{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T04:24:14Z","timestamp":1772166254982,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,18]],"date-time":"2021-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626566400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,18]],"date-time":"2021-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626566400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Virol J"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 is the etiological agent of COVID-19. This virus has become one of the most dangerous in recent times with a very high rate of transmission. At present, several publications show the typical crown-shape of the novel coronavirus grown in cell cultures. However, an integral ultramicroscopy study done directly from clinical specimens has not been published.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from 12 Cuban individuals, six asymptomatic and RT-PCR negative (negative control) and six others from a COVID-19 symptomatic and RT-PCR positive for SARS CoV-2. Samples were treated with an aldehyde solution and processed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), confocal microscopy (CM) and, atomic force microscopy. Improvement and segmentation of coronavirus images were performed by a novel mathematical image enhancement algorithm.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The images of the negative control sample showed the characteristic healthy microvilli morphology at the apical region of the nasal epithelial cells. As expected, they do not display virus-like structures. The images of the positive sample showed characteristic coronavirus-like particles and evident destruction of microvilli. In some regions, virions budding through the cell membrane were observed. Microvilli destruction could explain the anosmia reported by some patients. Virus-particles emerging from the cell-surface with a variable size ranging from 80 to 400\u00a0nm were observed by SEM. Viral antigen was identified in the apical cells zone by CM.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The integral microscopy study showed that SARS-CoV-2 has a similar image to SARS-CoV. The application of several high-resolution microscopy techniques to nasopharyngeal samples awaits future use.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-021-01620-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,18]],"date-time":"2021-07-18T04:03:26Z","timestamp":1626581006000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["SARS-CoV-2: preliminary study of infected human nasopharyngeal tissue by high resolution microscopy"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6196-3570","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brian","family":"Mondeja","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Odalys","family":"Valdes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sonia","family":"Resik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ananayla","family":"Vizcaino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emilio","family":"Acosta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adelmo","family":"Montalv\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amira","family":"Paez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mayra","family":"Mune","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Vald\u00e9s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guelsys","family":"Gonzalez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daisy","family":"Sanchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Viviana","family":"Falc\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yorexis","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vivian","family":"Kour\u00ed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"name":"The IPK Virology Research Group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Angelina","family":"D\u00edaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Guzm\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"1620_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-018-0118-9","volume":"17","author":"J Cui","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cui J, Li F, Shi ZL. Origin and evolution of pathogenic coronaviruses. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2019;17:181\u201392.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"1620_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105950","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2020.105950","volume":"55","author":"S Kang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kang S, Peng W, Zhu Y, Lu S, Zhou M, Lin W, et al. Recent progress in understanding 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) associated with human respiratory disease: detection, mechanisms and treatment. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2020;55(5):105950.","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"1620_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2323","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17072323","volume":"17","author":"Y Yan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yan Y, Shin WI, Pang YX, Meng Y, Lai J, You C, et al. The first 75 days of novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) outbreak: Recent advances, prevention, and treatment. Interna J Environ Res Pub Healt. 2020;17:2323.","journal-title":"Interna J Environ Res Pub Healt"},{"key":"1620_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2020.102433","author":"HA Rothan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rothan HA, Byrareddy SN. The epidemiology and pathogenesis of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak. J Autoimmun. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaut.2020.102433.","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"key":"1620_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0820-9","volume":"26","author":"KG Andersen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Andersen KG, Rambaut A, Lipkin WI, Holmes EC, Garry RF. The proximal origin of SARS-CoV-2. Nat Med. 2020;26:450\u20132.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"1620_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25688","volume":"92","author":"D Benvenuto","year":"2020","unstructured":"Benvenuto D, Giovanetti M, Ciccozzi A, Spoto S, Angeletti S, Ciccozzi M. The 2019-new coronavirus epidemic: evidence for virus evolution. J Med Virol. 2020;92(4):455\u20139.","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"issue":"7798","key":"1620_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2008-3","volume":"579","author":"F Wu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wu F, Zhao S, Yu B, Chen YM, Wang W, Song ZG, et al. A new coronavirus associated with human respiratory disease in China. Nature. 2020;579(7798):265\u20139.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1620_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-15-4814-7_3","volume-title":"Medical virology: from pathogenesis to disease control","author":"S Kumar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kumar S, Nyodu R, Maurya VK, Saxena SK. Morphology, genome organization, replication, and pathogenesis of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). In: Saxena S, editor. Medical virology: from pathogenesis to disease control. Singapore: Springer; 2020. p. 23\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-981-15-4814-7_3."},{"issue":"2","key":"1620_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1002\/path.4454","volume":"235","author":"LE Gralinski","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gralinski LE, Baric RS. Molecular pathology of emerging coronavirus infections. J Pathol. 2015;235(2):185\u201395.","journal-title":"J Pathol"},{"issue":"5","key":"1620_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.1792","volume":"24","author":"Y Cong","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cong Y, Ren X. Coronavirus entry and release in polarized epithelial cells: a review. Rev Med Virol. 2014;24(5):308\u201315.","journal-title":"Rev Med Virol"},{"key":"1620_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1177\/135965350400900204","volume":"9","author":"Y Lin","year":"2004","unstructured":"Lin Y, Yan X, Cao W, Wang C, Feng J, Duan J, et al. A novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV Probing the structure of the SARS coronavirus using scanning electron microscopy. Antivir Ther. 2004;9:287\u20139.","journal-title":"Antivir Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"1620_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e14","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(20)30004-5","volume":"1","author":"H Chu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chu H, Chan JF-W, Yuen TT-T, Shuai H, Yuan S, Wang Y, et al. Comparative tropism, replication kinetics, and cell damage profiling of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV with implications for clinical manifestations, transmissibility, and laboratory studies of COVID-19: an observational study. Lancet Microbe. 2020;1(1):e14\u201323.","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe"},{"issue":"6","key":"1620_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26516","DOI":"10.1038\/srep26516","volume":"23","author":"CG Golding","year":"2016","unstructured":"Golding CG, Lamboo LL, Beniac DR, Booth TF. The scanning electron microscope in microbiology and diagnosis of infectious disease. Sci Rep. 2016;23(6):26516. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/srep26516.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"11","key":"1620_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1907","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1011.040195","volume":"10","author":"ML Ng","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ng ML, Lee JWM, Leong MLN, Ling AE, Tan HC, Ooi EE. Topographic changes in SARS oronavirus-infected Cells during late stage of infection. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10(11):1907\u201314.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"1620_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2387","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00220-10","volume":"48","author":"MQ Arens","year":"2010","unstructured":"Arens MQ, Buller RS, Rankin A, Mason S, Whetsell A, et al. Comparison of the Eragen Multi-Code Respiratory Virus Panel with conventional viral testing and real-time multiplex PCR assays for detection of respiratory viruses. J Clin Microbiol. 2010;48:2387\u201395.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1620_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2000045","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.3.2000045","volume":"25","author":"VM Corman","year":"2020","unstructured":"Corman VM, Landt O, Kaiser M, Molenkamp R, Meijer A, Chu DKW, et al. Detection of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) by real-time RT-PCR. Eurosurveillance. 2020;25(3):2000045.","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"1620_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez R. SJH. Mathematical techniques in biomedical engineering. In: Narayan R, editor. Encyclopedia of biomedical engineering. Elsevier, Amsterdam; 2018. eBook ISBN: 9780128051443.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-801238-3.99989-6"},{"issue":"1","key":"1620_CR18","first-page":"43","volume":"18","author":"P Nussdorfer","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nussdorfer P, Cilen\u0161ek I, Zorn B, Petrovi\u010d D. Adapted methods for scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in assessment of human sperm morphology. Bosn J Basic Med Sci. 2018;18(1):43\u20138.","journal-title":"Bosn J Basic Med Sci"},{"issue":"194","key":"1620_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2013.12.004","volume":"19","author":"BW Neuman","year":"2014","unstructured":"Neuman BW, Chamberlain P, Bowden F, Joseph J. Atlas of coronavirus replicase structure. Virus Res. 2014;19(194):49\u201366.","journal-title":"Virus Res"},{"key":"1620_CR20","first-page":"1","volume":"16","author":"BW Neuman","year":"2016","unstructured":"Neuman BW, Buchmeier MJ. Supramolecular architecture of the coronavirus particle. Adv Virus Res. 2016;16:1\u201327.","journal-title":"Adv Virus Res"},{"key":"1620_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.3390\/v11010059","volume":"11","author":"Z Song","year":"2019","unstructured":"Song Z, Xu Y, Bao L, Zhang L, Yu P, Qu Y, et al. From SARS to MERS, thrusting coronaviruses into the spotlight. Viruses. 2019;11:59. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v11010059.","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"6","key":"1620_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1038\/s41594-019-0233-y","volume":"26","author":"M Alejandra Tortorici","year":"2019","unstructured":"Alejandra Tortorici M, Walls AC, Lang Y, Wang C, Li Z, Koerhuis D, et al. Structural basis for human coronavirus attachment to sialic acid receptors. Nat Struct Mol Biol. 2019;26(6):481\u20139.","journal-title":"Nat Struct Mol Biol"},{"key":"1620_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.3786","author":"W Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang W, Xu Y, Gao R, Lu R, Han K, Wu G, et al. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in different types of clinical specimens. JAMA. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2020.3786.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"1620_CR24","first-page":"1631","volume":"45","author":"AO Docea","year":"2020","unstructured":"Docea AO, Tsatsakis A, Albulescu D, Cristea O, Zlatian O, Vinceti M, et al. A new threat from an old enemy: re-emergence of coronavirus (Review). Inter J Mol Med. 2020;45:1631\u201343.","journal-title":"Inter J Mol Med"}],"container-title":["Virology Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12985-021-01620-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12985-021-01620-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12985-021-01620-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,4]],"date-time":"2023-01-04T15:21:16Z","timestamp":1672845676000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/virologyj.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12985-021-01620-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,18]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1620"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12985-021-01620-1","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-36154\/v3","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-36154\/v2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-36154\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1743-422X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1743-422X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"17 June 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 July 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 July 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study protocol conformed to the ethical guidelines of the 1975 Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Institute of Tropical Medicine Pedro Kour\u00ed.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"149"}}