda E, Guti\u00e9rrez R, Bajo R, Maest\u00fa F, et al. HERMES: towards an integrated toolbox to characterize functional and effective brain connectivity. Neuroinformatics. 2013;11:405\u201334.","journal-title":"Neuroinformatics"},{"key":"1535_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1109\/5.939829","volume":"89","author":"G Pfurtscheller","year":"2001","unstructured":"Pfurtscheller G, Neuper C. Motor imagery and direct brain-computer communication. Proc IEEE. 2001;89:1123\u201334.","journal-title":"Proc IEEE"},{"key":"1535_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2015.02.001","volume":"126","author":"PM Rossini","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rossini PM, Burke D, Chen R, Cohen LG, Daskalakis Z, Di Iorio R, et al. Non-invasive electrical and magnetic stimulation of the brain, spinal cord, roots and peripheral nerves: basic principles and procedures for routine clinical and research application. An updated report from an IFCN Committee. Clin Neurophysiol. 2015;126:1071\u2013107.","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"1535_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bates D, M\u00e4chler M, Bolker B, Walker S. Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4. J Stat Softw. 2015;67:48. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18637\/jss.v067.i01","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01"},{"key":"1535_CR24","first-page":"97","volume":"52","author":"JC Rothwell","year":"1999","unstructured":"Rothwell JC, Hallett M, Berardelli A, Eisen A, Rossini P, Paulus W. Magnetic stimulation: motor evoked potentials. The International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol Suppl. 1999;52:97\u2013103.","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol Suppl"},{"key":"1535_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.00456","volume":"8","author":"JZ Bakdash","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bakdash JZ, Marusich LR. Repeated measures correlation. Front Psychol. 2017;8:456.","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"1535_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.01.014","volume":"55","author":"AK Rehme","year":"2011","unstructured":"Rehme AK, Eickhoff SB, Wang LE, Fink GR, Grefkes C. Dynamic causal modeling of cortical activity from the acute to the chronic stage after stroke. NeuroImage. 2011;55:1147\u201358.","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"1535_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2017.00469","volume":"11","author":"KC Dodd","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dodd KC, Nair VA, Prabhakaran V. Role of the contralesional vs. ipsilesional hemisphere in stroke recovery. Front Hum Neurosci. 2017;11:469.","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"1535_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2015.00214","volume":"6","author":"CM Buetefisch","year":"2015","unstructured":"Buetefisch CM. Role of the contralesional hemisphere in post-stroke recovery of upper extremity motor function. Front Neurol. 2015;6:214.","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"1535_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11010056","volume":"11","author":"K Yuan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yuan K, Chen C, Wang X, Chu WCW, Tong RKY. BCI training effects on chronic stroke correlate with functional reorganization in motor-related regions: a concurrent EEG and fMRI study. Brain Sci. 2021;11:56.","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"key":"1535_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"909610","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2022.909610","volume":"16","author":"G Zhan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhan G, Chen S, Ji Y, Xu Y, Song Z, Wang J, et al. EEG-based brain network analysis of chronic stroke patients after BCI rehabilitation training. Front Hum Neurosci. 2022;16:909610.","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"1535_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2016.11.023","volume":"341","author":"C Ruffino","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ruffino C, Papaxanthis C, Lebon F. Neural plasticity during motor learning with motor imagery practice: review and perspectives. Neuroscience. 2017;341:61\u201378.","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"1535_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-020-00686-2","volume":"17","author":"Z Bai","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bai Z, Fong KNK, Zhang JJ, Chan J, Ting KH. Immediate and long-term effects of BCI-based rehabilitation of the upper extremity after stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neuroeng Rehabil. 2020;17:57.","journal-title":"J Neuroeng Rehabil"},{"key":"1535_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1177\/15500594211009065","volume":"53","author":"S Mansour","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mansour S, Ang KK, Nair KPS, Phua KS, Arvaneh M. Efficacy of brain-computer interface and the impact of its design characteristics on poststroke upper-limb rehabilitation: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clin EEG Neurosci. 2022;53:79\u201390.","journal-title":"Clin EEG Neurosci"},{"key":"1535_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-008-1495-5","volume":"191","author":"GI Barsi","year":"2008","unstructured":"Barsi GI, Popovic DB, Tarkka IM, Sinkjaer T, Grey MJ. Cortical excitability changes following grasping exercise augmented with electrical stimulation. Exp Brain Res. 2008;191:57\u201366.","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"1535_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"670953","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2021.670953","volume":"15","author":"AM Sinha","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sinha AM, Nair VA, Prabhakaran V. Brain-computer interface training with functional electrical stimulation: facilitating changes in interhemispheric functional connectivity and motor outcomes post-stroke. Front Neurosci. 2021;15:670953.","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"1535_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2022.798883","volume":"16","author":"Y Peng","year":"2022","unstructured":"Peng Y, Wang J, Liu Z, Zhong L, Wen X, Wang P, et al. The application of brain-computer interface in upper limb dysfunction after stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Front Hum Neurosci. 2022;16:111.","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"1535_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1041978","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.1041978","volume":"13","author":"AF Zanona","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zanona AF, Piscitelli D, Seixas VM, Scipioni KRDDS, Bastos MSC, de S\u00e1 LCK, et al. Brain-computer interface combined with mental practice and occupational therapy enhances upper limb motor recovery, activities of daily living, and participation in subacute stroke. Front Neurol. 2023;13:1041978.","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"1535_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.3389\/fneng.2014.00030","volume":"7","author":"KK Ang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ang KK, Guan C, Phua KS, Wang C, Zhou L, Tang KY, et al. Brain-computer interface-based robotic end effector system for wrist and hand rehabilitation: results of a three-armed randomized controlled trial for chronic stroke. Front Neuroeng. 2014;7:30.","journal-title":"Front Neuroeng"},{"key":"1535_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2018.00752","volume":"12","author":"AB Remsik","year":"2018","unstructured":"Remsik AB, Dodd K, Williams L Jr, Thoma J, Jacobson T, Allen JD, et al. Behavioral outcomes following brain\u2013computer interface intervention for upper extremity rehabilitation in stroke: a randomized controlled trial. Front Neurosci. 2018;12:752.","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"}],"container-title":["Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12984-024-01535-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12984-024-01535-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12984-024-01535-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,6]],"date-time":"2025-01-06T10:05:26Z","timestamp":1736157926000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jneuroengrehab.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12984-024-01535-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,6]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1535"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12984-024-01535-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1743-0003"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1743-0003","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 July 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 December 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 January 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Rehabilitation Hospital (NRC-2020-01-007) and registered at CRIS (KCT0009013). Participants provided informed consent before enrolment in the study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"1"}}