{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T02:26:27Z","timestamp":1784859987038,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,18]],"date-time":"2022-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647561600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,18]],"date-time":"2022-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647561600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012165","name":"Key Technologies Research and Development Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Grant No. 2018YFC0114600"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant No. 2018YFC0114600"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012165","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Virol J"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Data regarding human papillomavirus (HPV) prevalence and genotype distribution are limited in Shannan City, Tibet Tibetan Autonomous Region, China. The purpose of this study is to provide reliable data for guiding women in Shannan City in cervical cancer screening and HPV vaccine innoculation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>HPV testing was performed on women aged 16\u2013109\u00a0years (mean age 44.03\u2009\u00b1\u20099.25\u00a0years) from Shannan City in 2019 and 2020, which was implemented technically by gynecological examination, vaginal discharge smear microscopy, cytology, and HPV detection. The overall prevalence, age-specific prevalence, and genotype distribution were analyzed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 48,126 women received HPV testing, of which 3929 were detected human papillomavirus. The HPV-positive rate was 8.16% (3929\/48,126), and the highest prevalence was in the\u2009\u2264\u200925-year-old age group (12.68%). After the age of 25, the prevalence rate decreased rapidly, and then slowly increased from 7.49% in the 46\u201355 age group to 9.82% in the\u2009\u2265\u200966 age group, showing a \u201cU-shaped\u201d pattern. The positive prevalence of HPV 16 or 18-only was 1.43%, that of other HPV genotypes except HPV 16 or 18 was 6.39%, and mixed HPV infections including HPV 16 or 18 was 0.34%.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The HPV infection rate in Shannan city is rather low, and the age-specific prevalence of HPV infection presents a \u201cU\u201d curve, suggesting the importance of screening among younger women and the necessity of detection among older women.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-022-01775-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,18]],"date-time":"2022-03-18T06:05:08Z","timestamp":1647583508000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Human papillomavirus prevalence and genotype distribution landscapes in Shannan City, Tibet Tibetan Autonomous Region, China"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Dilu","family":"Feng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sitian","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhicheng","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yeshe","family":"Lhamo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongbo","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaowu","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,18]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"1775_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21660","volume":"71","author":"H Sung","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sung H, et al. Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2021;71(3):209\u201349.","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"issue":"9590","key":"1775_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61416-0","volume":"370","author":"M Schiffman","year":"2007","unstructured":"Schiffman M, et al. Human papillomavirus and cervical cancer. Lancet. 2007;370(9590):890\u2013907.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"9895","key":"1775_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60022-7","volume":"382","author":"EJ Crosbie","year":"2013","unstructured":"Crosbie EJ, et al. Human papillomavirus and cervical cancer. Lancet. 2013;382(9895):889\u201399.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"9","key":"1775_CR4","first-page":"Cd002834","volume":"9","author":"H Staley","year":"2021","unstructured":"Staley H, et al. Interventions targeted at women to encourage the uptake of cervical screening. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021;9(9):Cd002834.","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"1775_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9896(199909)189:1<12::AID-PATH431>3.0.CO;2-F","volume":"189","author":"JMM Walboomers","year":"1999","unstructured":"Walboomers JMM, et al. Human papillomavirus is a necessary cause of invasive cervical cancer worldwide. J Pathol. 1999;189(1):12\u20139.","journal-title":"J Pathol"},{"issue":"11","key":"1775_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(10)70230-8","volume":"11","author":"S de Sanjose","year":"2010","unstructured":"de Sanjose S, et al. Human papillomavirus genotype attribution in invasive cervical cancer: a retrospective cross-sectional worldwide study. Lancet Oncol. 2010;11(11):1048\u201356.","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"issue":"12","key":"1775_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2795","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.29959","volume":"138","author":"A Hammer","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hammer A, et al. Age-specific prevalence of HPV16\/18 genotypes in cervical cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Cancer. 2016;138(12):2795\u2013803.","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"issue":"2","key":"1775_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1590\/0037-8682-0192-2015","volume":"49","author":"JW Zhao","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhao JW, et al. Prevalence and genotype distribution of human papillomavirus: implications for cancer screening and vaccination in Henan province. China Rev Soc Bras Med Trop. 2016;49(2):237\u201340.","journal-title":"China Rev Soc Bras Med Trop"},{"key":"1775_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4173","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S332668","volume":"14","author":"H Yu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yu H, et al. Prevalence and genotype distribution of human papillomavirus among healthy females in Beijing, China, 2016\u20132019. Infect Drug Resistance. 2021;14:4173\u201382.","journal-title":"Infect Drug Resistance"},{"issue":"1","key":"1775_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-021-01518-y","volume":"18","author":"P Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li P, et al. Characteristics of human papillomavirus infection among women with cervical cytological abnormalities in the Zhoupu District, Shanghai City, China, 2014\u20132019. Virol J. 2021;18(1):51.","journal-title":"Virol J"},{"issue":"8","key":"1775_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e22581","DOI":"10.1002\/jcla.22581","volume":"32","author":"F Xiang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Xiang F, et al. Distribution characteristics of different human papillomavirus genotypes in women in Wuhan, China. J Clin Lab Anal. 2018;32(8):e22581.","journal-title":"J Clin Lab Anal"},{"issue":"1","key":"1775_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3468","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-39790-2","volume":"9","author":"Z Pan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pan Z, et al. Screening for HPV infection in exfoliated cervical cells of women from different ethnic groups in Yili, Xinjiang, China. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):3468.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"6","key":"1775_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2017.01.011","volume":"10","author":"TY Zhong","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zhong TY, et al. Prevalence of human papillomavirus infection among 71,435 women in Jiangxi Province. China J Infect Public Health. 2017;10(6):783\u20138.","journal-title":"China J Infect Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"1775_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-020-01366-2","volume":"17","author":"Q Luo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Luo Q, et al. Prevalence and genotype distribution of HPV and cervical pathological results in Sichuan Province, China: a three years surveys prior to mass HPV vaccination. Virol J. 2020;17(1):100.","journal-title":"Virol J"},{"key":"1775_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-016-1562-7","volume":"16","author":"Z Baloch","year":"2016","unstructured":"Baloch Z, et al. Epidemiologic characterization of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in various regions of Yunnan Province of China. BMC Infect Dis. 2016;16:228.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"1775_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.11.011","volume":"14","author":"M Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li M, et al. Incidence, persistence and clearance of cervical human papillomavirus among women in Guangdong, China 2007\u20132018: a retrospective cohort study. J Infect Public Health. 2021;14(1):42\u20139.","journal-title":"J Infect Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"1775_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-019-1175-z","volume":"16","author":"C Zhang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhang C, et al. Distribution of human papillomavirus infection: a population-based study of cervical samples from Jiangsu Province. Virol J. 2019;16(1):67.","journal-title":"Virol J"},{"issue":"3","key":"1775_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-021-04960-z","volume":"166","author":"J Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li J, et al. Distribution of human papillomavirus genotypes in western China and their association with cervical cancer and precancerous lesions. Arch Virol. 2021;166(3):853\u201362.","journal-title":"Arch Virol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1775_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0210311","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0210311","volume":"14","author":"L Jiang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jiang L, et al. HPV prevalence and genotype distribution among women in Shandong Province, China: analysis of 94,489 HPV genotyping results from Shandong\u2019s largest independent pathology laboratory. PLoS ONE. 2019;14(1):e0210311.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"3","key":"1775_CR20","first-page":"192","volume":"48","author":"J Li","year":"2014","unstructured":"Li J, et al. Analysis of human papillomavirus infection and typing in Shanxi province. Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2014;48(3):192\u20136.","journal-title":"Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi"},{"issue":"4","key":"1775_CR21","first-page":"467","volume":"38","author":"X Wu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wu X, et al. Prevalence of type-specific human papillomavirus infection among 18\u201345 year-old women from the general population in Liuzhou, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region: a cross-sectional study. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi. 2017;38(4):467\u201371.","journal-title":"Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi"},{"key":"1775_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3784","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25899","volume":"92","author":"J Liu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liu J, et al. Epidemiology and persistence of cervical human papillomavirus infection among outpatient women in Heilongjiang province: a retrospective cohort study. J Med Virol. 2020;92:3784\u201392.","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"issue":"7","key":"1775_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.24029","volume":"87","author":"H Xue","year":"2015","unstructured":"Xue H, et al. Prevalence and genotype distribution of human papillomavirus infection in asymptomatic women in Liaoning province. China J Med Virol. 2015;87(7):1248\u201353.","journal-title":"China J Med Virol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1775_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiy497","volume":"219","author":"Y Ji","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ji Y, et al. The burden of human papillomavirus and chlamydia trachomatis coinfection in women: a large cohort study in Inner Mongolia. China J Infect Dis. 2019;219(2):206\u201314.","journal-title":"China J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"1775_CR25","first-page":"898","volume":"44","author":"Q Jin","year":"2009","unstructured":"Jin Q, et al. Prevalence of human papillomavirus infection in women in Tibet Autonomous Region of China. Zhonghua Fu Chan Ke Za Zhi. 2009;44(12):898\u2013902.","journal-title":"Zhonghua Fu Chan Ke Za Zhi"},{"key":"1775_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e135","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268821001175","volume":"149","author":"L Chen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chen L, et al. The genomic distribution map of human papillomavirus in Western China. Epidemiol Infect. 2021;149:e135.","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"issue":"8","key":"1775_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5188","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.27015","volume":"93","author":"A Suresh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Suresh A, et al. Prevalence of high-risk HPV and its genotypes-Implications in the choice of prophylactic HPV vaccine. J Med Virol. 2021;93(8):5188\u201392.","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"issue":"12","key":"1775_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.1086\/657321","volume":"202","author":"L Bruni","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bruni L, et al. Cervical human papillomavirus prevalence in 5 continents: meta-analysis of 1 million women with normal cytological findings. J Infect Dis. 2010;202(12):1789\u201399.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"11","key":"1775_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5373","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.2017","volume":"8","author":"B Zhu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhu B, et al. The prevalence, trends, and geographical distribution of human papillomavirus infection in China: the pooled analysis of 1.7 million women. Cancer Med. 2019;8(11):5373\u201385.","journal-title":"Cancer Med"},{"issue":"9961","key":"1775_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2213","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60920-X","volume":"384","author":"SR Skinner","year":"2014","unstructured":"Skinner SR, et al. Efficacy, safety, and immunogenicity of the human papillomavirus 16\/18 AS04-adjuvanted vaccine in women older than 25 years: 4-year interim follow-up of the phase 3, double-blind, randomised controlled VIVIANE study. Lancet. 2014;384(9961):2213\u201327.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"2","key":"1775_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2009.05.020","volume":"145","author":"Y Xue","year":"2009","unstructured":"Xue Y, et al. \u201cU\u201d shape of age-specific prevalence of high-risk human papillomavirus infection in women attending hospitals in Shanghai, China. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2009;145(2):214\u20138.","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"key":"1775_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2020.00449","volume":"10","author":"G Liao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liao G, et al. Multi-infection patterns and co-infection preference of 27 human papillomavirus types among 137,943 gynecological outpatients across China. Front Oncol. 2020;10:449.","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1775_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1310","DOI":"10.3892\/ijo.2013.2023","volume":"43","author":"S Alder","year":"2013","unstructured":"Alder S, et al. Acceptance of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination among young women in a country with a high prevalence of HPV infection. Int J Oncol. 2013;43(4):1310\u20138.","journal-title":"Int J Oncol"},{"issue":"7","key":"1775_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djn044","volume":"100","author":"AC Rodr\u00edguez","year":"2008","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez AC, et al. Rapid clearance of human papillomavirus and implications for clinical focus on persistent infections. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2008;100(7):513\u20137.","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"issue":"12","key":"1775_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3044","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-10-0645","volume":"19","author":"P Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez P, et al. Behavioral\/lifestyle and immunologic factors associated with HPV infection among women older than 45 years. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev. 2010;19(12):3044\u201354.","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev"},{"key":"1775_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spinner C, et al. Human papillomavirus vaccine effectiveness and herd protection in young women. Pediatrics. 2019;143(2).","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2018-1902"},{"issue":"8","key":"1775_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(10)70017-6","volume":"11","author":"S Marur","year":"2010","unstructured":"Marur S, et al. HPV-associated head and neck cancer: a virus-related cancer epidemic. Lancet Oncol. 2010;11(8):781\u20139.","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"}],"container-title":["Virology Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12985-022-01775-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12985-022-01775-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12985-022-01775-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,18]],"date-time":"2022-03-18T06:18:17Z","timestamp":1647584297000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/virologyj.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12985-022-01775-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,18]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1775"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12985-022-01775-5","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-1121076\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1743-422X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1743-422X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"28 November 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 March 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 March 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study followed the ethical guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by Ethics Committee of the Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"All of the patients signed an informed consent form.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"46"}}