{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T12:21:34Z","timestamp":1774354894093,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,9]],"date-time":"2021-03-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615248000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,9]],"date-time":"2021-03-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615248000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Research Chair Grant from the National Science and Technology Development Agency","award":["P-15-50004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P-15-50004"]}]},{"name":"Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology of Chulalongkorn University\/King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital","award":["GCE 59 009-30-005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GCE 59 009-30-005"]}]},{"name":"the Second Century Fund (C2F), Chulalongkorn University"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Virol J"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Efficient monitoring and control of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) require access to diagnostic tests, and serological diagnostic testing is desirable. In the current study, antibodies were investigated in patients recently diagnosed with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cross-sectional data were obtained from 245 patients in whom SARS-CoV-2 infection had been confirmed via real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction between March and October 2020. Serum samples were acquired between 2 and 60\u00a0days following the onset of COVID-19 symptoms or the first detection of SARS-CoV-2 in asymptomatic patients. All specimens were tested simultaneously using an IgM\/IgG rapid diagnostic test (RDT), IgG nucleocapsid protein-based chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay (CMIA), IgG, and IgA spike protein-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). Blood donor samples obtained in 2018 were used as negative controls.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The sensitivity and specificity of the RDT IgG were compared with the IgG immunoassays as standards. The RDT IgG exhibited 97.5% sensitivity and 89.4% specificity compared with a CMIA IgG, 98.4% sensitivity, and 78.8% specificity compared with an ELISA IgG. IgM, IgG, and IgA seropositivity rates were low between 1 and 2\u00a0weeks after COVID-19 symptom onset or the detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA. IgM seropositivity rate began decreasing after 4\u00a0weeks, whereas IgG and IgA seropositivity rate remained at appreciable levels over the 8-week study period. No cross-reactivity with seasonal coronaviruses was detected.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>IgG RDT alone or combined with molecular diagnostic tests may be useful for identifying recent SARS-CoV-2 infection.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-021-01530-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,9]],"date-time":"2021-03-09T13:02:43Z","timestamp":1615294963000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Detection of SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies via rapid diagnostic immunoassays in COVID-19 patients"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Jira","family":"Chansaenroj","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ritthideach","family":"Yorsaeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nawarat","family":"Posuwan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiratchaya","family":"Puenpa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Natthinee","family":"Sudhinaraset","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chintana","family":"Chirathaworn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"Poovorawan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"1530_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coronaviridae Study Group of the International Committee on Taxonomy of V. The species Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus: classifying 2019-nCoV and naming it SARS-CoV-2. Nat Microbiol. 2020;5:536\u201344.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-020-0695-z"},{"key":"1530_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.3072","volume":"323","author":"C Del Rio","year":"2020","unstructured":"Del Rio C, Malani PN. COVID-19-new insights on a rapidly changing epidemic. JAMA. 2020;323:1339\u201340.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"1530_CR3","unstructured":"WHO. General's opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19. https:\/\/www.who.int\/dg\/speeches\/detail\/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19-11-march-2020. Accessed on 11 March 2020."},{"key":"1530_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2307","DOI":"10.1042\/BST20200693","volume":"48","author":"Z Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang Z, Fu Y, Guo Z, Li J, Li J, Cheng H, et al. Transmission and prevention of SARS-CoV-2. Biochem Soc Trans. 2020;48:2307\u201316.","journal-title":"Biochem Soc Trans"},{"key":"1530_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2001468","volume":"382","author":"C Rothe","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rothe C, Schunk M, Sothmann P, Bretzel G, Froeschl G, Wallrauch C, et al. Transmission of 2019-nCoV infection from an asymptomatic contact in Germany. N Engl J Med. 2020;382:970\u20131.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"1530_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm-2020-0285","volume":"58","author":"G Lippi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lippi G, Simundic AM, Plebani M. Potential preanalytical and analytical vulnerabilities in the laboratory diagnosis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Clin Chem Lab Med. 2020;58:1070\u20136.","journal-title":"Clin Chem Lab Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"1530_CR7","first-page":"e00783","volume":"58","author":"W Zhen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhen W, Smith E, Manji R, Schron D, Berry GJ. Clinical evaluation of three sample-to-answer platforms for detection of SARS-CoV-2. J Clin Microbiol. 2020;58(8):e00783-e820.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"1530_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13357","DOI":"10.1111\/eci.13357","volume":"50","author":"DO Andrey","year":"2020","unstructured":"Andrey DO, Cohen P, Meyer B, Torriani G, Yerly S, Mazza L, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of augurix COVID-19 IgG serology rapid test. Eur J Clin Invest. 2020;50:e13357.","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Invest"},{"key":"1530_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lai CC, Wang CY, Ko WC, Hsueh PR. In vitro diagnostics of coronavirus disease 2019: Technologies and application. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2020.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2020.05.016"},{"key":"1530_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2484","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2610.202211","volume":"26","author":"PG Choe","year":"2020","unstructured":"Choe PG, Kang CK, Suh HJ, Jung J, Kang E, Lee SY, et al. Antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 at 8 weeks postinfection in asymptomatic patients. Emerg Infect Dis. 2020;26:2484\u20137.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"1530_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0237548","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0237548","volume":"15","author":"P Naaber","year":"2020","unstructured":"Naaber P, Hunt K, Pesukova J, Haljasmagi L, Rumm P, Peterson P, et al. Evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody response in PCR positive patients: comparison of nine tests in relation to clinical data. PLoS ONE. 2020;15:e0237548.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1530_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112709","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2020.112709","volume":"171","author":"MZ Rashed","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rashed MZ, Kopechek JA, Priddy MC, Hamorsky KT, Palmer KE, Mittal N, et al. Rapid detection of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies using electrochemical impedance-based detector. Biosens Bioelectron. 2020;171:112709.","journal-title":"Biosens Bioelectron"},{"key":"1530_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Augustine R, Das S, Hasan A, S A, Abdul Salam S, Augustine P, et al. Rapid Antibody-Based COVID-19 Mass Surveillance: Relevance, Challenges, and Prospects in a Pandemic and Post-Pandemic World. J Clin Med. 2020;9:3372.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9103372"},{"key":"1530_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"m2516","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m2516","volume":"370","author":"M Lisboa Bastos","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lisboa Bastos M, Tavaziva G, Abidi SK, Campbell JR, Haraoui LP, Johnston JC, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of serological tests for covid-19: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2020;370:m2516.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"1530_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brown RCH, Kelly D, Wilkinson D, Savulescu J. The scientific and ethical feasibility of immunity passports. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30766-0"},{"key":"1530_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2249","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.8259","volume":"323","author":"N Sethuraman","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sethuraman N, Jeremiah SS, Ryo A. Interpreting diagnostic tests for SARS-CoV-2. JAMA. 2020;323:2249\u201351.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"1530_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo L, Ren L, Yang S, Xiao M, Chang, Yang F, et al. profiling early humoral response to diagnose novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Clin Infect Dis. 2020;71:778\u201385.","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa310"},{"key":"1530_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2020.1729071","volume":"9","author":"W Zhang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhang W, Du RH, Li B, Zheng XS, Yang XL, Hu B, et al. Molecular and serological investigation of 2019-nCoV infected patients: implication of multiple shedding routes. Emerg Microbes Infect. 2020;9:386\u20139.","journal-title":"Emerg Microbes Infect"},{"key":"1530_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25702","volume":"92","author":"SY Xiao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Xiao SY, Wu Y, Liu H. Evolving status of the 2019 novel coronavirus infection: Proposal of conventional serologic assays for disease diagnosis and infection monitoring. J Med Virol. 2020;92:464\u20137.","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"1530_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ejazi SA, Ghosh S, Ali N. Antibody detection assays for COVID-19 diagnosis: an early overview. Immunol Cell Biol. 2020.","DOI":"10.1111\/imcb.12397"},{"key":"1530_CR21","first-page":"10208","volume":"24","author":"CC Guo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Guo CC, Mi JQ, Nie H. Seropositivity rate and diagnostic accuracy of serological tests in 2019-nCoV cases: a pooled analysis of individual studies. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2020;24:10208\u201318.","journal-title":"Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci"},{"key":"1530_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30196-1","volume":"20","author":"KK To","year":"2020","unstructured":"To KK, Tsang OT, Leung WS, Tam AR, Wu TC, Lung DC, et al. Temporal profiles of viral load in posterior oropharyngeal saliva samples and serum antibody responses during infection by SARS-CoV-2: an observational cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020;20:565\u201374.","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"1530_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2196-x","volume":"581","author":"R Wolfel","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wolfel R, Corman VM, Guggemos W, Seilmaier M, Zange S, Muller MA, et al. Virological assessment of hospitalized patients with COVID-2019. Nature. 2020;581:465\u20139.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1530_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao J, Yuan Q, Wang H, Liu W, Liao X, Su Y, et al. Antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in patients of novel coronavirus disease 2019. Clin Infect Dis. 2020.","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa344"},{"key":"1530_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2012-7","volume":"579","author":"P Zhou","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhou P, Yang XL, Wang XG, Hu B, Zhang L, Zhang W, et al. A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. Nature. 2020;579:270\u20133.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1530_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0897-1","volume":"26","author":"QX Long","year":"2020","unstructured":"Long QX, Liu BZ, Deng HJ, Wu GC, Deng K, Chen YK, et al. Antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in patients with COVID-19. Nat Med. 2020;26:845\u20138.","journal-title":"Nat Med"}],"container-title":["Virology Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12985-021-01530-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12985-021-01530-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12985-021-01530-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,9]],"date-time":"2021-03-09T13:03:40Z","timestamp":1615295020000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/virologyj.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12985-021-01530-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,9]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1530"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12985-021-01530-2","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-125190\/v2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-125190\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1743-422X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1743-422X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"6 December 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 March 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 March 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declaration"}},{"value":"The study was conducted with the approval of the Research Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University (IRB number 572\/63), and that committee waived the requirement for consent because the samples used were obtained during the course of routine preventive measures and were de-identified and anonymous.Consent to participate: not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.\u00a0There is no involvement from the companies Seegene, SD Biosensor, EUROIMMUN, and Abbott.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"52"}}