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Chickens are known to be a major reservoir for this zoonotic pathogen. The presence of <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> in poultry farms and abattoirs is associated with financial costs of treatment and a serious risk to human health. The use of bacteriophages as a biocontrol is one possible intervention by which <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> colonization of chickens could be reduced. In a prior study, phages E\u03d5151 and T\u03d57 significantly reduced broiler chicken caecal colonization by <jats:italic>S.<\/jats:italic> Enteritidis and <jats:italic>S.<\/jats:italic> Typhimurium respectively.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>-free Ross broiler chickens were orally infected with <jats:italic>S.<\/jats:italic> Enteritidis P125109 or <jats:italic>S.<\/jats:italic> Typhimurium 4\/74. After 7 days of infection, the animals were euthanased, and 25cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> sections of skin were collected. The skin samples were sprayed with a phage suspension of either E\u03d5151 (<jats:italic>S.<\/jats:italic> Enteritidis), T\u03d57 phage suspension (<jats:italic>S.<\/jats:italic> Typhimurium) or SM buffer (Control). After incubation, the number of surviving <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>s was determined by direct plating and Most Probable Number (MPN). To determine the rate of reduction of <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> numbers on the skin surface, a bioluminescent <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. Typhimurium DT104 strain was cultured, spread on sections of chicken breast skin, and after spraying with a T\u03d511 phage suspension, skin samples were monitored using photon counting for up to 24\u2009h.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The median levels of <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> reduction following phage treatment were 1.38 log<jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub> MPN (Enteritidis) and 1.83 log<jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub> MPN (Typhimurium) per skin section. Treatment reductions were significant when compared with <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> recovery from control skin sections treated with buffer (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001). Additionally, significant reduction in light intensity was observed within 1\u2009min of phage T\u03d511 spraying onto the skin contaminated with a bioluminescent <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> recombinant strain, compared with buffer-treated controls (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.01), implying that some lysis of <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> was occurring on the skin surface.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The results of this study suggest that phages may be used on the surface of chicken skin as biocontrol agents against <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> infected broiler chicken carcasses. The rate of bioluminescence reduction shown by the recombinant <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> strain used supported the hypothesis that at least some of the reduction observed was due to lysis occurred on the skin surface.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-020-01368-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,9]],"date-time":"2020-07-09T10:05:32Z","timestamp":1594289132000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Reduction of Salmonella contamination on the surface of chicken skin using bacteriophage"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9698-7748","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert Joseph","family":"Atterbury","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adriano Marcelo","family":"Gigante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda de la Salud","family":"Rubio Lozano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruben Danilo","family":"M\u00e9ndez Medina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gareth","family":"Robinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Habib","family":"Alloush","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul Andrew","family":"Barrow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vivien Mary","family":"Allen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"1368_CR1","volume-title":"Estimates of the global burden of foodborne diseases (foodborne disease burden epidemiology reference group 2007\u20132015)","author":"World Health Organization (WHO)","year":"2015","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO). 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