{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T05:47:05Z","timestamp":1768456025953,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","funder":[{"name":"King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, the research group Project no. RGP-210","award":["1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Virol J"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]},"DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-017-0829-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,22]],"date-time":"2017-08-22T12:28:07Z","timestamp":1503404887000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Prevalence of hepatitis-C virus genotypes and potential transmission risks in Malakand Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Nausheen","family":"Nazir","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Rasul","family":"Jan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amjad","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Asif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Idrees","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Nisar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Zahoor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Naser M.","family":"Abd El-Salam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"829_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb.09.8","volume":"4","author":"C Argentini","year":"2009","unstructured":"Argentini C, Genovese D, Dettori S, Rapicetta M. HCV genetic variability from quasispecies evolution to genotype classification. Future Microbiol. 2009;4:359\u201373.","journal-title":"Future Microbiol"},{"key":"829_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200107053450107","volume":"345","author":"G Lauer","year":"2001","unstructured":"Lauer G, Walker B. Hepatitis C virus infection. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:41\u201352.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"829_CR3","unstructured":"WHO: Global Health Observatory (online database). 06 May 2016."},{"issue":"4","key":"829_CR4","first-page":"42","volume":"57","author":"K Hanafiah","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hanafiah K, Groeger J, Flaxman A, Wiersma S. Global epidemiology of hepatitis C virus infection: new estimates of age-specific antibody to HCV seroprevalence. Hepatology. 2013;57(4):42\u20131333.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"829_CR5","first-page":"240","volume":"88","author":"M Takahashi","year":"1993","unstructured":"Takahashi M, Yamada G, Miyamato R, Doi T, Tsuji T. Natural course of chronic hepatitis C. American J Gastroenterology. 1993;88:240\u20133.","journal-title":"American J Gastroenterology"},{"key":"829_CR6","first-page":"2","volume":"12","author":"S Raza","year":"2015","unstructured":"Raza S, Mubeen H, Farooqi S. Review: epidemic status of HCV in Pakistan. GlobJof EnginScience and Research Manage. 2015;12:2.","journal-title":"GlobJof EnginScience and Research Manage"},{"issue":"46","key":"829_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17690","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i46.17690","volume":"20","author":"S Afzal","year":"2014","unstructured":"Afzal S, Khan Y, Ammar M, Anjum S, Zaidi S. Diagnostically untypable hepatitis C virus variants: it is time to resolve the problem. World J Gastroenterol. 2014;20(46):17690\u20132.","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"45","key":"829_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.15.5647","volume":"15","author":"Y Waheed","year":"2009","unstructured":"Waheed Y, Shafi T, Safi S, Qadri I. Hepatitis C virus in Pakistan: a systematic review of prevalence, genotypes and risk factors. World J Gastroenterol. 2009;15(45):53\u20135647.","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"829_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000304695.54884.4f","volume":"8","author":"Y Ruan","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ruan Y, Qin G, Yin L, Chen K, Qian H, Hao C. Incidence of HIV, hepatitis C and hepatitis B viruses among injection drug users in southwestern China: a 3-year follow-up study. AIDS. 2007;8:39\u201346.","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"1","key":"829_CR10","first-page":"6","volume":"14","author":"J Al-Tawfiq","year":"2008","unstructured":"Al-Tawfiq J, Anani A. Profile of viral hepatitis a, B, and C in a Saudi Arabian hospital. Med Sci Monit. 2008;14(1):6\u201352.","journal-title":"Med Sci Monit"},{"key":"829_CR11","unstructured":"Prevention and Control of Viral Hepatitis Infection: Framework for Global Action. 3 April 2016."},{"issue":"4","key":"829_CR12","first-page":"981","volume":"47","author":"N Zaman","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zaman N, Asad J, Raza A, Raja K, Akhter S, Mahmood M, Mahmood T. Detection of HCV RNA and NS5A protein in peripheral blood mononuclear cells after sustained Virological response may cause viral relapse. Wor J of Gastroenterol. 2015;47(4):981\u20137.","journal-title":"Wor J of Gastroenterol"},{"key":"829_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perz JF, Armstrong GL, Farrington LA, YJF H, Bel BP. The contributions of hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus infections to cirrhosis and primary liver cancer worldwide. J Hepatol. 2006:45529\u201338.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.05.013"},{"key":"829_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/S1995-7645(14)60193-0","volume":"14","author":"Y Waheed","year":"2015","unstructured":"Waheed Y. Effect of interferon plus ribavirin therapy on hepatitis C virus genotype 3 patients from Pakistan: treatment response, side effects and future prospective. Asian Pacific J of Tropical Med. 2015;14:85\u20139.","journal-title":"Asian Pacific J of Tropical Med"},{"key":"829_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-8-466","volume":"8","author":"A Ali","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ali A, Nisar M, Ahmad H, Saif N, Idrees M, Bajwa M. Determination of HCV genotypes and viral loads in chronic HCV infected patients of HazaraPakistan. Virol J. 2011;8:466.","journal-title":"Virol J"},{"key":"829_CR16","first-page":"9","volume":"12","author":"T Khan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Khan T, Mehr M, Ullah H, Khan H, Iman N. Frequency of hepatitis C genotypes in the north of Pakistan. Gomal J Med Sci. 2014;12:9\u2013106.","journal-title":"Gomal J Med Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"829_CR17","first-page":"373","volume":"32","author":"M Akhtar","year":"2016","unstructured":"Akhtar M, Majeed S, Jamil M, Rehman A. Hepatitis C virus infection among injecting drug users in Lahore,Pakistan:A cross sectional study. Pak J Med Sci. 2016;32(2):373\u20138.","journal-title":"Pak J Med Sci"},{"key":"829_CR18","first-page":"2249","volume":"14","author":"U Saeed","year":"2014","unstructured":"Saeed U, Manzoor S. Risk factors associated with transmission of hepatitis B and hepatitis C virus in Pakistan. GlobJof Medi resear Dise. 2014;14:2249\u20134618.","journal-title":"GlobJof Medi resear Dise"},{"key":"829_CR19","first-page":"12","volume":"60","author":"A Bosan","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bosan A, Qureshi H, Bile M, Ahmad I, Hafiz R. A review of hepatitis viral infections in Pakistan National Institute of health. Pak MedResearch CouncWHO. 2010;60:12.","journal-title":"Pak MedResearch CouncWHO"},{"key":"829_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1511","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-008-9342-0","volume":"36","author":"S Afridi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Afridi S, Naeem M, Hussain A, Kakar N, Babar M, Ahmad J. Prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotypes in Balochistan. Mol Biol Rep. 2009;36:1511\u20134.","journal-title":"Mol Biol Rep"},{"key":"829_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1016\/S2221-1691(12)60091-4","volume":"2","author":"A Safi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Safi A, Waheed Y, Sadat J, ul lslam S, Salahuddin S, Saeed U, Ashraf M. Molecular study of HCV detection, genotypes and their routes of transmission in north west Frontier Province, Pakistan. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 2012;2:532\u20136.","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Trop Biomed"},{"issue":"3","key":"829_CR22","first-page":"205","volume":"10","author":"M Umar","year":"2010","unstructured":"Umar M, Ahmad M, Khurram M, Usman S, Arif M, Adam T, Minhas Z, Arif A, Naeem A, Ejaz K, et al. Hepatitis C in Pakistan: a review of available data. Hepat Mon. 2010;10(3):205\u201314.","journal-title":"Hepat Mon"},{"issue":"3","key":"829_CR23","first-page":"5","volume":"8","author":"N Ahmad","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ahmad N, Asgher M, Shafique M, Qureshi J. An evidence of high prevalence of hepatitis C virus in Faisalabad, Pakistan. Saudi Med J. 2007;8(3):5\u2013390.","journal-title":"Saudi Med J"},{"issue":"3","key":"829_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.3329\/jbcps.v25i3.408","volume":"25","author":"S Alam","year":"2007","unstructured":"Alam S, Ahmad N, Khan M, Mustafa G, Al Mamun A, Mashud G. Seroprevalence of hepatitis C virus infection among health care workers. J Bangladesh College of Physicians and Surgeons. 2007;25(3):126\u20139.","journal-title":"J Bangladesh College of Physicians and Surgeons"},{"issue":"10","key":"829_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5812\/hepatmon.20299","volume":"14","author":"N Khan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Khan N, Akmal M, Hayat M, Umar M, Ullah A, Ahmed I, Rahim K, Ali S, Bahadar S, Saleha S. Geographic distribution of hepatitis C virus genotypes in Pakistan. Hepat Mon. 2014;14(10):1\u20135.","journal-title":"Hepat Mon"},{"key":"829_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2008.03.001","volume":"150","author":"M Idrees","year":"2008","unstructured":"Idrees M. Development of an improved HCV genotyping assay for the detection of common genotypes and subtypes in Pakistan. J Virol Meth. 2008;150:50\u20136.","journal-title":"J Virol Meth"},{"key":"829_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Afridi Q, Zahid N, Shabbir Z. Prevalence of HCV genotypes in district Mardan. Virol Journal. 2013;10","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-10-90"},{"key":"829_CR28","first-page":"46","volume":"40","author":"M Idrees","year":"2001","unstructured":"Idrees M. Common genotypes of hepatitis C virus present in Pakistan. Pak J Med Res. 2001;40:46\u20139.","journal-title":"Pak J Med Res"},{"key":"829_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1214\/aoms\/1177732564","volume":"6","author":"S Wilks","year":"1935","unstructured":"Wilks S. The likelihood test of independence in contingency tables. Ann Math Statist. 1935;6:190\u20136.","journal-title":"Ann Math Statist"},{"key":"829_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1214\/aoms\/1177732360","volume":"9","author":"S Wilks","year":"1938","unstructured":"Wilks S. The large-sample distribution of the likelihood ratio for testing composite hypotheses. Ann Math Statist. 1938;9:60\u20132.","journal-title":"Ann Math Statist"},{"key":"829_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-10-351","volume":"10","author":"I Anwar","year":"2013","unstructured":"Anwar I, Rahman M, Hassan U, Iqbal M. Prevalence of active hepatitis C virus infections among general public of Lahore, Pakistan. Virology Journal. 2013;10:351.","journal-title":"Virology Journal"},{"key":"829_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-015-1029-8","volume":"8","author":"A Daw","year":"2015","unstructured":"Daw A, Bouzedi E, Dau A. Geographic distribution of HCV genotypes in Libya and analysis of risk factors involved in their transmission. BMC Res Notes. 2015;8:67.","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"key":"829_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ali S, Ali I, Azam S, Ahmad B. Frequency distribution of HCV genotypes among chronic hepatitis C patients of khyber pakhtunkhwa. Virol Journal. 2011;8","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-8-193"},{"key":"829_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-8-16","volume":"8","author":"IM Inamullah","year":"2011","unstructured":"Inamullah IM, Ahmed H, Ghafoor U, Ali M, Ali L, Ahmed A. Hepatitis C virus genotypes circulating in district Swat of Khyber Pakhtoonkhaw, Pakistan. Virol Journal. 2011;8:16.","journal-title":"Virol Journal"},{"key":"829_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/165826","volume":"2014","author":"S Saleha","year":"2014","unstructured":"Saleha S, Kamal A, Ullah U, Khan N, Mahmood A, Khan S. Prevalence of of hepatitis C virus genotypes in district Bannu, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Hepat Res and Treatment. 2014;2014:1\u20135.","journal-title":"Hepat Res and Treatment"},{"key":"829_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-8-105","volume":"8","author":"S Khan","year":"2011","unstructured":"Khan S, Attaullah S, Ayaz S, Khan N, Shams S, Ali I, Bilal M, Siraj S. Molecular epidemiology of HCV among health care workers of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Virol Journal. 2011;8:105.","journal-title":"Virol Journal"},{"key":"829_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4321","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v16.i34.4321","volume":"16","author":"W Ahmad","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ahmad W, Ijaz B, Javed F, Jahan S, Shahid I, Khan F, Hassan S. HCV genotype distribution and possible transmission risks in Lahore, Pakistan. World J Gastroenterol. 2010;16:4321\u20138.","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"829_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1511","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-008-9342-0","volume":"36","author":"S Afridi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Afridi S, Naeem M, Hussain A, Kakar N, Babar M, Ahmad J. Prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotypes in Balochistan. Mol Biol Rep. 2009;36:1511\u20136.","journal-title":"Mol Biol Rep"},{"key":"829_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2010.04.012","volume":"10","author":"S Butt","year":"2010","unstructured":"Butt S, Idrees M, Akbar H, Rehman UI, Awan Z, Afzal S, Hussain A, Shahid M, Manzoor S, Rafique S. The changing epidemiology pattern and frequency distribution of hepatitis C virus in Pakistan. Infect Genet Evol. 2010;10:595\u2013600.","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol"},{"issue":"2","key":"829_CR40","first-page":"89","volume":"1","author":"A Rasheed","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rasheed A, Ullah S, Naeem S, Zubair M, Ahmad W, Hussain Z. Occurrence of HCV genotypes in different age groups of patients from Lahore, Pakistan. Adv life sci. 2014;1(2):89\u201395.","journal-title":"Adv life sci"},{"key":"829_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken.JJID.2004.49","volume":"57","author":"B Singh","year":"2004","unstructured":"Singh B, Verma M, Verma K. Markers for transfusion associated hepatitis in north Indian blood donors: prevalence and trends. Jpn J Infec Dis. 2004;57:49\u201351.","journal-title":"Jpn J Infec Dis"},{"key":"829_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.4254\/wjh.v5.i7.393","volume":"5","author":"S Rouabhia","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rouabhia S. Hepatitis C virus genotypes in north eastern Algeria: a retrospective study. World J Hepatol. 2013;5:393\u20137.","journal-title":"World J Hepatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"829_CR43","first-page":"1807","volume":"28","author":"H Tabussam","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tabussam H, Amin M, Amanullah M, Tabussam S. Study is about the prevalence of the HCV disease and survival of HCV patients with associated factors in the population of district Multan. Pak J Pharm Sci. 2015;28(5):1807\u201310.","journal-title":"Pak J Pharm Sci"}],"container-title":["Virology Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12985-017-0829-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]],"date-time":"2025-06-25T00:47:15Z","timestamp":1750812435000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/virologyj.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12985-017-0829-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,22]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]}},"alternative-id":["829"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12985-017-0829-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["1743-422X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1743-422X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,22]]},"article-number":"160"}}