{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T22:09:54Z","timestamp":1791929394396,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,22]],"date-time":"2024-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729555200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,22]],"date-time":"2024-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729555200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"New Valley University"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Virol J"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p><jats:italic>Reticuloendotheliosis virus<\/jats:italic> (REV) is an oncogenic immunosuppressive retrovirus that infects different kinds of avian species; posing significant economic losses to the poultry industry worldwide.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>In Egypt, there is an unidentified disease associated with the runting-stunting syndrome with neoplasia, suspected to be REV, that has been continuously monitored in several breeder flocks. To diagnose and analyze REV by cell cultures, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), histopathological investigation, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test, and sequencing analysis, 200 blood samples, and 50 tissue specimens were collected. The current study targets the occurrence and genetic characteristics of a viral neoplastic disease, resembling REV infection, circulating in breeder flocks from 2022 to 2023 in the Ismailia, El-Sharqia, and El-Dakahliya governorates.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Result<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Here, REV was isolated on chicken embryo fibroblast cell culture; exhibiting cell aggregation, rounding, and cell detachments. Collectively, only 70 serum samples were positive for anti\u2010REV antibodies with seroprevalence rates of 35% based on the ELISA test. The histopathological observation demonstrated lymphoreticular tumors in the liver, spleen, and other examined organs. The immunohistochemical staining method confirmed the REV-positive signals in all examined organs (liver, kidney, spleen, bursa, ovaries) except for the heart. The PCR assay of the <jats:italic>LTR<\/jats:italic> gene assessed 370 base pairs with only 5 positive samples with a percentage of 16.6%. Three positive samples were further sequenced and submitted to the Genbank under accession numbers (PP763709, PP763710, PP763711). Phylogenetic analysis of the REV-<jats:italic>LTR<\/jats:italic> gene showed that our three isolates (Sharquia-1-REV, Ismilia-2-REV, Mansoura-3-REV) are REV subtype III which predominantly circulated in breeders in Egypt. These three isolates are highest similar to American, Chinese, and Taiwanese REV reference strains, and other Egyptian strains with nucleotide identity percentages of 100%, 99%, and 99%; respectively, and on the amino acid identity level were with (99\u2013100%), (98%, 99%), (99%, 100%); respectively.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This study established that REV infection was extensively distributed in the breeders and became one of the causes of the clinical outbreaks of tumors, raising awareness of REV as the causative agent of avian oncogenic disease in Egypt.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-024-02525-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,22]],"date-time":"2024-10-22T12:02:36Z","timestamp":1729598556000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Molecular characterization and immunopathological investigation of Avian reticuloendotheliosis virus in breeder flocks in Egypt"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Eman Abd El-Menamm","family":"Shosha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali Mahmoud","family":"Zanaty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marwa Mostafa","family":"Darwesh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Fotouh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"2525_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119371199.ch15","volume-title":"Diseases of poultry","author":"V Nair","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nair V, Gimeno I, Dunn J, Zavala G, Williams SM, Reece RL, Hafner S, et al. Neoplastic diseases. In: Swayne DE, Boulianne M, Logue CM, McDougald LR, Nair V, Suarez DL, Wit S, Grimes T, Johnson D, Kromm M, et al., editors. Diseases of poultry, vol. 1. 14th ed. Hoboken: Wiley; 2020. p. 548\u2013637.","edition":"14"},{"key":"2525_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.3390\/v14040798","volume":"14","author":"RD Chac\u00f3n","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chac\u00f3n RD, Sedano-Herrera B, Alfaro-Espinoza ER, Quispe WU, Li\u00f1an-Torres A, De la Torre D, de Oliveira A, Astolfi-Ferreira CS, Ferreira AJP. Complete genome characterization of reticuloendotheliosis virus detected in chickens with multiple viral coinfections. Viruses. 2022;14:798.","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"2525_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01310977","volume":"93","author":"PY Chen","year":"1987","unstructured":"Chen PY, Cui ZL, Lee F, Witter RL. Serologic differences among nondefective reticuloendotheliosis viruses. Archives Virol. 1987;93:233\u201345.","journal-title":"Archives Virol"},{"key":"2525_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6822(79)90272-1","volume":"93","author":"JD Hoelzer","year":"1979","unstructured":"Hoelzer JD, Franklin RB, Bose HR. Transformation by reticuloendotheliosis virus: development of a focus assay and isolation of a nontransforming virus. Virology. 1979;93:20\u201330.","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"2525_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2432","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pez025","volume":"98","author":"A Thontiravong","year":"2019","unstructured":"Thontiravong A, Wannaratana S, Sasipreeyajan J. Genetic characterization of reticuloendotheliosis virus in chickens in Thailand. Poult Sci. 2019;98:2432\u20138.","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"key":"2525_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470344668.ch11","volume-title":"Infectious diseases of wild birds","author":"ML Drew","year":"2007","unstructured":"Drew ML. Retroviral infections. In: Infectious diseases of wild birds. Hoboken: Wiley; 2007. p. 216\u201335."},{"key":"2525_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2012.04.001","volume":"53","author":"G Wang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wang G, Wang Y, Yu L, Jiang Y, Liu J, Cheng Z. New pathogenetic characters of reticuloendotheliosis virus isolated from Chinese partridge in specific-pathogen-free chickens. Microb Pathog. 2012;53:57\u201363.","journal-title":"Microb Pathog"},{"issue":"4","key":"2525_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci6040092","volume":"6","author":"RD Chac\u00f3n","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chac\u00f3n RD, Astolfi-Ferreira CS, Guimar\u00e3es MB, Torres LN, De la Torre DI, S\u00e1 LRM, Piantino Ferreira AJ. Detection and molecular characterization of a natural coinfection of Marek\u2019s disease virus and reticuloendotheliosis virus in brazilian backyard chicken flock. Vet Sci. 2019;6(4):92.","journal-title":"Vet Sci"},{"key":"2525_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1007\/s11262-015-1191-z","volume":"50","author":"K Bao","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bao K, Zhang Y, Zheng H, Lv H, Gao Y, Wang J, Gao H, Qi X, Cui H, Wang Y. Isolation and full-genome sequence of two reticuloendotheliosis virus strains from mixed infections with Marek\u2019s disease virus in China. Virus Genes. 2015;50:418\u201324.","journal-title":"Virus Genes"},{"key":"2525_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1007\/s11262-017-1427-1","volume":"53","author":"Y-P Zhang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zhang Y-P, Bao K-Y, Sun G-R, Lv H-C, Cui H-Y, Gao Y-L, Wang X-M, Liu C-J. Characterization of a Gallid herpesvirus 2 strain with novel reticuloendotheliosis virus long terminal repeat inserts. Virus Genes. 2017;53:386\u201391.","journal-title":"Virus Genes"},{"key":"2525_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-019-2041-3","volume":"15","author":"T Li","year":"2019","unstructured":"Li T, Xie J, Liang G, Ren D, Sun S, Lv L, Xie Q, Shao H, Gao W, Qin A,and Ye J,. Co-infection of vvMDV with multiple subgroups of avian leukosis viruses in indigenous chicken flocks in China. BMC Vet Res. 2019;15:288.","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"key":"2525_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.3390\/v9060158","volume":"9","author":"G-R Sun","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sun G-R, Zhang Y-P, Zhou L-Y, Lv H-C, Zhang F, Li K, Gao Y-L, Qi X-L, Cui H-Y, Wang Y-Q. Co-infection with Marek\u2019s disease virus and reticuloendotheliosis virus increases illness severity and reduces Marek\u2019s disease vaccine efficacy. Viruses. 2017;9:158.","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"2525_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3893","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pex209","volume":"96","author":"Y Yang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yang Y, Zhao J, Ma Z, Xu M, Xue J, Zhang G. Serological survey of Reticuloendotheliosis virus infection in chickens in China in 2005 to 2015. Poult Sci. 2017;96:3893\u20135.","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"key":"2525_CR14","unstructured":"OIE (Office International des Epizooties). Marek\u00b4s disease. In: Manual of diagnostic tests and vaccines for terrestrial animals, vol 13, 8th ed. Paris: World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH); 2018, pp. 952\u2013963."},{"key":"2525_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1080\/03079457.2018.1451620","volume":"47","author":"H Ahmed","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ahmed H, Mays J, Kiupel M, Dunn JR. Development of reliable techniques for the differential diagnosis of avian tumour viruses by immunohistochemistry and polymerase chain reaction from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue sections. Avian Pathol. 2018;47:364\u201374.","journal-title":"Avian Pathol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2525_CR16","first-page":"184","volume":"60","author":"AE Eid","year":"2019","unstructured":"Eid AE, Abd-Ellatieff HA, Ellakany HF, Abou-Rawash ARA, AbdEl-Hamid HS. Studies on tumor disease viruses in chickens in Egypt. Alex J Vet Sci. 2019;60(1):184\u201395.","journal-title":"Alex J Vet Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"2525_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2024.103722","volume":"103","author":"A Emad","year":"2024","unstructured":"Emad A, El-Kenawy AA, El-Tholoth M. Molecular characterization of Marek\u2019s Disease virus reveals reticuloendotheliosis virus-long terminal repeat integration in the genome of the field isolates in Egypt. Poult Sci. 2024;103(6): 103722.","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"2525_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2024.1271-1280","volume":"17","author":"A Fotouh","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fotouh A, Abdel-Maguid DS, Abdelhaseib M, Zaki RS, Darweish M. Pathological and pharmacovigilance monitoring as toxicological imputations of azithromycin and its residues in broilers. Vet World. 2024;17(6):1271\u201380.","journal-title":"Vet World"},{"key":"2525_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-10-92","volume":"10","author":"G Wang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wang G, Jiang Y, Yu L, Wang Y, Zhao X, Cheng Z. Avian leukosis virus subgroup J associated with the outbreak of erythroblastosis in chickens in China. Virol J. 2013;10:92.","journal-title":"Virol J"},{"key":"2525_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2019.108418","volume":"237","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Yu Z, Lan X, Zhang F, Wang Q, Li K, Pan Q, Gao Y, Qi X, Cui HY, Wang Y, Gao L, Wang X, Liu C. A high frequency of Gallid herpesvirus-2 co-infection with Reticuloendotheliosis virusis associated with high tumor rates in Chinese chicken farms. Vet Microbiol. 2019;237: 108418.","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"2525_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2051","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-013-1821-5","volume":"159","author":"L Jiang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Jiang L, Deng X, Gao Y, Li K, Chai H, Fan Z, Ren X, Wang Q, Zhang L, Yun B, Yin C, Chen Y, Qin L, Gao H, Wang Y, Hua Y, Wang X. First isolation of reticuloendotheliosis virus from mallards in China. Arch Virol. 2014;159:2051\u20137.","journal-title":"Arch Virol"},{"key":"2525_CR22","first-page":"147","volume":"47","author":"SK Biswas","year":"2011","unstructured":"Biswas SK, Jana C, Chand K, Rehman W, Mondal B. Detection of fowl poxvirus integrated with reticuloendotheliosis virus sequences from an outbreak in backyard chickens in India. Veter Ital. 2011;47:147\u201353.","journal-title":"Veter Ital"},{"key":"2525_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1870","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msw054","volume":"33","author":"S Kumar","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kumar S, Stecher G, Tamura K. MEGA7: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 7.0 for bigger datasets. Mol Biol Evol. 2016;33:1870\u20134.","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"key":"2525_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4876","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/25.24.4876","volume":"24","author":"JD Thompson","year":"1997","unstructured":"Thompson JD, Gibson TJ, Plewniak F, Jeanmougin F, Higgins DG. The ClustalX Windows interface: flexible strategies for multiple sequence alignment aided by quality analysis tools. Nucleic Acids Res Spec Publ. 1997;24:4876\u201382.","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res Spec Publ"},{"issue":"1","key":"2525_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-024-02329-7","volume":"21","author":"A Fotouh","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fotouh A, Shosha EAE, Zanaty AM, Darwesh MM. Immunopathological investigation and genetic evolution of Avian leukosis virus Subgroup-J associated with myelocytomatosis in broiler flocks in Egypt. Virol J. 2024;21(1):83.","journal-title":"Virol J"},{"key":"2525_CR26","first-page":"590","volume":"8","author":"A Fotouh","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fotouh A, Soufy H, El-Begawey MB, Nasr SM. Pathological, clinicopathological and molecular investigations on chickens experimentally infected with avian leucosis virus type. J Adv Vet Animal Res. 2020;8:590\u2013600.","journal-title":"J Adv Vet Animal Res"},{"key":"2525_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638720914881","volume":"32","author":"A Xu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Xu A, Huo C, Zhong Q, Xu M, Yang Y, Tian H, Zhang G, Hu Y. Isolation and pathogenicity testing of avian reticuloendotheliosis virus from layer chickens in China. J Vet Diagn Invest. 2020;32:389\u201393.","journal-title":"J Vet Diagn Invest"},{"key":"2525_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.68.1.308-319.1994","volume":"68","author":"R Hrdlickov\u00e1","year":"1994","unstructured":"Hrdlickov\u00e1 R, Nehyba J, Humphries EH. V-rel induce expression of three avian immuno-regulatory surface receptors more efficiently than c-rel. J Virol. 1994;68:308\u201319.","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2525_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.4142\/jvs.2004.5.1.49","volume":"5","author":"Y Kim","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kim Y, Brown TP, Pantin-Jackwood MJ. The effects of cyclophosphamide treatment on the pathogenesis of subgroup J avian leukosis virus (ALV-J) infection in broiler chickens with Marek\u2019s disease virus exposure. J Vet Sci. 2004;5:49\u201358.","journal-title":"J Vet Sci"},{"key":"2525_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119371199.ch15","volume-title":"Diseases of Poultry","author":"V Nair","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nair V, Gimeno I, Dunn J, Zavala G, Williams SM, Reece RL, Hafner S. Neoplastic Diseases. In: Diseases of Poultry. Hoboken: Wiley; 2020. p. 548\u2013715."},{"key":"2525_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci10010016","volume":"10","author":"G Zaib","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zaib G, Hu X, Cui H. Global maps of avian leukosis viruses: research trends and themes based on networking. Vet Sci. 2023;10:16.","journal-title":"Vet Sci"},{"key":"2525_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.12734","volume":"118","author":"G Wo\u017aniakowski","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wo\u017aniakowski G, Mamczur A, Samorek-Salamonowicz E. Common occurrence of Gallid herpesvirus-2 with reticuloendotheliosis virus in chickens caused by possible contamination of vaccine stocks. J Appl Microbiol. 2015;118:803\u20138.","journal-title":"J Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"2525_CR33","first-page":"136","volume":"4","author":"M Safwat","year":"2023","unstructured":"Safwat M, Amer F, Hagag NM, Morsy MM, Tarek M, Mohamed W, Shaheen M. Highlight on Reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) in commercial chicken flocks. Egyp J Anim Health. 2023;4:136\u201347.","journal-title":"Egyp J Anim Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"2525_CR34","first-page":"8","volume":"36","author":"SSA Awad","year":"2008","unstructured":"Awad SSA, Youssef AM. Serological and histopathological investigation on reticuloendotheliosis virus infection in ducks. Zag Vet J. 2008;36(3):8\u201315.","journal-title":"Zag Vet J"},{"key":"2525_CR35","first-page":"587","volume-title":"Diseases of Poultry","author":"G Zavala","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zavala G, Nair V. Reticuloendotheliosis. In: Swayne DE, Boulianne M, Logue CM, McDougald LR, Nair V, Suarez DL, editors. Diseases of Poultry. 14th ed. Hoboken: Wiley; 2019. p. 587\u2013625.","edition":"14"},{"issue":"6","key":"2525_CR36","first-page":"269","volume":"65","author":"W Abu ElHammed","year":"2022","unstructured":"Abu ElHammed W, Soufy H, El-Shemy A, Fotouh A, Nasr MN, Dessouky MI. Prophylactic effect of oregano in chickens experimentally infected with avian pathogenic Escherichia coli O27 with special reference to hematology, serum biochemistry, and histopathology of vital organs. Egypt J Chem. 2022;65(6):269\u201382.","journal-title":"Egypt J Chem"},{"issue":"2","key":"2525_CR37","first-page":"117","volume":"47","author":"H Soufy","year":"2016","unstructured":"Soufy H, Gab-Allah MS, Tantawy AAF, Nasr SM. Pathogenesis of experimental Salmonella Gallinarum infection (fowl typhoid) in Broiler chicks. Egyp J Vet Sci. 2016;47(2):117\u201331.","journal-title":"Egyp J Vet Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"2525_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.19.2.1226","volume":"19","author":"LN Payne","year":"2000","unstructured":"Payne LN, Venugopal K. Neoplastic diseases: Marek\u2019s disease, avian leucosis and reticuloendotheliosis. Rev Sci Tech. 2000;19(2):544\u201364.","journal-title":"Rev Sci Tech"},{"key":"2525_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.3923\/ajava.2016.272.279","volume":"11","author":"AE Moshira","year":"2016","unstructured":"Moshira AE, Abd EL, Galiel AE, Asia E, Hafez MH, Hosny E. Histopathological and serological diagnosis of avian reticuloendotheliosis in cross bred chicken farms in Delta Egypt. Asian J Anim Vet Adv. 2016;11:272\u20139.","journal-title":"Asian J Anim Vet Adv"},{"key":"2525_CR40","unstructured":"Witter RL, Gimeno I M, Pandiri A R, Fadly A M. Tumor Diagnosis Manual: The Differential Diagnosis of Lymphoid and Myeloid Tumors in the Chicken. American Association of Avian Pathologists. 2010."},{"key":"2525_CR41","first-page":"29","volume":"2","author":"VLSL Santos","year":"2009","unstructured":"Santos VLSL, Williams S, Zavala G, Zhang J, Cheng S, Santos RL, Brown CC. Detection of reticuloendotheliosis virus by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization in experimentally infected chicken embryo fibroblasts. Braz J Vet Pathol. 2009;2:29\u201334.","journal-title":"Braz J Vet Pathol"},{"key":"2525_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1080\/03079450802210663","volume":"37","author":"VL Santos","year":"2008","unstructured":"Santos VL, Williams SM, Zavala G, Barbosa T, Zhang J, Cheng S, Shivaprasad HL, Hafner S, Fadly A, Santos RL, Brown CC. Detection of reticuloendotheliosis virus by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization in experimentally infected Japanese quail embryos and archived formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tumours. Avian Pathol. 2008;37:451\u20136.","journal-title":"Avian Pathol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2525_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.5958\/0973-970X.2017.00036.0","volume":"41","author":"D Sharma","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sharma D, Gupta KL, Singh A. Studies on prevalence and pathology of mixed infections of reticuloendotheliosis and Marek\u2019s disease under field conditions. Indian J Vet Pathol. 2017;41(2):146\u201350.","journal-title":"Indian J Vet Pathol"},{"key":"2525_CR44","volume-title":"Studies on differential diagnosis of neoplasms caused by avian oncogenic viruses using immunohistochemical techniques (Thesis)","author":"G Kaur","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kaur G. Studies on differential diagnosis of neoplasms caused by avian oncogenic viruses using immunohistochemical techniques (Thesis). Ludhiana: Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University; 2010."},{"issue":"5","key":"2525_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638719868274","volume":"31","author":"H Liu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Liu H, Ma K, Liu M, Yang C, Huang X, Zhao Y, Qi K. Histologic findings and viral antigen distribution in natural coinfection of layer hens with subgroup J avian leukosis virus, Marek\u2019s disease virus, and reticuloendotheliosis virus. J Vet Diagn Invest. 2019;31(5):761\u20135.","journal-title":"J Vet Diagn Invest"},{"key":"2525_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.1016\/S1671-2927(08)60189-3","volume":"7","author":"XG Diao","year":"2008","unstructured":"Diao XG, Zhu G, Cheng ZQ, Wang GH, Meng XK, Gao TT, Cui Z. Dynamic pathology and antigen location study on broiler breeders with coinfection of Marek\u2019s disease virus and reticuloendotheliosis virus. Agr Sci China. 2008;7:1387\u201393.","journal-title":"Agr Sci China"},{"key":"2525_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2013.05.008","volume":"166","author":"L Jiang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jiang L, Qi X, Gao Y, Hua Y, Li K, Deng X, Wang Q, Zhang L, Chai H, Chen Y, Yin C, Gao H, Qin L, Wang Y, Qu Y, Chen Q, Fan Z, Wang X. Molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of the reticuloendotheliosis virus isolated from wild birds in Northeast China. Vet Microbiol. 2013;166:68\u201375.","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2525_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2020.09.034","volume":"100","author":"M Shi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shi M, Li M, Wang P, Wang W, Li H, Gao Y, Lin L, Huang T, Wei P. An outbreak in three-yellow chickens with clinical tumors of high mortality caused by the coinfection of reticuloendotheliosis virus and Marek\u2019s disease virus: a speculated reticuloendotheliosis virus contamination plays an important role in the case. Poult Sci. 2021;100(1):19\u201325.","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"2525_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.2478\/jvetres-2018-0036","volume":"62","author":"G Wo\u017aniakowski","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wo\u017aniakowski G, Frant M, Mamczur A. Avian reticuloendotheliosis in chickens\u2014an update on disease occurrence and clinical course. J Vet Res. 2018;62(3):257\u201360.","journal-title":"J Vet Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"2525_CR50","first-page":"621","volume":"32","author":"Z Peng","year":"2012","unstructured":"Peng Z, Cheng-Tai M, Yan D, Zhuan-Chang W, Zhi-Zhong C. Serological survey of the reticuloendotheliosis virus infection in china Native chicken flocks. Pak Vet J. 2012;32(4):621\u20133.","journal-title":"Pak Vet J"},{"key":"2525_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.68.1315","volume":"68","author":"WH Cheng","year":"2006","unstructured":"Cheng WH, Huang YP, Wang CH. Serological and virological surveys of reticuloendotheliosis in chickens in Taiwan. J Vet Med Sci. 2006;68:1315\u201320.","journal-title":"J Vet Med Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"2525_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.188","volume":"5","author":"SH Alfaki","year":"2019","unstructured":"Alfaki SH, Hussien MO, Elsheikh FM, Taha KM, Elbrissi AH, El Hussein ARM. Serological and molecular identification of Reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) in chickens in Sudan. Vet Med Sci. 2019;5(4):508\u201311.","journal-title":"Vet Med Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"2525_CR53","first-page":"118","volume":"2","author":"MP Sathhish","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sathhish MP, Kurunchi CD, Stalin V. Molecular identification of reticuloendotheliosis virus in turkey and poultry layer farms of Tamil Nadu, India. Int J Adv Multidiscipl Res. 2015;2(4):118\u201324.","journal-title":"Int J Adv Multidiscipl Res"},{"key":"2525_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.3390\/biology9090257","volume":"9","author":"SM Mosad","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mosad SM, El-Tholoth M, El-Kenawy AA, Abdel-Hafez LJM, El-Gohary FA, El-Sharkawy H, Elsayed MM, Saleh AA, Elmahallawy EK. Molecular detection of Reticuloendotheliosis virus 50 long terminal repeat integration in the genome of Avipoxvirus field strains from different avian species in Egypt. Biology. 2020;9:257.","journal-title":"Biology"},{"issue":"8","key":"2525_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2021.101099","volume":"100","author":"M Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li M, Wang P, Li Q, Deng Q, Shi M, Mo M, Wei T, Huang T, Wei P. Reemergence of reticuloendotheliosis virus and Marek\u2019s disease virus co-infection in Yellow-Chickens in Southern China. Poult Sci. 2021;100(8): 101099.","journal-title":"Poult Sci"}],"container-title":["Virology Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12985-024-02525-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12985-024-02525-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12985-024-02525-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,22]],"date-time":"2024-10-22T13:05:25Z","timestamp":1729602325000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/virologyj.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12985-024-02525-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,22]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2525"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12985-024-02525-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["1743-422X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1743-422X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 July 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 October 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 October 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study protocol and all animal experimentation were conducted following ethical guidelines for animal experiment procedures and then approved by the New Valley Research Ethics Committee of the faculty of veterinary medicine, New Valley University under number (02\/3\/3\u20132024\/12). Samples were collected by members of this group.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical statement and consent to participate"}},{"value":"This manuscript contains no identifiable individual personal data.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no known competing financial and non-financial interests or even personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interest"}}],"article-number":"259"}}