{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T23:03:27Z","timestamp":1790463807233,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,15]],"date-time":"2021-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1610668800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,15]],"date-time":"2021-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1610668800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003107","name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Gesundheit","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NiCaDe: ZMVI1-2519GHP711 \/ D81667"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NiCaDe: ZMVI1-2519GHP711 \/ D81667"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003107","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003107","name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Gesundheit","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GHPP\/PPE"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GHPP\/PPE"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003107","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003107","name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Gesundheit","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GHPP\/PPE"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GHPP\/PPE"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003107","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003107","name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Gesundheit","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GHPP\/PPE"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GHPP\/PPE"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003107","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001655","name":"Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001655","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004543","name":"China Scholarship Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004543","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Projekt DEAL"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Virol J"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Coinfections of HIV-positive individuals with Hepatitis B and D virus (HBV and HDV) are common and can be associated with rapid liver damage. Several antiretroviral drugs for HIV exhibit anti-HBV effect; however, the selection of HBV drug resistance mutations (DRMs) in individuals under HIV antiretroviral therapy (ART) has been reported but rarely in Nigeria. In this study the HBV\/HDV prevalence and HBV DRMs in HIV-positive individuals in Southwestern Nigeria were assessed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Plasma samples collected from 310 HIV-positive individuals including 295 ART-experienced and 15 ART-na\u00efve persons attending the HIV clinic in three south-western states of Nigeria between June 2017 and August 2017 were analysed by ELISA for HBsAg and anti-HDV. The presence of HDV RNA and HBV DNA was analysed by (RT)-PCR followed by sequencing and phylogenetic analyses for genotyping. The HBV reverse transcription (RT) region was amplified and sequenced for the analysis of drug resistance mutations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Overall, 16.1% (n\u2009=\u200950\/310) of the HIV-positive individuals were positive for HBsAg, most of which were ART-experienced (94.0%; n\u2009=\u200947\/50). From the 50 HBsAg-positive samples, 72.0% (n\u2009=\u200936\/50) were positive for HBV DNA and 16.0% (n\u2009=\u20098\/50) had detectable HDV RNA while 5.6% (n\u2009=\u20092\/36) of the HBV-DNA positive samples had anti-HDV total antibodies. Sequences were available for 31\/36 of the HBV DNA-positive and 3\/8 HDV RNA-positive samples. HBV DNA-positive samples were characterised as HBV genotype E infections exclusively, while HDV genotype 1 was detected in the HDV RNA-positive samples. HBV DRMs V173L, L180M, S202I and M204V\/I, which are associated with lamivudine resistance, were detected in 32.2% (n\u2009=\u200910\/31) of the HBV DNA-positive samples. Most of these mutations (90.0%; n\u2009=\u20099\/10) were present in the ART-experienced cohort.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study indicates that HBV\/HDV coinfections are common in HIV-positive individuals under ART in Nigeria. Furthermore, a high proportion of HBV DRMs which potentially compromise future treatment options were detected, underscoring the need for HBV screening prior to starting ART. Further studies should be performed to monitor a possible increase in the spread of HDV among populations at risk of HIV and HBV infections.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-021-01493-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,15]],"date-time":"2021-01-15T03:02:42Z","timestamp":1610679762000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Prevalence and characteristics of hepatitis B and D virus infections among HIV-positive individuals in Southwestern Nigeria"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Oluyinka Oladele","family":"Opaleye","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olusola Anuoluwapo","family":"Akanbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Folakemi Abiodun","family":"Osundare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olufisayo","family":"Adesina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adeolu Sunday","family":"Oluremi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sola Thomas","family":"Sunday","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abiodun Akeem","family":"Akindele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrycja","family":"Klink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C. Thomas","family":"Bock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,15]]},"reference":[{"issue":"15","key":"1493_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2035","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000001574","volume":"31","author":"KP Singh","year":"2017","unstructured":"Singh KP, Crane M, Audsley J, Avihingsanon A, Sasadeusz J, Lewin SR. HIV-hepatitis B virus coinfection: epidemiology, pathogenesis, and treatment. Aids. 2017;31(15):2035\u201352.","journal-title":"Aids"},{"issue":"11","key":"1493_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.4254\/wjh.v10.i11.807","volume":"10","author":"M Assih","year":"2018","unstructured":"Assih M, Ouattara AK, Diarra B, Yonli AT, Compaore TR, Obiri-Yeboah D, Djigma FW, Karou S, Simpore J. Genetic diversity of hepatitis viruses in West-African countries from 1996 to 2018. World J Hepatol. 2018;10(11):807\u201321.","journal-title":"World J Hepatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1493_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000000142","volume":"66","author":"HM Chun","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chun HM, Mesner O, Thio CL, Bebu I, Macalino G, Agan BK, Bradley WP, Malia J, Peel SA, Jagodzinski LL, et al. HIV outcomes in Hepatitis B virus coinfected individuals on HAART. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2014;66(2):197\u2013205.","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"issue":"6","key":"1493_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e99971","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0099971","volume":"9","author":"BL H\u00f8nge","year":"2014","unstructured":"H\u00f8nge BL, Jespersen S, Medina C, T\u00e9 DS, da Silva ZJ, Lewin S, \u00d8stergaard L, Erikstrup C, Wejse C, Laursen AL, et al. Hepatitis B and delta virus are prevalent but often subclinical co-infections among HIV infected patients in Guinea-Bissau, West Africa: a cross-sectional study. PLoS ONE. 2014;9(6):e99971.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1493_CR5","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO). Global hepatitis report 2017. https:\/\/www.who.int\/hepatitis\/publications\/global-hepatitis-report2017\/en\/"},{"key":"1493_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-016-0514-6","volume":"13","author":"OO Opaleye","year":"2016","unstructured":"Opaleye OO, Japhet OM, Adewumi OM, Omoruyi EC, Akanbi OA, Oluremi AS, Wang B, Tong HV, Velavan TP, Bock CT. Molecular epidemiology of hepatitis D virus circulating in Southwestern Nigeria. Virol J. 2016;13:61.","journal-title":"Virol J"},{"issue":"5","key":"1493_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2013.06.008","volume":"67","author":"F Lunel-Fabiani","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lunel-Fabiani F, Mansour W, Amar AO, Aye M, Le Gal F, Malick FZF, Ba\u00efdy L, Brichler S, Veillon P, Ducancelle A, et al. Impact of hepatitis B and delta virus co-infection on liver disease in Mauritania: a cross sectional study. J Infect. 2013;67(5):448\u201357.","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"issue":"4","key":"1493_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.4314\/ahs.v16i4.26","volume":"16","author":"E Katwesigye","year":"2016","unstructured":"Katwesigye E, Seremba E, Semitala F, Ocama P. Low sero-prevalence of hepatitis delta antibodies in HIV\/ hepatitis B co-infected patients attending an urban HIV clinic in Uganda. Afr Health Sci. 2016;16(4):1089\u201393.","journal-title":"Afr Health Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"1493_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2017.03.021","volume":"67","author":"P Lampertico","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lampertico P, Agarwal K, Berg T, Buti M, Janssen HLA, Papatheodoridis G, Zoulim F, Tacke F. EASL 2017 Clinical Practice Guidelines on the management of hepatitis B virus infection. J Hepatol. 2017;67(2):370\u201398.","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1493_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.8900","volume":"316","author":"HF Gunthard","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gunthard HF, Saag MS, Benson CA, del Rio C, Eron JJ, Gallant JE, Hoy JF, Mugavero MJ, Sax PE, Thompson MA, et al. Antiretroviral drugs for treatment and prevention of HIV infection in adults: 2016 recommendations of the International Antiviral Society-USA Panel. JAMA. 2016;316(2):191\u2013210.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"1493_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1159\/000360940","volume":"57","author":"N Warner","year":"2014","unstructured":"Warner N, Locarnini S. Mechanisms of hepatitis B virus resistance development. Intervirol. 2014;57(3\u20134):218\u201324.","journal-title":"Intervirol"},{"key":"1493_CR12","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO). Guidelines for the prevention, care and treatment of persons with chronic hepatitis B infection. 2015. https:\/\/www.who.int\/hiv\/pub\/hepatitis\/hepatitis-b-guidelines\/en\/"},{"issue":"2","key":"1493_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.3851\/IMP3060","volume":"22","author":"Y Belyhun","year":"2017","unstructured":"Belyhun Y, Maier M, Liebert UG. HIV therapy with unknown HBV status is responsible for higher rate of HBV genome variability in Ethiopia. Antivir Ther. 2017;22(2):97\u2013111.","journal-title":"Antivir Ther"},{"issue":"7","key":"1493_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0181836","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0181836","volume":"12","author":"LM Chambal","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chambal LM, Samo Gudo E, Carimo A, Corte Real R, Mabunda N, Maueia C, Vubil A, Zicai AF, Bhatt N, Antunes F. HBV infection in untreated HIV-infected adults in Maputo, Mozambique. PLoS ONE. 2017;12(7):e0181836.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"4","key":"1493_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.4314\/gmj.v48i4.5","volume":"48","author":"IA Oreagba","year":"2014","unstructured":"Oreagba IA, Usman SO, Olayemi SO, Oshikoya KA, Opanuga O, Adeyemo TA, Lesi OA, Dodoo AN, Akanmu AS. Pharmacoepidemiology of antiretroviral drugs in a teaching hospital in Lagos. Nigeria Ghana Med J. 2014;48(4):194\u2013203.","journal-title":"Nigeria Ghana Med J"},{"issue":"11","key":"1493_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1650","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.20974","volume":"79","author":"SG Selabe","year":"2007","unstructured":"Selabe SG, Lukhwareni A, Song E, Leeuw YG, Burnett RJ, Mphahlele MJ. Mutations associated with lamivudine-resistance in therapy-naive hepatitis B virus (HBV) infected patients with and without HIV co-infection: implications for antiretroviral therapy in HBV and HIV co-infected South African patients. J Med Virol. 2007;79(11):1650\u20134.","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"issue":"7","key":"1493_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0131912","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0131912","volume":"10","author":"OO Oluyinka","year":"2015","unstructured":"Oluyinka OO, Tong HV, Bui Tien S, Fagbami AH, Adekanle O, Ojurongbe O, Bock CT, Kremsner PG, Velavan TP. Occult hepatitis B virus infection in nigerian blood donors and hepatitis B virus transmission risks. PLoS ONE. 2015;10(7):e0131912-e132012.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"10","key":"1493_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e78094","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0078094","volume":"8","author":"BT Sy","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sy BT, Ratsch BA, Toan NL, Song LH, Wollboldt C, Bryniok A, Nguyen HM, Luong HV, Velavan TP, Wedemeyer H, et al. High prevalence and significance of hepatitis D virus infection among treatment-na\u00efve HBsAg-positive patients in Northern Vietnam. PLoS ONE. 2013;8(10):e78094\u2013194.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"7","key":"1493_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1870","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msw054","volume":"33","author":"S Kumar","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kumar S, Stecher G, Tamura K. MEGA7: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 7.0 for bigger datasets. Mol Biol Evol. 2016;33(7):1870\u20134.","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol."},{"issue":"3","key":"1493_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2010.09.012","volume":"88","author":"SY Rhee","year":"2010","unstructured":"Rhee SY, Margeridon-Thermet S, Nguyen MH, Liu TF, Kagan RM, Beggel B, Verheyen J, Kaiser R, Shafer RW. Hepatitis B virus reverse transcriptase sequence variant database for sequence analysis and mutation discovery. Antiviral Res. 2010;88(3):269\u201375.","journal-title":"Antiviral Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"1493_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-015-1806-2","volume":"15","author":"JJN Noubiap","year":"2015","unstructured":"Noubiap JJN, Nansseu JRN, Ndoula ST, Bigna JJR, Jingi AM, Fokom-Domgue J. Prevalence, infectivity and correlates of hepatitis B virus infection among pregnant women in a rural district of the Far North Region of Cameroon. BMC Public Health. 2015;15(1):454.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"1493_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.4103\/0331-3131.206213","volume":"10","author":"B Nongo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Nongo B, Agida T, Oghenebuk U, Yunusa T. Seroprevalence of hepatitis B virus among antenatal attendees at the University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Nigeria. An Niger Med. 2016;10(2):58\u201362.","journal-title":"An Niger Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"1493_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.4103\/1119-3077.151035","volume":"18","author":"BM Musa","year":"2015","unstructured":"Musa BM, Bussell S, Borodo MM, Samaila AA, Femi OL. Prevalence of hepatitis B virus infection in Nigeria, 2000\u20132013: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Niger J Clin Pract. 2015;18(2):163\u201372.","journal-title":"Niger J Clin Pract"},{"issue":"8","key":"1493_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0134539","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0134539","volume":"10","author":"L Gu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gu L, Han Y, Li Y, Zhu T, Song X, Huang Y, Yang F, Guan S, Xie J, Gohda J, et al. Emergence of lamivudine-resistant HBV during antiretroviral therapy including lamivudine for patients coinfected with HIV and HBV in China. PLoS ONE. 2015;10(8):e0134539.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1493_CR25","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO). Consolidated guidelines on the use of antiretroviral drugs for treating and preventing HIV infection. Recommendations for a public health approach; 2nd ed.; 2016. https:\/\/www.who.int\/hiv\/pub\/arv\/arv-2016\/en\/"},{"issue":"1","key":"1493_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.4102\/sajhivmed.v17i1.336","volume":"17","author":"J King","year":"2016","unstructured":"King J, Hagemeister DT. Hepatitis B co-infection in HIV-infected patients receiving antiretroviral therapy at the TC Newman Anti Retroviral Treatment Clinic in Paarl, Western Cape. South Afr J HIV Med. 2016;17(1):336.","journal-title":"South Afr J HIV Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"1493_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1177\/1545109708330118","volume":"8","author":"A Tounkara","year":"2009","unstructured":"Tounkara A, Sarro YS, Kristensen S, Dao S, Diallo H, Diarra B, Noumsi TG, Guindo O. Seroprevalence of HIV\/HBV coinfection in Malian blood donors. J Int Assoc Phys AIDS Care. 2009;8(1):47\u201351.","journal-title":"J Int Assoc Phys AIDS Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"1493_CR28","first-page":"57","volume":"21","author":"TC Okeke","year":"2012","unstructured":"Okeke TC, Obi SN, Okezie OA, Ugwu EO, Akogu SP, Ocheni S, Ezenyeaku CC. Coinfection with hepatitis B and C viruses among HIV positive pregnant women in Enugu south east. Nigeria Niger J Med. 2012;21(1):57\u201360.","journal-title":"Nigeria Niger J Med"},{"key":"1493_CR29","first-page":"100","volume":"12","author":"TM Balogun","year":"2012","unstructured":"Balogun TM, Emmanuel S, Ojerinde EF. HIV, Hepatitis B and C viruses\u2019 coinfection among patients in a Nigerian tertiary hospital. Pan Afr Med J. 2012;12:100.","journal-title":"Pan Afr Med J"},{"key":"1493_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-10-105","volume":"10","author":"JBT Mbougua","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mbougua JBT, Laurent C, Kouanfack C, Bourgeois A, Ciaffi L, Calmy A, Gwet H, Koulla-Shiro S, Ducos J, Mpoudi-Ngol\u00e9 E, et al. Hepatotoxicity and effectiveness of a Nevirapine-based antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected patients with or without viral hepatitis B or C infection in Cameroon. BMC public health. 2010;10:105.","journal-title":"BMC public health"},{"issue":"3","key":"1493_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.4103\/ssajm.ssajm_21_17","volume":"4","author":"S Mado","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mado S, Idris H, Abdullahi S, Musa S. Probable lamivudine-resistant hepatitis B infection in children: a case report involving two Nigerian siblings at Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Shika, Zaria. Sub-Saharan Afric J Med. 2017;4(3):87\u201390.","journal-title":"Sub-Saharan Afric J Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"1493_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1629","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02297-13","volume":"52","author":"IE Andernach","year":"2014","unstructured":"Andernach IE, Leiss LV, Tarnagda ZS, Tahita MC, Otegbayo JA, Forbi JC, Omilabu S, Gouandjika-Vasilache I, Komas NP, Mbah OP, Muller CP. Characterization of hepatitis delta virus in sub-Saharan Africa. J Clin Microbiol. 2014;52(5):1629\u201336.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1493_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2893.2007.00903.x","volume":"15","author":"C Castellares","year":"2008","unstructured":"Castellares C, Barreiro P, Martin-Carbonero L, Labarga P, Vispo ME, Casado R, Galindo L, Garcia-Gasco P, Garcia-Samaniego J, Soriano V. Liver cirrhosis in HIV-infected patients: prevalence, aetiology and clinical outcome. J Viral Hepat. 2008;15(3):165\u201372.","journal-title":"J Viral Hepat"},{"issue":"8","key":"1493_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1080\/14740338.2017.1343300","volume":"16","author":"V Soriano","year":"2017","unstructured":"Soriano V, Fernandez-Montero JV, Benitez-Gutierrez L, Mendoza CD, Arias A, Barreiro P, Pe\u00f1a JM, Labarga P. Dual antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection. Exp Opin Drug Saf. 2017;16(8):923\u201332.","journal-title":"Exp Opin Drug Saf."}],"container-title":["Virology Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12985-021-01493-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12985-021-01493-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12985-021-01493-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,17]],"date-time":"2023-10-17T19:07:16Z","timestamp":1697569636000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/virologyj.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12985-021-01493-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,15]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1493"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12985-021-01493-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1743-422X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1743-422X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 November 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 January 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 January 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Informed consent of each participant was obtained before sample collection and the study was approved by the ethical review board of LAUTECH Teaching Hospital, Osogbo, Nigeria.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"20"}}