{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T21:26:52Z","timestamp":1791581212667,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,29]],"date-time":"2021-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611878400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,29]],"date-time":"2021-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611878400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["087537\/F\/08\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["087537\/F\/08\/A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000683","name":"Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["GR000782"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GR000782"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000683","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Virol J"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Despite being a leading infectious cause of childhood disability globally, testing for cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections in pregnancy is generally not done in Sub-Sahara Africa (SSA), where breastfeeding practice is almost universal. Whilst CMV and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are both endemic in SSA, the relationship between antenatal plasma CMV-DNA, HIV-1-RNA levels and HIV-1-mother to child transmission (MTCT) including pregnancy outcomes remains poorly described.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Pregnant women at least 20\u00a0weeks\u2019 gestational age at enrolment were recruited from relatively poor high-density suburbs in Harare, Zimbabwe. Mother-infant dyads were followed up until 6\u00a0months postpartum. In a case\u2013control study design, we tested antenatal plasma CMV-DNA levels in all 11 HIV-1 transmitting mothers, as well as randomly selected HIV-infected but non-transmitting mothers and HIV-uninfected controls.<\/jats:p>\n                <jats:p>CMV-DNA was detected and quantified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. Antenatal plasma HIV-1-RNA load was quantified by reverse transcriptase PCR. Infants\u2019 HIV-1 infection was detected using qualitative proviral DNA-PCR. Predictive value of antenatal plasma CMV-DNAemia (CMV-DNA of\u2009&gt;\u200950 copies\/mL) for HIV-1-MTCT was analyzed in univariate and multivariate regression analyses. Associations of CMV-DNAemia with HIV-1-RNA levels and pregnancy outcomes were also explored.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>CMV-DNAemia data were available for 11 HIV-1 transmitting mothers, 120 HIV-infected but non-transmitting controls and 46 HIV-uninfected mothers. In a multivariate logistic regression model, we found a significant association between CMV-DNAemia of\u2009&gt;\u200950 copies\/mL and HIV-1 vertical transmission (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.035). There was no difference in frequencies of detectable CMV-DNAemia between HIV-infected and -uninfected pregnant women (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.841). However, CMV-DNA levels were higher in immunosuppressed HIV-infected pregnant women, CD4\u2009&lt;\u2009200 cells\/\u00b5L (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.018). Non-significant associations of more preterm births (&lt;\u200937\u00a0weeks, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.063), and generally lower birth weights (&lt;\u20092500\u00a0g, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.450) were observed in infants born of HIV-infected mothers with CMV-DNAemia. Furthermore, in a multivariate analysis of HIV-infected but non-transmitting mothers, CMV-DNAemia of\u2009&gt;\u200950 copies\/mL correlated significantly with antenatal plasma HIV-1-RNA load (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.002).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Antenatal plasma CMV-DNA of\u2009&gt;\u200950 copies\/mL may be an independent risk factor for HIV-1-MTCT and higher plasma HIV-1-RNA load, raising the possibility that controlling antenatal CMV-DNAemia might improve infant health outcomes. Further studies with larger sample sizes are warranted to confirm our findings.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-021-01494-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,29]],"date-time":"2021-01-29T13:25:18Z","timestamp":1611926718000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Role of antenatal plasma cytomegalovirus DNA levels on pregnancy outcome and HIV-1 vertical transmission among mothers in the University of Zimbabwe birth cohort study (UZBCS)"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"18","author":[{"name":"for (UZBCS) The U Z Birth Cohort Study Team","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2692-5290","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kerina","family":"Duri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simbarashe","family":"Chimhuya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Exnevia","family":"Gomo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Privilege Tendai","family":"Munjoma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Panashe","family":"Chandiwana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Louis Marie","family":"Yindom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kudakwashe","family":"Mhandire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asaph","family":"Ziruma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sekesai","family":"Mtapuri-Zinyowera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lovemore Ronald","family":"Mazengera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Misselwitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felicity Zvanyadza","family":"Gumbo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebastian","family":"Jordi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Rowland-Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,29]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"1494_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2005.09.015","volume":"35","author":"RF Pass","year":"2006","unstructured":"Pass RF, Fowler KB, Boppana SB, Britt WJ, Stagno S. 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Ethical approval was obtained from the Joint Research Ethics Committee (JREC) of the University of Zimbabwe, reference number; JREC\/18\/15 and the Medical Research Council of Zimbabwe; MRCZ\/A\/1968. Literacy is nearly universal in Zimbabwe [] and all potential participants were able to read and comprehend the informed consent form. All study participants provided written informed consent. However, in the case of death of the mother, re-consenting was sought from either the father or another family member who assumed legal responsibility for the care and custody of the baby. In the case of a child death, the mother automatically ceased to continue participating in the study.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not Applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"Authors have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"30"}}