{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T09:57:25Z","timestamp":1784627845793,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,14]],"date-time":"2024-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715644800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,14]],"date-time":"2024-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715644800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Virol J"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Demand for COVID-19 testing prompted the implementation of drive-through testing systems. However, limited research has examined factors influencing testing positivity in this setting.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>From October 2020 to March 2023, a total of 1,341 patients, along with their clinical information, were referred from local clinics to the Sasebo City COVID-19 drive-through PCR center for testing. Association between clinical information or factors related to the drive-through center and testing results was analyzed by Fisher\u2019s exact test and logistic regression models.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Individuals testing positive exhibited higher frequencies of upper respiratory symptoms; cough (OR 1.5 (95% CI 1.2\u20131.8), <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001, q\u2009=\u20090.005), sore throat (OR 2.4 (95% CI 1.9-3.0), <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001, q\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), runny nose (OR 1.4 (95% CI 1.1\u20131.8), <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.002, q\u2009=\u20090.009), and systemic symptoms; fever (OR 1.5 (95% CI 1.1-2.0), <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.006, q\u2009=\u20090.02), headache (OR 1.9 (95% CI 1.4\u20132.5), <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001, q\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), and joint pain (OR 2.7 (95% CI 1.8\u20134.1), <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001, q\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Conversely, gastrointestinal symptoms; diarrhea (OR 0.2 (95% CI 0.1\u20130.4), <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001, q\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and nausea (OR 0.3 (95% CI 0.1\u20130.6), <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001, q\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) were less prevalent among positives. During omicron strain predominant period, higher testing positivity rate (OR 20 (95% CI 13\u201331), <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and shorter period from symptom onset to testing (3.2 vs. 6.0 days, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) were observed compared to pre-omicron period. Besides symptoms, contact history with infected persons at home (OR 4.5 (95% CI 3.1\u20136.5), <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001, q\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and in office or school (OR 2.9 (95% CI 2.1\u20134.1), <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001, q\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), as well as the number of sample collection experiences by collectors (B 7.2 (95% CI 2.8\u201312), <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.002) were also associated with testing results.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>These findings underscore the importance of factors related to drive-through centers, especially contact history interviews and sample collection skills, for achieving higher rates of COVID-19 testing positivity. They also contribute to enhanced preparedness for next infectious disease pandemics.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-024-02388-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,14]],"date-time":"2024-05-14T18:01:54Z","timestamp":1715709714000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Analyzing factors affecting positivity in drive-through COVID-19 testing: a cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Masahiko","family":"Mori","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazuaki","family":"Yokoyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Riri","family":"Sanuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fumio","family":"Inoue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takafumi","family":"Maekawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tadayoshi","family":"Moriyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"2388_CR1","unstructured":"Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. 2023. Visualizing the data: information on COVID-19 infections. Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Tokyo, Japan. https:\/\/covid19.mhlw.go.jp\/en\/. 2023. Accessed 31 Oct 2023."},{"key":"2388_CR2","unstructured":"Our World in Data. https:\/\/ourworldindata.org\/. 2023. Accessed 31 Oct 2023."},{"issue":"1","key":"2388_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1017\/dmp.2020.313","volume":"16","author":"LK Evans","year":"2022","unstructured":"Evans LK, Shinagawa A, Sutton S, Calvo L. COVID-19 drive-through Point of Screening and Testing (POST) system: a safe, efficient, and adaptable model for nasopharyngeal Swab Collection. Disaster Med Public Health Prep. 2022;16(1):194\u2013200. Epub 2020\/09\/03.","journal-title":"Disaster Med Public Health Prep"},{"key":"2388_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shah A, Challener D, Tande AJ, Mahmood M, O\u2019Horo JC, Berbari E et al. Drive-Through Testing: A Unique, Efficient Method of Collecting Large Volume of Specimens During the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) Pandemic. Mayo Clin Proc. 2020;95(7):1420-5. Epub 2020\/05\/26.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2020.04.030"},{"issue":"12","key":"2388_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2020-215128","volume":"75","author":"BJ Parcell","year":"2020","unstructured":"Parcell BJ, Brechin K, Allstaff S, Park M, Third W, Bean S, et al. Drive-through testing for SARS-CoV-2 in symptomatic health and social care workers and household members: an observational cohort study. Thorax. 2020;75(12):1109\u201311. Epub 2020\/08\/29.","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"issue":"5","key":"2388_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2091","DOI":"10.1017\/dmp.2021.50","volume":"16","author":"I Zmora","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zmora I, Alpert EA, Shacham U, Mishraki N, Jaffe E. Lessons learned from an analysis of the Emergency Medical Services\u2019 COVID-19 drive-through Testing facilities in Israel. Disaster Med Public Health Prep. 2022;16(5):2091\u20136. Epub 2021\/02\/17.","journal-title":"Disaster Med Public Health Prep"},{"issue":"2","key":"2388_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1620\/tjem.253.101","volume":"253","author":"T Ishii","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ishii T, Kushimoto S, Katori Y, Kure S, Igarashi K, Fujita M, et al. Predictors of SARS-CoV-2 positivity based on RT-PCR swab tests at a drive-through Outpatient Clinic for COVID-19 screening in Japan. Tohoku J Exp Med. 2021;253(2):101\u20138. Epub 2021\/02\/05.","journal-title":"Tohoku J Exp Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"2388_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-022-00713-0","volume":"20","author":"MM Lamers","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lamers MM, Haagmans BL. SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2022;20(5):270\u201384. Epub 2022\/04\/01.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2388_CR9","first-page":"CD013665","volume":"5","author":"T Struyf","year":"2022","unstructured":"Struyf T, Deeks JJ, Dinnes J, Takwoingi Y, Davenport C, Leeflang MM, et al. Signs and symptoms to determine if a patient presenting in primary care or hospital outpatient settings has COVID-19. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2022;5(5):CD013665. Epub 2022\/05\/21.","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"6","key":"2388_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0234765","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0234765","volume":"15","author":"MC Grant","year":"2020","unstructured":"Grant MC, Geoghegan L, Arbyn M, Mohammed Z, McGuinness L, Clarke EL, et al. The prevalence of symptoms in 24,410 adults infected by the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19): a systematic review and meta-analysis of 148 studies from 9 countries. PLoS ONE. 2020;15(6):e0234765. Epub 2020\/06\/24.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"6","key":"2388_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2111182","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.11182","volume":"4","author":"L Kompaniyets","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kompaniyets L, Agathis NT, Nelson JM, Preston LE, Ko JY, Belay B, et al. Underlying Medical conditions Associated with severe COVID-19 illness among children. JAMA Netw Open. 2021;4(6):e2111182. Epub 2021\/06\/08.","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"8","key":"2388_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2020.2033","volume":"180","author":"W Liang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liang W, Liang H, Ou L, Chen B, Chen A, Li C, et al. Development and validation of a clinical risk score to predict the occurrence of critical illness in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. JAMA Intern Med. 2020;180(8):1081\u20139. Epub 2020\/05\/13.","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"2388_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E66","DOI":"10.5888\/pcd18.210123","volume":"18","author":"L Kompaniyets","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kompaniyets L, Pennington AF, Goodman AB, Rosenblum HG, Belay B, Ko JY, et al. Underlying medical conditions and severe illness among 540,667 adults hospitalized with COVID-19, March 2020-March 2021. Prev Chronic Dis. 2021;18:E66. Epub 2021\/07\/02.","journal-title":"Prev Chronic Dis"},{"key":"2388_CR14","unstructured":"Underlying Medical Conditions Associated with Higher Risk for Severe COVID. -19: Information for Healthcare Professionals. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, USA. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/coronavirus\/2019-ncov\/hcp\/clinical-care\/underlyingconditions.html\/. 2023. Accessed 31 Oct 2023."},{"issue":"14","key":"2388_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1390","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.15072","volume":"326","author":"NP Klein","year":"2021","unstructured":"Klein NP, Lewis N, Goddard K, Fireman B, Zerbo O, Hanson KE, et al. Surveillance for adverse events after COVID-19 mRNA vaccination. JAMA. 2021;326(14):1390\u20139. Epub 2021\/09\/04.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2388_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mori M, Yokoyama A, Shichida A, Sasuga K, Maekawa T, Moriyama T. Impact of sex and age on mRNA COVID-19 vaccine-related side effects in Japan. Microbiol Spectr. 2022:e0130922. Epub 2022\/11\/01.","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.01309-22"},{"issue":"1","key":"2388_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19328","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-46823-4","volume":"13","author":"M Mori","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mori M, Yokoyama A, Shichida A, Sasuga K, Maekawa T, Moriyama T. Impact of sex and age on vaccine-related side effects and their progression after booster mRNA COVID-19 vaccine. Sci Rep. 2023;13(1):19328. Epub 2023\/11\/08.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"12","key":"2388_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0260879","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0260879","volume":"16","author":"DA Wohl","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wohl DA, Barzin AH, Napravnik S, Davy-Mendez T, Smedberg JR, Thompson CM, et al. COVID-19 symptoms at time of testing and association with positivity among outpatients tested for SARS-CoV-2. PLoS ONE. 2021;16(12):e0260879. Epub 2021\/12\/11.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"7902","key":"2388_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04462-1","volume":"603","author":"R Suzuki","year":"2022","unstructured":"Suzuki R, Yamasoba D, Kimura I, Wang L, Kishimoto M, Ito J, et al. Attenuated fusogenicity and pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant. Nature. 2022;603(7902):700\u20135. Epub 2022\/02\/02.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"10335","key":"2388_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1618","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)00327-0","volume":"399","author":"C Menni","year":"2022","unstructured":"Menni C, Valdes AM, Polidori L, Antonelli M, Penamakuri S, Nogal A, et al. Symptom prevalence, duration, and risk of hospital admission in individuals infected with SARS-CoV-2 during periods of omicron and delta variant dominance: a prospective observational study from the ZOE COVID Study. Lancet. 2022;399(10335):1618\u201324. Epub 2022\/04\/11.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"3","key":"2388_CR21","first-page":"147","volume":"21","author":"O Puhach","year":"2023","unstructured":"Puhach O, Meyer B, Eckerle I. SARS-CoV-2 viral load and shedding kinetics. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2023;21(3):147\u201361. Epub 2022\/12\/03.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"issue":"22","key":"2388_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e120","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp2025631","volume":"383","author":"MJ Mina","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mina MJ, Parker R, Larremore DB. Rethinking Covid-19 test sensitivity - A strategy for Containment. N Engl J Med. 2020;383(22):e120. Epub 2020\/10\/01.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"2388_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2588","volume":"14","author":"JJ Goronzy","year":"2013","unstructured":"Goronzy JJ, Weyand CM. Understanding immunosenescence to improve responses to vaccines. Nat Immunol. 2013;14(5):428\u201336. Epub 2013\/04\/20.","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"2388_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mori M, Doi T, Murata M, Moriyama Y, Akino K, Moriyama T et al. Impact of nutritional status on antibody titer after booster mRNA COVID-19 vaccine among elderly adults in Japan. J Infect Dis. 2023. Epub 2023\/11\/14.","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiad495"},{"issue":"1","key":"2388_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-020-03244-3","volume":"24","author":"A Shlomai","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shlomai A, Ben-Zvi H, Glusman Bendersky A, Shafran N, Goldberg E, Sklan EH. Nasopharyngeal viral load predicts hypoxemia and disease outcome in admitted COVID-19 patients. Crit Care. 2020;24(1):539. Epub 2020\/09\/03.","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"issue":"9","key":"2388_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0255981","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0255981","volume":"16","author":"S El Zein","year":"2021","unstructured":"El Zein S, Chehab O, Kanj A, Akrawe S, Alkassis S, Mishra T, et al. SARS-CoV-2 infection: initial viral load (iVL) predicts severity of illness\/outcome, and declining trend of iVL in hospitalized patients corresponds with slowing of the pandemic. PLoS ONE. 2021;16(9):e0255981. Epub 2021\/09\/17.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"2388_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0202921","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.02029-21","volume":"10","author":"M Wolfl-Duchek","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wolfl-Duchek M, Bergmann F, Jorda A, Weber M, Muller M, Seitz T, et al. Sensitivity and specificity of SARS-CoV-2 Rapid Antigen detection tests using oral, anterior nasal, and nasopharyngeal swabs: a diagnostic accuracy study. Microbiol Spectr. 2022;10(1):e0202921. Epub 2022\/02\/03.","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"issue":"6","key":"2388_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0253007","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0253007","volume":"16","author":"N Ibrahimi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ibrahimi N, Delaunay-Moisan A, Hill C, Le Teuff G, Rupprecht JF, Thuret JY, et al. Screening for SARS-CoV-2 by RT-PCR: saliva or nasopharyngeal swab? Rapid review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE. 2021;16(6):e0253007. Epub 2021\/06\/11.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2388_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"n1088","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n1088","volume":"373","author":"J Lopez Bernal","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lopez Bernal J, Andrews N, Gower C, Robertson C, Stowe J, Tessier E, et al. Effectiveness of the Pfizer-BioNTech and Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccines on covid-19 related symptoms, hospital admissions, and mortality in older adults in England: test negative case-control study. BMJ. 2021;373:n1088. Epub 2021\/05\/15.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"11","key":"2388_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(21)00330-3","volume":"21","author":"C Hyams","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hyams C, Marlow R, Maseko Z, King J, Ward L, Fox K, et al. Effectiveness of BNT162b2 and ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 COVID-19 vaccination at preventing hospitalisations in people aged at least 80 years: a test-negative, case-control study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2021;21(11):1539\u201348. Epub 2021\/06\/27.","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"}],"container-title":["Virology Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12985-024-02388-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12985-024-02388-w\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12985-024-02388-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,14]],"date-time":"2024-05-14T18:02:36Z","timestamp":1715709756000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/virologyj.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12985-024-02388-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,14]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2388"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12985-024-02388-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["1743-422X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1743-422X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"25 December 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 May 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 May 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This research received approval from the ethical review boards at Sasebo Memorial Hospital, Japan (approval number 2022-02). All procedures in this study were conducted in accordance with the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"111"}}