{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T21:41:51Z","timestamp":1787953311495,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":133,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,9]],"date-time":"2022-03-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646784000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,9]],"date-time":"2022-03-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646784000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Virol J"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Human pegivirus 1 (HPgV-1) is a Positive-sense single-stranded RNA (+\u2009ssRNA) virus, discovered in 1995 as a Flaviviridae member, and the closest human virus linked to HCV. In comparison to HCV, HPgV-1 seems to be lymphotropic and connected to the viral group that infects T and B lymphocytes. HPgV-1 infection is not persuasively correlated to any known human disease; nevertheless, multiple studies have reported a connection between chronic HPgV-1 infection and improved survival in HPgV-1\/HIV co-infected patients with a delayed and favorable impact on HIV infection development. While the process has not been thoroughly clarified, different mechanisms for these observations have been proposed. HPgV-1 is categorized into seven genotypes and various subtypes. Infection with HPgV-1 is relatively common globally. It can be transferred parenterally, sexually, and through vertical ways, and thereby its co-infection with HIV and HCV is common. In most cases, the clearance of HPgV-1 from the body can be achieved by developing E2 antibodies after infection.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Main body<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>In this review, we thoroughly discuss the current knowledge and recent advances in understanding distinct epidemiological, molecular, and clinical aspects of HPgV-1.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Due to the unique characteristics of the HPgV-1, so advanced research on HPgV-1, particularly in light of HIV co-infection and other diseases, should be conducted to explore the essential mechanisms of HIV clearance and other viruses and thereby suggest novel strategies for viral therapy in the future.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-022-01769-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,9]],"date-time":"2022-03-09T11:03:11Z","timestamp":1646823791000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Clinical and molecular aspects of human pegiviruses in the interaction host and infectious agent"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Mehdi","family":"Samadi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vahid","family":"Salimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Reza","family":"Haghshenas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seyed Mohammad","family":"Miri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seyed Reza","family":"Mohebbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7793-2920","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amir","family":"Ghaemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"1769_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deinhardt F, Holmes AW, Capps RB, Popper H. studies on the transmission of human viral hepatitis to marmoset monkeys. Transmission of disease, serial passages and description of liver lesions (1967).","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.125.4.673"},{"key":"1769_CR2","first-page":"2","volume-title":"Hepatitis A","author":"ID Gust","year":"1988","unstructured":"Gust ID, Feinstone SM. Hepatitis A. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 1988. p. 2."},{"issue":"8","key":"1769_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3401","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.92.8.3401","volume":"92","author":"JN Simons","year":"1995","unstructured":"Simons JN, Pilot-Matias TJ, Leary TP, Dawson GJ, Desai SM, Schlauder GG, Muerhoff AS, Erker JC, Buijk SL, Chalmers ML. Identification of two flavivirus-like genomes in the GB hepatitis agent. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 1995;92(8):3401\u20135.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"issue":"9","key":"1769_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5621","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.69.9.5621-5630.1995","volume":"69","author":"AS Muerhoff","year":"1995","unstructured":"Muerhoff AS, Leary TP, Simons JN, Pilot-Matias TJ, Dawson GJ, Erker JC, Chalmers ML, Schlauder GG, Desai SM, Mushahwar IK. Genomic organization of GB viruses A and B: two new members of the flaviviridae associated with GB Agent hepatitis. J Virol. 1995;69(9):5621\u201330.","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"1769_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1126\/science.271.5248.505","volume":"271","author":"J Linnen","year":"1996","unstructured":"Linnen J, Wages J, Zhang-Keck Z-Y, Fry KE, Krawczynski KZ, Alter H, Koonin E, Gallagher M, Alter M, Hadziyannis S, Karayiannis P, Fung K, Yoshiyuki Nakatsuji J, Shih W-K, Young L, Piatak M, Hoover C, Fernandez J, Chen S, Zou J-C, Morris T, Hyams KC, Ismay S, Lifson JD, Hess G, Foung SKH, Thomas H, Bradley D, Margolis H, Kim JP. Molecular cloning and disease association of hepatitis G virus: a transfusion-transmissible agent. Science. 1996;271:505\u20138.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"1769_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1000972","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000972","volume":"6","author":"JH Epstein","year":"2010","unstructured":"Epstein JH, Quan PL, Briese T, Street C, Jabado O, Conlan S, et al. Identification of GBV-D, a novel GB-like flavivirus from old world frugivorous bats (Pteropus giganteus) in Bangladesh. PLoS Pathog. 2010;6:e1000972.","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"1769_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1999.9941","volume":"262","author":"J Bukh","year":"1999","unstructured":"Bukh J, Apgar CL, Yanagi M. Toward a surrogate model for hepatitis C virus: an infectious molecular clone of the GB virus-B hepatitis agent. Virology. 1999;262:470\u20138.","journal-title":"Virology"},{"issue":"17","key":"1769_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9389","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.17.9389-9399.2004","volume":"78","author":"JH Nam","year":"2004","unstructured":"Nam JH, Faulk K, Engle RE, Govindarajan S, St Claire M, Bukh J. In vivo analysis of the 3\u2019 untranslated region of GB virus B after in vitro mutagenesis of an infectious cDNA clone: persistent infection in a transfected tamarin. J Virol. 2004;78(17):9389\u201399.","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"Pt 2","key":"1769_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.027490-0","volume":"92","author":"JT Stapleton","year":"2011","unstructured":"Stapleton JT, Foung S, Muerhoff AS, Bukh J, Simmonds P. The GB viruses: a review and proposed classification of GBV-A, GBV-C (HGV), and GBV-D in genus Pegivirus within the family Flaviviridae. J Gen Virol. 2011;92(Pt 2):233\u201346.","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"issue":"12","key":"1769_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1005325","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005325","volume":"11","author":"MG Berg","year":"2015","unstructured":"Berg MG, Lee D, Coller K, Frankel M, Aronsohn A, Cheng K, et al. Discovery of a novel human pegivirus in blood associated with hepatitis C virus co-infection. PLoS Pathog. 2015;11(12):e1005325.","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"issue":"5","key":"1769_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01466-15","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01466-15","volume":"6","author":"A Kapoor","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kapoor A, Kumar A, Simmonds P, Bhuva N, Singh Chauhan L, Lee B, et al. Virome analysis of transfusion recipients reveals a novel human virus that shares genomic features with hepaciviruses and pegiviruses. MBio. 2015;6(5):e01466-15.","journal-title":"MBio"},{"issue":"4","key":"1769_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2204.151812","volume":"22","author":"D Bonsall","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bonsall D, Gregory WF, Ip CL, Donfield S, Iles J, et al. Evaluation of viremia frequencies of a novel human pegivirus by using bioinformatic screening and PCR. Emerg Infect Dis. 2016;22(4):671\u20138.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"1769_CR13","first-page":"343","volume":"2","author":"A Ramezani","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ramezani A, Banifazl M, Aghakhani A. GB virus C overview: insights into clinical implication. J GHR. 2013;2(1):343\u20139.","journal-title":"J GHR"},{"issue":"2","key":"1769_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1996.1353","volume":"226","author":"S Fukushi","year":"1996","unstructured":"Fukushi S, Kurihara C, Ishiyama N, Okamura H, Hoshino FB, Oya A, et al. Nucleotide sequence of the 5 noncoding region of hepatitis G virus isolated from Japanese patients: comparison with reported isolates. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1996;226(2):314\u20138.","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"1769_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(96)80125-5","volume":"25","author":"AS Muerhoff","year":"1996","unstructured":"Muerhoff AS, Simons JN, Leary TP, Erker JC, Chalmers ML, Pilot-Matias TJ, Dawson GJ, Desai SM, Mushahwar IK. Sequence heterogeneity within the S-terminal region of the hepatitis GB virus C genome and evidence for genotypes. J Hepatol. 1996;25:379\u201384.","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"10","key":"1769_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e21151","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0021151","volume":"6","author":"Y Feng","year":"2011","unstructured":"Feng Y, Zhao W, Feng Y, Dai J, Li Z, Zhang X, et al. A novel genotype of GB virus C: its identification and predominance among injecting drug users in Yunnan, China. PLoS ONE. 2011;6(10):e21151.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"7","key":"1769_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1687","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.019877-0","volume":"91","author":"V Ruiz","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ruiz V, Giordano M, Rivero CW, Minassian ML, Cuestas ML, Trinks J, et al. GB virus C quasispecies detected in plasma and lymphocyte subsets in a natural human infection. J Gen Virol. 2010;91(7):1687\u201392.","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1769_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2003-39943","volume":"23","author":"JT Stapleton","year":"2003","unstructured":"Stapleton JT. GB virus type C\/hepatitis G virus. Semin Liver Dis. 2003;23(2):137\u201348.","journal-title":"Semin Liver Dis"},{"key":"1769_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1293.2006.00366.x","volume":"7","author":"W Zhang","year":"2006","unstructured":"Zhang W, Chaloner K, Tillmann HL, Williams CF, Stapleton JT. Effect of early and late GB virus C viraemia on survival of HIV-infected individuals: a meta-analysis. HIV Med. 2006;7:173\u201380.","journal-title":"HIV Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"1769_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis589","volume":"55","author":"F Vahidnia","year":"2012","unstructured":"Vahidnia F, Petersen M, Stapleton JT, Rutherford GW, Busch M, Custer B. Acquisition of GB virus type C and lower mortality in patients with advanced HIV disease. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;55(7):1012\u20139.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"1769_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2425","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02752-14","volume":"89","author":"M Lauck","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lauck M, Bailey AL, Andersen KG, Goldberg TL, Sabeti PC, O\u2019Connor DH. GB virus C coinfections in west African Ebola patients. J Virol. 2015;89(4):2425\u20139.","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"1769_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-019-1161-5","author":"W Taklual","year":"2019","unstructured":"Taklual W, Tang S, Yue W. Effect of human pegivirus route of transmission on the genetic distribution of the virus: an institution based cross-sectional study. Virol J. 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12985-019-1161-5.","journal-title":"Virol J"},{"issue":"3","key":"1769_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1053\/tmrv.2001.24589","volume":"15","author":"S Kleinman","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kleinman S, Hepatitis G. Virus biology, epidemiology, and clinical manifestations: implications for blood safety. Transfus Med Rev. 2001;15(3):201\u201312.","journal-title":"Transfus Med Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"1769_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2012.01.004","volume":"20","author":"N Bhattarai","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bhattarai N, Stapleton JT. GB virus C: The good boy virus? Trends Microbiol. 2012;20(3):124\u201330.","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1769_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2007.04.010","volume":"12","author":"A Ramezani","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ramezani A, Gachkar L, Eslamifar A, Khoshbaten M, Jalilvand S, Adibi L, et al. Detection of hepatitis G virus envelope protein E2 antibody in blood donors. Int J Infect Dis. 2008;12(1):57\u201361.","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"1769_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4681","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.1890460117","volume":"46","author":"GG Schlauder","year":"1995","unstructured":"Schlauder GG, Dawson GJ, Simons JN, Pilot-Matias TJ, Gutierrez RA, Heynen CA, Knigge MF, Kurpiewski GS, Buijk SL, Leary TP, Muerhoff AS. Molecular and serologic analysis in the transmission of the GB hepatitis agents. J Med Virol. 1995;46:4681\u201390.","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"issue":"Pt 7","key":"1769_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1521","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.000086","volume":"96","author":"ET Chivero","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chivero ET, Stapleton JT. Tropism of human pegivirus (formerly known as GB virus C\/hepatitis G virus) and host immunomodulation: insights into a highly successful viral infection. J Gen Virol. 2015;96(Pt 7):1521\u201332.","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1769_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9071(199601)48:1<60::AID-JMV10>3.0.CO;2-A","volume":"48","author":"TP Leary","year":"1996","unstructured":"Leary TP, Muerhoff S, Simons JN, Pilot-Matias TJ, Erker JC, Chalmers ML, Schalauder GG, Dawson GJ, Desai SM, Mushahwar IK. Sequence and genomic organization of GBV-C: a novel member of the flaviviridae associated with human non-A-E hepatitis. J Med Virol. 1996;48(1):60\u20137.","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"1769_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2893.1997.tb00208.x","volume":"4","author":"JP Kim","year":"1997","unstructured":"Kim JP, Fry KE. Molecular characterization of the hepatitis G virus. J Viral Hepat. 1997;4:77\u20139.","journal-title":"J Viral Hepat"},{"key":"1769_CR30","unstructured":"Viruses ICoTo. ICTV. Flaviviridae 2021. [cited June 28, 2021]. Available from: https:\/\/talk.ictvonline.org\/ictv-reports\/ictv_online_report\/positive-sense-rna-viruses\/w\/flaviviridae."},{"issue":"17","key":"1769_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9962","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1731505100","volume":"100","author":"A Martin","year":"2003","unstructured":"Martin A, Bodola F, Sangar DV, Goettge K, Popov V, Rijnbrand R, et al. Chronic hepatitis associated with GB virus B persistence in a tamarin after intrahepatic inoculation of synthetic viral RNA. PNAS. 2003;100(17):9962\u20137.","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"1769_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1997.8461","volume":"229","author":"J Bukh","year":"1997","unstructured":"Bukh J, Apgar CL. Five new or recently discovered (GBV-A) virus species are indigenous to new world monkeys and may constitute a separate genus of the flaviviridae. Virology. 1997;229:429\u201336.","journal-title":"Virology"},{"issue":"11","key":"1769_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2894","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.000612","volume":"97","author":"DB Smith","year":"2016","unstructured":"Smith DB, Becher P, Bukh J, Gould EA, Meyers G, Monath T, et al. Proposed update to the taxonomy of the genera Hepacivirus and Pegivirus within the Flaviviridae family. J Gen Virol. 2016;97(11):2894\u2013907.","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"1769_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2019.10.012","volume":"539","author":"K Forberg","year":"2020","unstructured":"Forberg K, Rodgers MA, Dawson GJ, Sauleda S, Olivo A, Vallari A, et al. Human pegivirus 2 exhibits minimal geographic and temporal genetic diversity. Virology. 2020;539:69\u201379.","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"1769_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1537-2995.1998.38998409001.x","volume":"38","author":"CA Hyland","year":"1998","unstructured":"Hyland CA, Mison L, Solomon N, Cockerill J, Wang L, Hunt J, Selvey LA, Faoagali J, Cooksley WG, Young IF, Trowbridge R, Borthwick I, Gowans EJ. Exposure to GB virus type C or hepatitis G virus in selected Australian adult and children populations. Transfusion. 1998;38:821\u20137.","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"1769_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-6948-1","author":"T Wang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wang T, Chen J, Zhang Q, Huang X, Xie N, Zhang J, et al. Prevalence of hepatitis G virus infection among 67,348 blood donors in mainland China. BMC Public Health. 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-019-6948-1.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"1769_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1996.0602","volume":"225","author":"TJ Pilot-Matias","year":"1996","unstructured":"Pilot-Matias TJ, Carrick RJ, Coleman PF, Leary TP, Surowy TK, Simons JN, et al. Expression of the GB Virus C E2 glycoprotein using the semliki forest virus vector system and its utility as a serologic marker. Virology. 1996;225:282\u201392.","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"1769_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9071(199710)53:2<167::AID-JMV10>3.0.CO;2-G","volume":"53","author":"RA Gutierrez","year":"1997","unstructured":"Gutierrez RA, Dawson GJ, Knigge MF, Melvin SL, Heynen CA, Kyrk CR, et al. Seroprevalence of GB virus C and persistence of RNA and antibody. J Med Virol. 1997;53:167\u201373.","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"1769_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1779","DOI":"10.1086\/314508","volume":"178","author":"CS Blair","year":"1998","unstructured":"Blair CS, Davidson F, Lycett C, McDonald DM, Haydon GH, Yap PL, Hayes PC, Simmonds P, Gillon J. Prevalence, incidence, and clinical characteristics of hepatitis G virus\/GB virus C infection in scottish blood donors. J Infect Dis. 1998;178:1779\u201382.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"1769_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9071(199711)53:3<225::AID-JMV7>3.0.CO;2-A","volume":"53","author":"TJ Tucker","year":"1997","unstructured":"Tucker TJ, Louw SJ, Robson SC, Isaacs S, Kirsch RE. High prevalence of GBV-C hepatitis G virus infection in a rural South African population. J Med Virol. 1997;53:225\u20138.","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"1769_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1423-0410.1998.7410051.x","volume":"74","author":"F-R Ren","year":"1998","unstructured":"Ren F-R, Wang Y, Li H. Hepatitia G virus infection in screened chinese blood donors. Vox Sang. 1998;74:51\u20132.","journal-title":"Vox Sang"},{"key":"1769_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-0934(99)00036-1","volume":"80","author":"AR El-Zayadi","year":"1999","unstructured":"El-Zayadi AR, Abe K, Selim O, Naito H, Hess G, Ahdy A. Prevalence of GBV-C: hepatitis G virus viraemia among blood donors, health care personnel, chronic non-B non-C hepatitis, chronic hepatitis C and hemodialysis patients in Egypt. J Virol Methods. 1999;80:53\u20138.","journal-title":"J Virol Methods"},{"issue":"2","key":"1769_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transci.2019.01.002","volume":"58","author":"SN Slavov","year":"2019","unstructured":"Slavov SN, Silveira RM, Rodrigues ES, Diefenbach CF, Zimmermann AM, Covas DT, et al. Human pegivirus-1 (HPgV-1, GBV-C) RNA prevalence and genotype diversity among volunteer blood donors from an intra-hospital hemotherapy service in Southern Brazil. Transfus Apher Sci. 2019;58(2):174\u20138.","journal-title":"Transfus Apher Sci"},{"issue":"9","key":"1769_CR44","first-page":"3776","volume":"90","author":"JJ Lefrere","year":"1997","unstructured":"Lefrere JJ, Loiseau P, Maury J, Lasserre J, Mariotti M, Ravera N, Lerable J, Lefe\u0300vre G, Morand-Joubert L, Girot R. Natural history of GBV-C\/hepatitis G virus infection through the follow-up of GBV-C\/hepatitis G virus\u2013infected blood donors and recipients studied by RNA polymerase chain reaction and anti-E2 serology. Blood J Am Soc Hematol. 1997;90(9):3776\u201380.","journal-title":"Blood J Am Soc Hematol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1769_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e213","DOI":"10.1097\/MPH.0000000000001717","volume":"42","author":"E Agi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Agi E, Hojjatipour S, Namvar A, Bolhassani A. Impact of blood transfusion on the prevalence of HHpgV-1, HPgV-1, and B19V among Iranian HCV-infected patients with hemophilia. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2020;42(4):e213\u20138.","journal-title":"J Pediatr Hematol Oncol"},{"issue":"6","key":"1769_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1951","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.1951","volume":"27","author":"S Singh","year":"2017","unstructured":"Singh S, Blackard JT. Human pegivirus (HPgV) infection in sub-Saharan Africa-a call for a renewed research agenda. Rev Med Virol. 2017;27(6):e1951.","journal-title":"Rev Med Virol"},{"key":"1769_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.2257","author":"J Zimmerman","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zimmerman J, Blackard JT. Human pegivirus type 1 infection in Asia\u2014a review of the literature. Rev Med Virol. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/rmv.2257.","journal-title":"Rev Med Virol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1769_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510270335","volume":"27","author":"MG Pessoa","year":"1998","unstructured":"Pessoa MG, Terrault NA, Detmer J, Kolberg J, Collins M, Hassoba HM, Wright TL. Quantitation of hepatitis G and C viruses in the liver: evidence that hepatitis G virus is not hepatotropic. Hepatol Res. 1998;27(3):877\u20139.","journal-title":"Hepatol Res"},{"key":"1769_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2004.00665.x","volume":"44","author":"C Seifried","year":"2004","unstructured":"Seifried C, Weber M, Bialleck H, Seifried E, Schrezenmeier H, Kurt Roth W. High prevalence of GBV-C\/HGV among relatives of GBV-C\/HGV-positive blood donors in blood recipients and in patients with aplastic anemia. Transfusion. 2004;44:268\u201374.","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"1769_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1086\/339206","volume":"34","author":"SE Frey","year":"2002","unstructured":"Frey SE, Musial CE, Homan SM, Sokol-Anderson M, Di Bisceglie A, Cayco MT, et al. Evidence for probable sexual transmission of the hepatitis G virus. Clin Infect Dis. 2002;34:1033\u20138.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"1769_CR51","first-page":"758","volume-title":"Flaviviridae: the viruses and their replication","author":"T Heinz-Jurgen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Heinz-Jurgen T, Lindenbach BD, Rice CM. Flaviviridae: the viruses and their replication. 7th ed. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer; 2020. p. 758\u2013928.","edition":"7"},{"issue":"9","key":"1769_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6126","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.70.9.6126-6135.1996","volume":"70","author":"JN Simons","year":"1996","unstructured":"Simons JN, Desai SM, Schultz DE, Lemon SM, Mushahwar IK. Translation initiation in GB viruses A and C: evidence for internal ribosome entry and implications for genome organization. J Virol. 1996;70(9):6126\u201335.","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"1769_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9125","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.74.19.9125-9133.2000","volume":"74","author":"J Xiang","year":"2000","unstructured":"Xiang J, Wu\u0308nschmann S, Schmidt W, Shao J, Stapleton JT, Dawson GJ. Full-length GB virus C (hepatitis G virus) RNA Transcripts are infectious in primary CD4-positive T cells. J Virol. 2000;74:9125\u201333.","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1769_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20032","volume":"39","author":"F Penin","year":"2004","unstructured":"Penin F, Dubuisson J, Rey FA, Moradpour D, Pawlotsky JM. Structural biology of hepatitis C virus. Hepatology. 2004;39(1):5\u201319.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"1769_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-0934(97)00199-7","volume":"71","author":"SL Melvin","year":"1998","unstructured":"Melvin SL, Dawson GJ, Carrick RJ, Schlauder GG, Heynen CA, Mushahwar IK. Biophysical characterization of GB virus C from human plasm. J Virol Methods. 1998;71:147\u201357.","journal-title":"J Virol Methods"},{"issue":"4","key":"1769_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2738","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.72.4.2738-2744.1998","volume":"27","author":"J Xiang","year":"1998","unstructured":"Xiang J, Klinzman D, McLinden J, Schmidt WN, LaBrecque DR, Gish R, Stapleton JT. Characterization of hepatitis G virus (GB-C virus) particles: evidence for a nucleocapsid and expression of sequences upstream of the E1 protein. J Virol. 1998;27(4):2738\u201344.","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1769_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01134-06","volume":"81","author":"SB Kapadia","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kapadia SB, Barth H, Baumert T, McKeating JA, Chisari FV. Initiation of hepatitis C virus infection is dependent on cholesterol and cooperativity between CD81 and scavenger receptor B type I. J Virol. 2007;81(1):374\u201383.","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"1769_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9071(199811)56:3<253::AID-JMV13>3.0.CO;2-F","volume":"56","author":"HM Hassoba","year":"1998","unstructured":"Hassoba HM, Pessoa MG, Terrault NA, Lewis NJ, Hayden M, Hunt JC, et al. Antienvelope antibodies are protective against GBV-C reinfection: evidence from the liver transplant model. J Med Virol. 1998;56:253\u20138.","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1769_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510280213","volume":"28","author":"HL Tillmann","year":"1998","unstructured":"Tillmann HL, Heringlake S, Trautwein C, Meissner D, Nashan B, Schlitt HJ, Kratochvil J, Hunt J, Qiu X, Lou SC, Pichlmayr R. Antibodies against the GB virus C envelope 2 protein before liver transplantation protect against GB virus C de novo infection. Hepatol Res. 1998;28(2):379\u201384.","journal-title":"Hepatol Res"},{"issue":"22","key":"1769_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12766","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.22.12766","volume":"96","author":"V Agnello","year":"1999","unstructured":"Agnello V, Abel G, Elfahal M, Knight GB, Zhang Q-X. Hepatitis C virus and other Flaviviridae viruses enter cells via low density lipoprotein receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 1999;96(22):12766\u201371.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"issue":"12","key":"1769_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7185","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00324-13","volume":"87","author":"A Kapoor","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kapoor A, Simmonds P, Cullen JM, Scheel TKH, Medina JL, Giannitti F, et al. Identification of a pegivirus (GB virus-like virus) that infects horses. J Virol. 2013;87(12):7185\u201390.","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"20","key":"1769_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8194","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1303037110","volume":"110","author":"P-L Quan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Quan P-L, Firth C, Conte JM, Williams SH, Zambrana-Torrelio CM, Anthony SJ, et al. Bats are a major natural reservoir for hepaciviruses and pegiviruses. PNAS. 2013;110(20):8194\u20139.","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"issue":"4","key":"1769_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2909","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.73.4.2909-2915.1999","volume":"73","author":"Y Gwack","year":"1999","unstructured":"Gwack Y, Yoo H, Song I, Choe J, Han JH. RNA-stimulated ATPase and RNA helicase activities and RNA binding domain of hepatitis G virus nonstructural protein 3. J Virol. 1999;73(4):2909\u201315.","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"1769_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1999.9871","volume":"261","author":"W Zhong","year":"1999","unstructured":"Zhong W, Ingravallo P, Wright-Minogue J, Skelton A, Uss AS, Chase R, Yao N, Lau JY, Hong Z. Nucleoside triphosphatase and RNA helicase activities associated with GB Virus B nonstructural protein 3. Virology. 1999;261:216\u201326.","journal-title":"Virology"},{"issue":"Pt 12","key":"1769_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2670","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.055509-0","volume":"94","author":"RR Ghai","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ghai RR, Sibley SD, Lauck M, Dinis JM, Bailey AL, Chapman CA, et al. Deep sequencing identifies two genotypes and high viral genetic diversity of human pegivirus (GB virus C) in rural Ugandan patients. J Gener Virol. 2013;94(Pt 12):2670\u20138.","journal-title":"J Gener Virol"},{"key":"1769_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2019.05.032","volume":"85","author":"Z Li","year":"2019","unstructured":"Li Z, Li Y, Liang Y, Hu L, Chen S. Prevalence and risk factors of human pegivirus type 1 infection in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation patients. Int J Infect Dis. 2019;85:111\u20133.","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"1769_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e114467","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0114467","volume":"9","author":"JT Blackard","year":"2014","unstructured":"Blackard JT, Ma G, Welge JA, King CC, Taylor LE, Mayer KH, et al. GB virus C (GBV-C) infection in hepatitis C virus (HCV) seropositive women with or at risk for HIV infection. PLoS ONE. 2014;9(12):e114467.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"3","key":"1769_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1007\/s11262-018-1555-2","volume":"54","author":"KF N\u2019Guessan","year":"2018","unstructured":"N\u2019Guessan KF, Boyce C, Kwara A, Archampong TNA, Lartey M, Sagoe KW, et al. Human pegivirus (HPgV) infection in Ghanaians co-infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV). Virus Genes. 2018;54(3):361\u20137.","journal-title":"Virus Genes"},{"issue":"7","key":"1769_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.21161","volume":"80","author":"SM Hosseini-Moghaddam","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hosseini-Moghaddam SM, Keyvani H, Samadi M, Alavian SM, Mahdavimazdeh M, Daneshvar S, et al. GB virus type C infection in hemodialysis patients considering co-infection with hepatitis C virus. J Med Virol. 2008;80(7):1260\u20133.","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1769_CR70","first-page":"7","volume":"3","author":"S Mehdi","year":"2008","unstructured":"Mehdi S, Keyvani H, Moghaddam SMH. Prevalence and risk factors of the hepatitis G (HGV) infection in hemodialysis patients. Iran J Clin Infect Dis. 2008;3(1):7\u201311.","journal-title":"Iran J Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"1769_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-020-01427-6","author":"ASN Silva","year":"2020","unstructured":"Silva ASN, Silva CP, Barata RR, da Silva PVR, Monteiro PDJ, Lamar\u00e3o L, et al. Human pegivirus (HPgV, GBV-C) RNA in volunteer blood donors from a public hemotherapy service in Northern Brazil. Virol J. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12985-020-01427-6.","journal-title":"Virol J"},{"issue":"2","key":"1769_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.3390\/v9020028","volume":"9","author":"Z Miao","year":"2017","unstructured":"Miao Z, Gao L, Song Y, Yang M, Zhang M, Lou J, et al. Prevalence and clinical impact of human pegivirus-1 infection in HIV-1-infected individuals in Yunnan, China. Viruses. 2017;9(2):28.","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"Pt 6","key":"1769_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1729","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.80854-0","volume":"86","author":"AS Muerhoff","year":"2005","unstructured":"Muerhoff AS, Leary TP, Sathar MA, Dawson GJ, Desai SM. African origin of GB virus C determined by phylogenetic analysis of a complete genotype 5 genome from South Africa. J Gen Virol. 2005;86(Pt 6):1729\u201335.","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"issue":"5","key":"1769_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2843","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2017.6281","volume":"15","author":"H Tri Rinonce","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tri Rinonce H, Yano Y, Utsumi T, Heriyanto DS, Anggorowati N, Widasari DI, et al. Prevalence and genotypic distribution of GB virus C and torque teno virus among patients undergoing hemodialysis. Mol Med Rep. 2017;15(5):2843\u201352.","journal-title":"Mol Med Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"1769_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.10172","volume":"68","author":"X Fan","year":"2002","unstructured":"Fan X, Xu Y, Detre K, Di Bisceglie AM. Direct evidence for GB virus C\/hepatitis G virus (GBV-C\/HGV) superinfection: elimination of resident viral strain by donor strain in a patient undergoing liver transplantation. J Med Virol. 2002;68(1):76\u201381.","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"issue":"8","key":"1769_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0161880","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0161880","volume":"11","author":"H Wu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wu H, Padhi A, Xu J, Gong X, Tien P. Evidence for within-host genetic recombination among the human pegiviral strains in HIV infected subjects. PLoS ONE. 2016;11(8):e0161880.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"5","key":"1769_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1089\/jir.2005.25.261","volume":"25","author":"J Xiang","year":"2005","unstructured":"Xiang J, Martinez-Smith C, Gale M Jr, Chang Q, Labrecque DR, Schmidt WN, et al. GB virus type C NS5A sequence polymorphisms: association with interferon susceptibility and inhibition of PKR-mediated eIF2alpha phosphorylation. J Interferon Cytokine Res. 2005;25(5):261\u201370.","journal-title":"J Interferon Cytokine Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"1769_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25290","volume":"91","author":"F Jordier","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jordier F, Deligny ML, Barr\u00e9 R, Robert C, Galicher V, Uch R, Fournier PE, Raoult D, Biagini P. Human pegivirus isolates characterized by deep sequencing from hepatitis C virus-RNA and human immuno deficiency virus-RNA\u2013positive blood donations. France J Med Virol. 2021;91(1):38\u201344.","journal-title":"France J Med Virol"},{"key":"1769_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.1086\/339547","volume":"34","author":"JT Blackard","year":"2002","unstructured":"Blackard JT, Cohen DE, Mayer KH. Human immunodeficiency virus superinfection and recombination: current state of knowledge and potential clinical consequences. Clin Infect Dis. 2002;34:1108\u201314.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"1769_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1586\/eri.12.37","volume":"10","author":"C Schwarze-Zander","year":"2012","unstructured":"Schwarze-Zander C, Blackard JT, Rockstroh JK. Role of GB virus C in modulating HIV disease. Expert Rev Anti-Infect Ther. 2012;10(5):563\u201372.","journal-title":"Expert Rev Anti-Infect Ther"},{"issue":"14","key":"1769_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1951","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000001926","volume":"32","author":"T Ruegamer","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ruegamer T, Hoffmann R, Rohrhofer A, Audebert F, Salzberger B, Korn K, et al. Inhibition of HIV-1 infection by human pegivirus type 1-derived peptides is affected by human pegivirus type 1 genotype and HIV-1 coreceptor tropism. AIDS. 2018;32(14):1951\u20137.","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"11","key":"1769_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2893.2009.01194.x","volume":"16","author":"EL Mohr","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mohr EL, Stapleton JT. GB virus type C interactions with HIV: the role of envelope glycoproteins. J Viral Hepat. 2009;16(11):757\u201368.","journal-title":"J Viral Hepat"},{"issue":"9","key":"1769_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0184494","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0184494","volume":"12","author":"G Horemheb-Rubio","year":"2017","unstructured":"Horemheb-Rubio G, Ramos-Cervantes P, Arroyo-Figueroa H, \u00c1vila-R\u00edos S, Garc\u00eda-Morales C, Reyes-Ter\u00e1n G, et al. High HPgV replication is associated with improved surrogate markers of HIV progression. PLoS ONE. 2017;12(9):e0184494.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"6","key":"1769_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.063016-0","volume":"95","author":"ET Chivero","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chivero ET, Bhattarai N, Rydze RT, Winters MA, Holodniy M, Stapleton JT. Human pegivirus RNA is found in multiple blood mononuclear cells in vivo and serum-derived viral RNA-containing particles are infectious in vitro. J Gen Virol. 2014;95(6):1307\u201319.","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"issue":"5","key":"1769_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz940","volume":"71","author":"A Fama","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fama A, Larson MC, Link BK, Habermann TM, Feldman AL, Call TG, et al. Human pegivirus infection and lymphoma risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;71(5):1221\u20138.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"1769_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.13.1.67","volume":"13","author":"P Leyssen","year":"2000","unstructured":"Leyssen P, De Clercq E, Neyts J. Perspectives for the treatment of infections with flaviviridae. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2000;13(1):67\u201382.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"issue":"5","key":"1769_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25343","volume":"84","author":"EF Balcom","year":"2018","unstructured":"Balcom EF, Doan MAL, Branton WG, Jovel J, Blevins G, Edguer B, et al. Human pegivirus-1 associated leukoencephalitis: clinical and molecular features. Ann Neurol. 2018;84(5):781\u20137.","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"10","key":"1769_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1785","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2410.180161","volume":"24","author":"I Bukowska-O\u015bko","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bukowska-O\u015bko I, Perlejewski K, Pawe\u0142czyk A, Rydzanicz M, Pollak A, Popiel M, et al. Human pegivirus in patients with encephalitis of unclear etiology, Poland. Emerg Infect Dis. 2018;24(10):1785\u201394.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"1769_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114898","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2019.114898","volume":"96","author":"R Tuddenham","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tuddenham R, Eden J-S, Gilbey T, Dwyer DE, Jennings Z, Holmes EC, et al. Human pegivirus in brain tissue of a patient with encephalitis. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2020;96(2):114898.","journal-title":"Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"1769_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa030107","volume":"350","author":"CF Williams","year":"2004","unstructured":"Williams CF, Klinzman D, Yamashita TE, Xiang J, Polgreen PM, Rinaldo C, Liu C, Phair J, Margolick JB, Zdunek D, Hess G. Persistent GB virus C infection and survival in HIV-infected men. N Engl J Med. 2004;350:981\u201390.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"1769_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1086\/505713","volume":"194","author":"RGK Souza Carolynne","year":"2006","unstructured":"Souza Carolynne RGK, Jason T, Kenneth ES, Hui Z, Dietmar Z, et al. GB Virus C (GBV-C) infection in hepatitis C virus (HCV)\/HIV\u2013coinfected patients receiving HCV treatment: importance of the GBV-C genotype. J Infect Dis. 2006;194:410\u20139.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"1769_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.3830","volume":"8","author":"AK Rodr\u00edguez","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez AK, Garzaro DJ, Loureiro CL, Guti\u00e9rrez CR, Ameli G, Jaspe RC, et al. HIV-1 and GBV-C co-infection in Venezuela. J Infect Dev Ctries. 2014;8(7):863\u20138.","journal-title":"J Infect Dev Ctries"},{"key":"1769_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1723","DOI":"10.1086\/517431","volume":"177","author":"S Heringlake","year":"1998","unstructured":"Heringlake S, Ockenga J, Tillmann HL, Trautwein C, Meissner D, Stoll M, Hunt J, Jou C, Solomon N, Schmidt RE, Manns MP. GB virus C\/hepatitis G virus infection: A favorable prognostic factor in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients? J Infect Dis. 1998;177:1723\u20136.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"1769_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.1086\/587488","volume":"197","author":"WB Supapol","year":"2008","unstructured":"Supapol WB, Remis RS, Raboud J, Millson M, Tappero J, Kaul R, et al. Reduced mother-to-child transmission of HIV associated with infant but not maternal GB virus C infection. J Infect Dis. 2008;197(10):1369\u201377.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"1769_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.10375","volume":"70","author":"AS Muerhoff","year":"2003","unstructured":"Muerhoff AS, Tillmann HL, Manns MP, Dawson GJ, Desai SM. GB virus C genotype determination in GB virus-C\/HIV co-infected individuals. J Med Virol. 2003;70(1):141\u20139.","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"1769_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/8048670","volume":"2019","author":"LDD Mota","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mota LDD, Finger-Jardim F, Silva CM, Germano FN, Nader MM, Gon\u00e7alves CV, et al. Molecular and clinical profiles of human pegivirus type 1 infection in individuals living with HIV-1 in the extreme South of Brazil. BioMed Res Int. 2019;2019:1\u201311.","journal-title":"BioMed Res Int"},{"key":"1769_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199406000-00006","volume":"8","author":"W Barcellini","year":"1994","unstructured":"Barcellini W, Rizzardi GP, Borghi MO, Fain C, Lazzarin A, Meroni PL. TH1 and TH2 cytokine production by pripheral blood mononuclear cells from HIV infected patients. AIDS. 1994;8:757\u201362.","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"1","key":"1769_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jis312","volume":"206","author":"RT Rydze","year":"2012","unstructured":"Rydze RT, Xiang J, McLinden JH, Stapleton JT. GB virus type C infection polarizes T-cell cytokine gene expression toward a Th1 cytokine profile via NS5A protein expression. J Infect Dis. 2012;206(1):69\u201372.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"1769_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3341","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.83198-0","volume":"88","author":"Q Chang","year":"2007","unstructured":"Chang Q, McLinden JH, Stapleton JT, Sathar MA, Xiang J. Expression of GB virus C NS5A protein from genotypes 1, 2, 3 and 5 and a 30 aa NS5A fragment inhibit human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication in a CD4+ T-lymphocyte cell line. J Gen Virol. 2007;88(12):3341\u20136.","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"issue":"7","key":"1769_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2580","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0002580","volume":"3","author":"J Xiang","year":"2008","unstructured":"Xiang J, McLinden JH, Chang Q, Jordan EL, Stapleton JT. Characterization of a peptide domain within the GB virus C NS5A phosphoprotein that inhibits HIV replication. PLoS ONE. 2008;3(7):e2580.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"12","key":"1769_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7860","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0902276","volume":"183","author":"J Xiang","year":"2009","unstructured":"Xiang J, McLinden JH, Rydze RA, Chang Q, Kaufman TM, Klinzman D, et al. Viruses within the flaviviridae decrease CD4 expression and inhibit HIV replication in human CD4+cells. J Immunol. 2009;183(12):7860\u20139.","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1769_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1177\/039463200802100118","volume":"21","author":"E Lalle","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lalle E, Sacchi A, Abbate I, Vitale A, Martini F, D\u2019Offiz G, Antonucci G, Castilletti C, Poccia F, Capobianchi MR. Activation of interferon response genes and of plasmacytoid dendritic cells in HIV-1 positive subjects with GB virus C co-infection. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 2008;21(1):161\u201371.","journal-title":"Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol"},{"issue":"6","key":"1769_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/S1471-4906(01)01925-1","volume":"22","author":"JA Levy","year":"2001","unstructured":"Levy JA. The importance of the innate immune system in controlling HIV infection and disease. Trends Immunol. 2001;22(6):312\u20136.","journal-title":"Trends Immunol"},{"key":"1769_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000180097.50393.df","volume":"19","author":"S Jung","year":"2005","unstructured":"Jung S, Knauer O, Donhauser N, Eichenm\u00fcller M, Helm M, Fleckenstein B, Reil H. Inhibition of HIV strains by GB virus C in cell culture can be mediated by CD4 and CD8 T-lymphocyte derived soluble factors. AIDS. 2005;19:1267\u201372.","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"2","key":"1769_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2013.10.011","volume":"178","author":"W Haoming","year":"2013","unstructured":"Haoming W, Tien P, Gong X. Phylogenetic diversity of GB virus C at the antigenic site of E2 protein. Virus Res. 2013;178(2):502\u20135.","journal-title":"Virus Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"1769_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2016.02.008","volume":"1860","author":"MJ G\u00f3mara","year":"2016","unstructured":"G\u00f3mara MJ, S\u00e1nchez-Merino V, Pa\u00fas A, Merino-Mansilla A, Gatell JM, Yuste E, et al. Definition of an 18-mer synthetic peptide derived from the GB virus C E1 protein as a new HIV-1 entry inhibitor. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj. 2016;1860(6):1139\u201348.","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj"},{"issue":"48","key":"1769_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11703","DOI":"10.1002\/chem.201702531","volume":"23","author":"Y P\u00e9rez","year":"2017","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez Y, G\u00f3mara MJ, Yuste E, G\u00f3mez-Gutierrez P, P\u00e9rez JJ, Haro I. Structural study of a new HIV-1 entry inhibitor and interaction with the HIV-1 fusion peptide in dodecylphosphocholine micelles. Chem A Eur J. 2017;23(48):11703\u201313.","journal-title":"Chem A Eur J"},{"key":"1769_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-40125-4","author":"MJ Gomara","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gomara MJ, Perez Y, Martinez JP, Barnadas-Rodriguez R, Schultz A, von Briesen H, et al. Peptide assembly on the membrane determines the HIV-1 inhibitory activity of dual-targeting fusion inhibitor peptides. Sci Rep. 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-019-40125-4.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"8","key":"1769_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1290","DOI":"10.1002\/cmdc.202000892","volume":"16","author":"R Hoffmann","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hoffmann R, Ruegamer T, Schaub\u00e4cher J, Rohrhofer A, Kirme\u00df P, Fiebig KM, et al. Exploring viral interference using peptides: molecular determinants of HIV-1 inhibition by a peptide derived from human pegivirus-1 envelope protein E2. ChemMedChem. 2021;16(8):1290\u20136.","journal-title":"ChemMedChem"},{"issue":"17","key":"1769_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2277","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32832d7a11","volume":"23","author":"MT Maidana-Giret","year":"2009","unstructured":"Maidana-Giret MT, Silva TM, Sauer MM, Tomiyama H, Levi JE, Bassichetto KC, et al. GB virus type C infection modulates T-cell activation independently of HIV-1 viral load. AIDS. 2009;23(17):2277\u201387.","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"7","key":"1769_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4496","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1001980","volume":"185","author":"EL Mohr","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mohr EL, Xiang J, McLinden JH, Kaufman TM, Chang Q, Montefiori DC, et al. GB virus type C envelope protein E2 elicits antibodies that react with a cellular antigen on HIV-1 particles and neutralize diverse HIV-1 isolates. J Immunol. 2010;185(7):4496\u2013505.","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1769_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0030653","volume":"7","author":"SL George","year":"2012","unstructured":"George SL, Varmaz D, Tavis JE, Chowdhury A. The GB virus C (GBV-C) NS3 serine protease inhibits HIV-1 replication in a CD4+T lymphocyte cell line without decreasing HIV receptor expression. PLoS ONE. 2012;7(1):53.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"7","key":"1769_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2893.2010.01340.x","volume":"18","author":"H Hofer","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hofer H, Aydin I, Neumueller-Guber S, Mueller C, Scherzer TM, Staufer K, et al. Prevalence and clinical significance of GB virus type C\/hepatitis G virus coinfection in patients with chronic hepatitis C undergoing antiviral therapy. J Viral Hepat. 2010;18(7):513\u20137.","journal-title":"J Viral Hepat"},{"issue":"4","key":"1769_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e153","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2893.2010.01350.x","volume":"18","author":"B Boodram","year":"2011","unstructured":"Boodram B, Hershow RC, Klinzman D, Stapleton JT. GB virus C infection among young, HIV-negative injection drug users with and without hepatitis C virus infection. J Viral Hepat. 2011;18(4):e153\u20139.","journal-title":"J Viral Hepat"},{"issue":"3","key":"1769_CR115","first-page":"474","volume":"43","author":"J Davod","year":"2013","unstructured":"Davod J, Manoochehr M, Eskandar H, Davod K, Ali Reza SZ. Hepatitis G virus and its prevalence and genotypes in patients with hepatitis B and C in Ahvaz, southwestern Iran. Turk J Med Sci. 2013;43(3):474\u20138.","journal-title":"Turk J Med Sci"},{"key":"1769_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1086\/345953","volume":"36","author":"EM Tedaldi","year":"2003","unstructured":"Tedaldi EM, Wood KC, Baker RK, Moorman AC, Holmberg SD, Alzola CF, et al. Influence of coinfection with hepatitis C virus on morbidity and mortality due to human immunodeficiency virus infection in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Clin Infect Dis. 2003;36:363\u20137.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"1769_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1086\/317644","volume":"183","author":"M Puoti","year":"2001","unstructured":"Puoti M, Putzolu V, Zaltron S, Bonacini M, Callea F, Gargiulo F, et al. Liver fibrosis progression is related to CD4 cell depletion in patients coinfected with hepatitis C virus and human immunodeficiency virus. J Infect Dis. 2001;183:134\u20137.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"1769_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkh555","volume":"55","author":"JA Pineda","year":"2005","unstructured":"Pineda JA, Macias J. Progression of liver fibrosis in patients coinfected with hepatitis C virus and human immunodeficiency virus undergoing antiretroviral therapy. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2005;55(4):417\u20139.","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"1769_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-3542(01)00165-6","volume":"52","author":"ML Yu","year":"2001","unstructured":"Yu ML, Lin ZY, Chuang WL, Hsieh MY, Chang WY, et al. GB virus C\/hepatitis G virus infection in chronic hepatitis C patients with and without interferon-therapy. Antiviral Res. 2001;52:241\u20139.","journal-title":"Antiviral Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"1769_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1590\/S0037-86822009000500021","volume":"42","author":"AD Barbosa","year":"2009","unstructured":"Barbosa AD, Baggio-Zappia GL, Dobo C, Alves-Sousa VK, Lanzara GD, Silva ID, Lanzoni VP, Granato CF. Analysis of GB virus C infection among HIV-HCV coinfected patients. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop. 2009;42(5):591\u20133.","journal-title":"Rev Soc Bras Med Trop"},{"issue":"1","key":"1769_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2020.1730247","volume":"9","author":"Z Wan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wan Z, Liu J, Hu F, Shui J, Li L, Wang H, et al. Evidence that the second human pegivirus (HPgV-2) is primarily a lymphotropic virus and can replicate independent of HCV replication. Emerg Microb Infect. 2020;9(1):485\u201395.","journal-title":"Emerg Microb Infect"},{"issue":"5","key":"1769_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2405.161162","volume":"24","author":"H Wang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wang H, Wan Z, Sun Q, Zhu N, Li T, Ren X, An X, Deng S, Wu Y, Li X, Li L. Second human pegivirus in hepatitis C virus-infected and hepatitis C virus\/HIV-1\u2013co-infected persons who inject drugs, China. Emerg Infect Dis. 2018;24(5):908.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"1769_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2023","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00515-16","volume":"54","author":"KE Coller","year":"2016","unstructured":"Coller KE, Berg MG, Frankel M, Forberg K, Surani R, Chiu CY, et al. Antibodies to the novel human pegivirus 2 are associated with active and resolved infections. J Clin Microbiol. 2016;54(8):2023\u201330.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"1769_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2893.1998.00095.x","volume":"5","author":"E Tanaka","year":"1998","unstructured":"Tanaka E, Kiyosawa K, Shimoda K, Hino K, Tacke M, Schmolke S, et al. Evolution of hepatitis G virus infection and antibody response to envelope protein in patients with transfusion-associated non-A, non-B hepatitis. J Viral Hepat. 1998;5:153\u20139.","journal-title":"J Viral Hepat"},{"issue":"30","key":"1769_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4725","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.14.4725","volume":"14","author":"VI Reshetnyak","year":"2008","unstructured":"Reshetnyak VI, Karlovich TI, Ilchenko LU. Hepatitis G virus. World J Gastroenterol. 2008;14(30):4725\u201334.","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1769_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510290121","volume":"29","author":"T Berg","year":"1999","unstructured":"Berg T, M\u00fcller AR, Platz KP, H\u00f6hne M, Bechstein WO, Hopf U, Wiedenmann B, Neuhaus P, Schreier E. Dynamics of GB virus C viremia early after orthotopic liver transplantation indicates extrahepatic tissues as the predominant site of GB virus C replication. Hepatology. 1999;29(1):245\u20139.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"1769_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9071(199809)56:1<1::AID-JMV1>3.0.CO;2-3","volume":"56","author":"IK Mushahwar","year":"1998","unstructured":"Mushahwar IK, Zuckerman JN. Clinical implications of GB virus C. J Med Virol. 1998;56:1\u20133.","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1769_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.21946","volume":"83","author":"W Bhanich Supapol","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bhanich Supapol W, Remis RS, Raboud J, Millson M, Tappero J, Kaul R, et al. Prevalence and correlates of GB virus C infection in HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected pregnant women in Bangkok, Thailand. J Med Virol. 2011;83(1):33\u201344.","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1769_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(98)70274-4","volume":"133","author":"HL Chen","year":"1998","unstructured":"Chen HL, Chang MH, Lin HH, Ni YH, Hsu HY, Wang JT, Chen DS. Antibodies to E2 protein of hepatitis G virus in children: different responses according to age at infection. J Pediatr. 1998;133(3):382\u20135.","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"13","key":"1769_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2003.08.006","volume":"5","author":"PM Polgreen","year":"2003","unstructured":"Polgreen PM, Xiang J, Chang Q, Stapleton JT. GB virus type C\/hepatitis G virus: a non-pathogenic flavivirus associated with prolonged survival in HIV-infected individuals. Microb Infect. 2003;5(13):1255\u201361.","journal-title":"Microb Infect"},{"issue":"1","key":"1769_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ab.2009.09.011","volume":"396","author":"MJ Gomara","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gomara MJ, Fernandez L, Perez T, Ercilla G, Haro I. Assessment of synthetic chimeric multiple antigenic peptides for diagnosis of GB virus C infection. Anal Biochem. 2010;396(1):51\u20138.","journal-title":"Anal Biochem"},{"issue":"2","key":"1769_CR132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1747-0285.2011.01143.x","volume":"78","author":"MJ Gomara","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gomara MJ, Fernandez L, Perez T, Tenckhoff S, Casanovas A, Tillmann HL, et al. Diagnostic value of anti-GBV-C antibodies in HIV-infected patients. Chem Biol Drug Des. 2011;78(2):277\u201382.","journal-title":"Chem Biol Drug Des"},{"key":"1769_CR133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2014.00690","author":"C Manickam","year":"2014","unstructured":"Manickam C, Reeves RK. Modeling HCV disease in animals: virology, immunology and pathogenesis of HCV and GBV-B infections. Front Microbiol. 2014. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2014.00690.","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"}],"container-title":["Virology Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12985-022-01769-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12985-022-01769-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12985-022-01769-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,9]],"date-time":"2022-03-09T11:36:00Z","timestamp":1646825760000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/virologyj.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12985-022-01769-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,9]]},"references-count":133,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1769"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12985-022-01769-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1743-422X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1743-422X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"7 September 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 January 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 March 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"41"}}