{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T05:03:45Z","timestamp":1788411825471,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,29]],"date-time":"2025-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748476800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,29]],"date-time":"2025-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748476800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016344","name":"Ministry of Health and Population","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016344","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Virol J"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>For a decade, avian influenza (AI) viruses were major concern for Egypt since they are endemic in poultry and have caused 359 human infections, accounting for 40% of cases globally. Interventions implemented before 2015 proved to have minor impact on the spread of infection. Since 2015, a Supported Intervention Package (SIP) was implemented to reduce the risk of human exposure by reducing infections in poultry. The intervention package included enhanced surveillance and laboratory capacity, early outbreak detection, and raised community awareness. This study aims to evaluate SIP\u2019s effectiveness by comparing number and rates of AI in humans and poultry before and after intervention package implementation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      AI surveillance data for poultry and humans from 2006 to 2021 was obtained and linked. Human AI data include patients\u2019 demographics, clinical picture, risk factors, lab results and outcome, while poultry data include number prevent of positive specimens for AI by time and place. Confirmation performed by testing oropharyngeal swabs collected from suspected patients and poultry using RT-PCR in the affiliated laboratory. Positive rates were calculated, descriptive data analysis was performed and rate of infection was plotted against demographics and risk factors. Results compared before and after implementation of using Chi\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      and t-test with\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05 significance.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Among all confirmed cases, 346(96.4%) reported before and 13(3.6%) after SIP implementation with no cases reported after 2017. A significant reduction in positivity rate of both human and poultry cases (2.0 vs. 0.2% and 2.4 vs. 1.2%,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) found after 2015. Percent of housewives decreased from 30.9 to 7.7%,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05 and positive specimens\u2019 rates from backyards decreased from 61.1 to 47.9%,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001. Median days to laboratory confirmation reduced from 3.6 to 2.8 days. The genetic analysis indicated a major genetic drift occurred before 2015, possibly due to inadequate control measures.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The Study indicated reduced infections in humans and poultry suggesting effectiveness of SIP, which also raised community awareness as shown by reducing infections among housewives and enhancing surveillance as shown by case earlier detection. Continued coordinated efforts between human and poultry sectors are needed to contribute to the elimination of the disease in Egypt.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-025-02810-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,29]],"date-time":"2025-05-29T16:13:13Z","timestamp":1748535193000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Study of the effectiveness of a supported intervention package in reducing the risk of avian influenza human exposure through the reduction of infections in poultry: Egypt, 2006\u20132021"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Manal","family":"Fahim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Walaa","family":"Alim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shimaa","family":"Abukamar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rabeh","family":"El-Shesheny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wael H.","family":"Roshdy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hossam","family":"Hassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amira","family":"Mohsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salma","family":"Afifi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed Abdel","family":"Fattah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Radi","family":"Hammad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amr","family":"Kandeel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,29]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2810_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.2478\/jvetres-2021-0013","volume":"65","author":"A Gierak","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gierak A, \u015amietanka K. 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The study used secondary data generated out of a surveillance system, the data was collected during patients\u2019 routine management procedures in accordance with MoHP\/IRB guidelines and regulations.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the World Health Organization or the Egypt MoHP.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Disclaimer"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"170"}}