{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:41:11Z","timestamp":1792788071122,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,20]],"date-time":"2021-11-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637366400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,20]],"date-time":"2021-11-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637366400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"This work was supported by the Guangzhou Fundamental research projects jointly funded by municipal schools","award":["No. 202102010131"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 202102010131"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Virol J"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Given that many pregnant women have chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and that gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is linked to poor maternal and neonatal outcomes, we looked into the relationship between the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and GDM to see if a high HBV DNA load is linked to a higher risk of GDM in chronic maternal HBsAg carriers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our study included 39,539 pregnant women who gave birth at the Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University in Guangzhou, China, between January 1, 2009, and December 31, 2019. The patients were divided into two groups: HBsAg negative (36,500) and positive (3039). The viral load levels of 1250 HBsAg-positive women who had tested their HBV DNA load during pregnancy were separated into three groups. We utilized univariate and multivariable logistical regression analysis to determine the relationship between maternal chronic HBsAg carrier and GDM.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Being HBsAg positive was discovered to be an independent risk factor for GDM.Pre-pregnancy Obesity and advanced age were linked to an increased incidence of GDM. Those with a high HBV DNA load (&gt;\u200910\n                      <jats:sup>6<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u00a0IU\/mL) had a higher risk of GDM than HBsAg-positive women with a low viral load (&lt;\u200910\n                      <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u00a0IU\/mL). Pre-eclampsia and intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP) appeared to be more common in HBsAg-positive women than in uninfected women.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Being HBsAg positive, advanced age, and pre-pregnancy obesity were all revealed to be independent risk factors for GDM in our study. In HBsAg carrier, pregnant women, a high HBV DNA burden was linked to a greater risk of GDM. Furthermore, being an HBsAg carrier during pregnancy raised the risk of ICP and pre-eclampsia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-021-01691-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,20]],"date-time":"2021-11-20T05:02:49Z","timestamp":1637384569000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Association between maternal hepatitis B virus carrier and gestational diabetes mellitus: a retrospective cohort analysis"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Wanchang","family":"Yin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bingjun","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yilin","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiuzi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruirui","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiangnan","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guixian","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3362-6002","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fang","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dunjin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"1691_CR1","first-page":"366","volume":"2","author":"M Kumar","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kumar M, Singh T, Sinha S. Chronic hepatitis B virus infection and pregnancy. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol. 2012;2(4):366\u201381.","journal-title":"Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1691_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(15)00218-2","volume":"16","author":"J Liu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Liu J, Zhang S, Wang Q, et al. Seroepidemiology of hepatitis B virus infection in 2 million men aged 21\u201349 years in rural China: a population-based, cross-sectional study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2016;16(1):80\u20136.","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"1691_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2305.161477","volume":"23","author":"F Cui","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cui F, Shen L, Li L, et al. Prevention of chronic hepatitis B after 3 decades of escalating vaccination policy, China. Emerg Infect Dis. 2017;23(5):765\u201372.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"1691_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(18)30056-6","volume":"3","author":"PO Collaborators","year":"2018","unstructured":"Collaborators PO. Global prevalence, treatment, and prevention of hepatitis B virus infection in 2016: a modelling study. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2018;3(6):383\u2013403.","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"1691_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyy077","volume":"47","author":"F Cui","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cui F, Joseph W, Chan P, et al. Considerations of antiviral treatment to interrupt mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis B virus in China. Int J Epidemiol. 2018;47(5):1529\u201337.","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1691_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-00098-8","volume":"7","author":"Y Wang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wang Y, Zhou H, Zhang L, et al. Prevalence of chronic hepatitis B and status of HBV care among rural women who planned to conceive in China. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):90\u2013120.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"6","key":"1691_CR7","first-page":"89","volume":"3","author":"T Chen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chen T, Wang J, et al. Different interventional criteria for chronic hepatitis B pregnant women with HBeAg(+) or HBeAg(\u2212): epidemiological data from Shaanxi, China. Medicine. 2018;3(6):89\u201395.","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"1691_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2007.02.014","volume":"47","author":"TT Lao","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lao TT, Chan BCP, Leung WC, et al. Maternal hepatitis B infection and gestational diabetes mellitus. J Hepatol. 2007;47(1):46\u201350.","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"1691_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2016.02.007","volume":"72","author":"TT Lao","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lao TT, Chung MK, Cheung TKW, et al. Antenatal hepatitis B and increased risk of gestational diabetes mellitus-Implications for obstetric care. J Infect. 2016;72(5):625\u20136.","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"issue":"10","key":"1691_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1111\/jvh.12545","volume":"23","author":"J Tan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tan J, Liu X, Mao X, et al. HBsAg positivity during pregnancy and adverse maternal outcomes: a retrospective cohort analysis. J Viral Hepat. 2016;23(10):812\u20139.","journal-title":"J Viral Hepat"},{"issue":"25","key":"1691_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1372","DOI":"10.1111\/jvh.12964","volume":"11","author":"J Tan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tan J, Mao X, Zhang G, et al. HBsAg positivity during pregnancy and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Viral Hepat. 2018;11(25):1372\u201383.","journal-title":"J Viral Hepat"},{"issue":"7","key":"1691_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e394","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2893.2011.01436.x","volume":"18","author":"KLB Reddick","year":"2011","unstructured":"Reddick KLB, Jhaveri R, Gandhi M, et al. Pregnancy outcomes associated with viral hepatitis. J Viral Hepat. 2011;18(7):e394\u20138.","journal-title":"J Viral Hepat"},{"key":"1691_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-016-0884-1","volume":"16","author":"A Cui","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cui A, Cheng X, Shao J, et al. Maternal hepatitis B virus carrier status and pregnancy outcomes: a prospective cohort study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2016;16:87.","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"issue":"1","key":"1691_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-019-3749-1","volume":"19","author":"S Peng","year":"2019","unstructured":"Peng S, Wan Z, Lin X, et al. Maternal hepatitis B surface antigen carrier status increased the incidence of gestational diabetes mellitus. BMC Infect Dis. 2019;19(1):147.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"1691_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-014-1553-5","volume":"19","author":"A Correa","year":"2015","unstructured":"Correa A, Bardenheier B, Elixhauser A, et al. Trends in prevalence of diabetes among delivery hospitalizations, United States, 1993\u20132009. Matern Child Health J. 2015;19(3):635\u201342.","journal-title":"Matern Child Health J"},{"issue":"2","key":"1691_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e49","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000002501","volume":"131","author":"C Bulletins-Obstetrics","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bulletins-Obstetrics C. ACOG practice bulletin no. 190: gestational diabetes mellitus. Obstet Gynecol. 2018;131(2):e49\u201364.","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1691_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e470","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjpo-2019-000470","volume":"3","author":"S Liu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Liu S, Pan Y, Auger N, et al. Small head circumference at birth: an 8-year retrospective cohort study in China. BMJ Paediatr Open. 2019;3(1):e470.","journal-title":"BMJ Paediatr Open"},{"key":"1691_CR18","unstructured":"Public Health Agency of Canada. Canadian perinatal health report, 2008 edition. Ottawa, 2008. http:\/\/www.phac-aspc.gc.ca\/publicat\/2008\/cphr-rspc\/pdf\/cphr-rspc08-eng.pdf. Accessed 21 Jan 2019."},{"issue":"12","key":"1691_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1814","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jogc.2019.03.008","volume":"41","author":"H Berger","year":"2019","unstructured":"Berger H, Gagnon R, Sermer M. Guideline no. 393-diabetes in pregnancy. J Obstetr Gynaecol Can. 2019;41(12):1814\u201325.","journal-title":"J Obstetr Gynaecol Can"},{"key":"1691_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5317\/wjog.v4.i1.1","volume":"4","author":"F Abdi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Abdi F, Novin M, Afrakhteh M, et al. Hepatitis B and pregnancy: an update review article. World J Obstetr Gynecol. 2015;4:1\u20138.","journal-title":"World J Obstetr Gynecol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1691_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.18.219469","volume":"97","author":"J Liu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Liu J, Liang W, Jing W, et al. Countdown to 2030: eliminating hepatitis B disease, China. Bull World Health Organ. 2019;97(3):230\u20138.","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"issue":"2","key":"1691_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2014.02.019","volume":"126","author":"S Sirilert","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sirilert S, Traisrisilp K, Sirivatanapa P, et al. Pregnancy outcomes among chronic carriers of hepatitis B virus. Int J Gynecol Obstetr. 2014;126(2):106\u201310.","journal-title":"Int J Gynecol Obstetr"},{"issue":"1","key":"1691_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-0500-7-139","volume":"7","author":"D Kong","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kong D, Liu H, Wei S, et al. A meta-analysis of the association between gestational diabetes mellitus and chronic hepatitis B infection during pregnancy. BMC Res Notes. 2014;7(1):139.","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"issue":"2","key":"1691_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0004-8666.2003.00029.x","volume":"43","author":"WW To","year":"2015","unstructured":"To WW, Cheung W, Mok KM. Hepatitis B surface antigen carrier status and its correlation to gestational hypertension. Aust N Z J Obstetr Gynaecol. 2015;43(2):119\u201322.","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Obstetr Gynaecol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1691_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1111\/jdi.12854","volume":"10","author":"C Gao","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gao C, Sun X, Lu L, et al. Prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus in mainland China: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Diabetes Investig. 2019;10(1):154\u201362.","journal-title":"J Diabetes Investig"},{"issue":"7","key":"1691_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-016-3979-3","volume":"59","author":"C Zhang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhang C, Rawal S, Chong YS. Risk factors for gestational diabetes: is prevention possible? Diabetologia. 2016;59(7):1\u20136.","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"7","key":"1691_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.13115","volume":"36","author":"L Elkrief","year":"2016","unstructured":"Elkrief L, Rautou P, Sarin S, et al. Diabetes mellitus in patients with cirrhosis: clinical implications and management. Liver Int. 2016;36(7):936\u201348.","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"issue":"4","key":"1691_CR28","first-page":"173","volume":"63","author":"M Kinalski","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kinalski M, Ku\u017amicki M, Telejko B, et al. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha system in patients with gestational diabetes. Przegl Lek. 2006;63(4):173.","journal-title":"Przegl Lek"},{"key":"1691_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/271593","volume":"2014","author":"X Jie","year":"2014","unstructured":"Jie X, Zhao YH, Chen YP, et al. Maternal circulating concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, leptin, and adiponectin in gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci World J. 2014;2014:926\u201332.","journal-title":"Sci World J"},{"key":"1691_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.2147\/TCRM.S61530","volume":"10","author":"Y Ding","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ding Y, Hu Y, Yu L. The impact of intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy with hepatitis B virus infection on perinatal outcomes. Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2014;10:381\u20135.","journal-title":"Ther Clin Risk Manag"},{"issue":"1","key":"1691_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-018-0927-5","volume":"15","author":"MA Ahmed","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ahmed MA, Sharif ME, Rayis DA, et al. Hepatitis B infection and pre-eclampsia among pregnant Sudanese women. Virol J. 2018;15(1):20.","journal-title":"Virol J"},{"issue":"1","key":"1691_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.28302","volume":"63","author":"R Brown","year":"2015","unstructured":"Brown R, Mcmahon B, Lok A, et al. Antiviral therapy in chronic hepatitis B viral infection during pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hepatology (Baltimore, MD). 2015;63(1):319\u201333.","journal-title":"Hepatology (Baltimore, MD)"},{"issue":"4","key":"1691_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.15537\/smj.2015.4.10307","volume":"36","author":"EM Alfadhli","year":"2015","unstructured":"Alfadhli EM. Gestational diabetes mellitus. Saudi Med J. 2015;36(4):399\u2013406.","journal-title":"Saudi Med J"}],"container-title":["Virology Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12985-021-01691-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12985-021-01691-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12985-021-01691-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,20]],"date-time":"2021-11-20T17:05:09Z","timestamp":1637427909000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/virologyj.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12985-021-01691-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,20]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1691"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12985-021-01691-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1743-422X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1743-422X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 September 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 November 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 November 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study received ethical clearance from the Research Board at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"All participants provided informed consent.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declared that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"226"}}