{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T19:40:43Z","timestamp":1770147643398,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]],"date-time":"2025-06-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749772800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]],"date-time":"2025-06-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749772800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation Youth Project","award":["82300004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82300004"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2024YFC2309904"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024YFC2309904"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Virol J"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-025-02826-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]],"date-time":"2025-06-13T10:11:55Z","timestamp":1749809515000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Role of cytomegalovirus in glioblastoma development: promoter or culprit?"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Xiaoxin","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhengyu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David J","family":"Daniels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"2826_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-019-04206-z","volume":"164","author":"KPRA Farias","year":"2019","unstructured":"Farias KPRA, Moreli ML, Floriano VG, da Costa VG. Evidence based on a meta-analysis of human cytomegalovirus infection in glioma. Arch Virol. 2019;164(5):1249\u201357.","journal-title":"Arch Virol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2826_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-005-0991-y","volume":"109","author":"H Ohgaki","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ohgaki H, Kleihues P. Epidemiology and etiology of gliomas. Acta Neuropathol. 2005;109(1):93\u2013108.","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2826_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-019-05146-2","volume":"47","author":"H Wang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wang H, Tang F, Bian E, Zhang Y, Ji X, Yang Z, et al. IFITM3\/STAT3 axis promotes glioma cells invasion and is modulated by TGF-\u03b2. Mol Biol Rep. 2019;47(1):433\u201341.","journal-title":"Mol Biol Rep"},{"issue":"31","key":"2826_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4175","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2010.32.4343","volume":"29","author":"M-YC Polley","year":"2011","unstructured":"Polley M-YC, Lamborn KR, Chang SM, Butowski N, Clarke JL, Prados M. Conditional probability of survival in patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma. J Clin Oncol. 2011;29(31):4175\u201380.","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"10","key":"2826_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa043330","volume":"352","author":"R Stupp","year":"2005","unstructured":"Stupp R, Mason WP, van den Bent MJ, Weller M, Fisher B, Taphoorn MJ, et al. Radiotherapy plus concomitant and adjuvant Temozolomide for glioblastoma. N Engl J Med. 2005;352(10):987\u201396.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2826_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1038\/s43018-023-00709-6","volume":"5","author":"SJ Bagley","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bagley SJ, Binder ZA, Lamrani L, Marinari E, Desai AS, Nasrallah MP, et al. Repeated peripheral infusions of anti-EGFRvIII CAR T cells in combination with pembrolizumab show no efficacy in glioblastoma: a phase 1 trial. Nat Cancer. 2024;5(3):517\u201331.","journal-title":"Nat Cancer"},{"issue":"3","key":"2826_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-024-04881-2","volume":"171","author":"A Badani","year":"2024","unstructured":"Badani A, Ozair A, Khasraw M, Woodworth GF, Tiwari P, Ahluwalia MS, et al. Immune checkpoint inhibitors for glioblastoma: emerging science, clinical advances, and future directions. J Neurooncol. 2024;171(3):531\u201347.","journal-title":"J Neurooncol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2826_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e180","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(19)30488-7","volume":"8","author":"C de Martel","year":"2020","unstructured":"de Martel C, Georges D, Bray F, Ferlay J, Clifford GM. Global burden of cancer attributable to infections in 2018: a worldwide incidence analysis. Lancet Global Health. 2020;8(2):e180\u201390.","journal-title":"Lancet Global Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"2826_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00124-13","volume":"27","author":"MK White","year":"2014","unstructured":"White MK, Pagano JS, Khalili K. Viruses and human cancers: a long road of discovery of molecular paradigms. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2014;27(3):463\u201381.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"issue":"11","key":"2826_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2462","DOI":"10.3390\/v14112462","volume":"14","author":"G Herbein","year":"2022","unstructured":"Herbein G. High-Risk oncogenic human cytomegalovirus. Viruses. 2022;14(11):2462.","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"1","key":"2826_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(99)80172-X","volume":"31","author":"DY Yu","year":"1999","unstructured":"Yu DY, Moon HB, Son JK, Jeong S, Yu SL, Yoon H, et al. Incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in Transgenic mice expressing the hepatitis B virus X-protein. J Hepatol. 1999;31(1):123\u201332.","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2826_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2002.31001","volume":"122","author":"H Lerat","year":"2002","unstructured":"Lerat H, Honda M, Beard MR, Loesch K, Sun J, Yang Y, et al. Steatosis and liver cancer in Transgenic mice expressing the structural and nonstructural proteins of hepatitis C virus. Gastroenterology. 2002;122(2):352\u201365.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"9","key":"2826_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1969","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.27650","volume":"131","author":"M Arbyn","year":"2012","unstructured":"Arbyn M, de Sanjos\u00e9 S, Saraiya M, Sideri M, Palefsky J, Lacey C, et al. EUROGIN 2011 roadmap on prevention and treatment of HPV-related disease. Int J Cancer. 2012;131(9):1969\u201382.","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"issue":"1","key":"2826_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e130","DOI":"10.1038\/emm.2014.109","volume":"47","author":"Y-H Ko","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ko Y-H. EBV and human cancer. Exp Mol Med. 2015;47(1):e130.","journal-title":"Exp Mol Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"2826_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1210240","volume":"26","author":"E Klein","year":"2007","unstructured":"Klein E, Kis LL, Klein G. Epstein\u2013Barr virus infection in humans: from harmless to life endangering virus\u2013lymphocyte interactions. Oncogene. 2007;26(9):1297\u2013305.","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"issue":"19","key":"2826_CR16","first-page":"2299","volume":"141","author":"CRM Bangham","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bangham CRM. HTLV-1 persistence and the oncogenesis of adult T cell leukemia\/lymphoma. Blood. 2023;141(19):2299\u2013306.","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2826_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2016.07.011","volume":"20","author":"W Liu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Liu W, MacDonald M, You J. Merkel cell polyomavirus infection and Merkel cell carcinoma. Curr Opin Virol. 2016;20:20\u20137.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Virol"},{"issue":"10","key":"2826_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc2888","volume":"10","author":"EA Mesri","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mesri EA, Cesarman E, Boshoff C. Kaposi\u2019s sarcoma and its associated herpesvirus. Nat Rev Cancer. 2010;10(10):707\u201319.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cancer"},{"issue":"1","key":"2826_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1038\/s44276-024-00051-z","volume":"2","author":"B Gunasegaran","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gunasegaran B, Ashley CL, Marsh-Wakefield F, Guillemin GJ, Heng B. Viruses in glioblastoma: an update on evidence and clinical trials. BJC Rep. 2024;2(1):33.","journal-title":"BJC Rep"},{"issue":"12","key":"2826_CR20","first-page":"3347","volume":"62","author":"CS Cobbs","year":"2002","unstructured":"Cobbs CS, Harkins L, Samanta M, Gillespie GY, Bharara S, King PH, et al. Human cytomegalovirus infection and expression in human malignant glioma. Cancer Res. 2002;62(12):3347\u201350.","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"2826_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.28111","volume":"133","author":"G Stragliotto","year":"2013","unstructured":"Stragliotto G, Rahbar A, Solberg NW, Lilja A, Taher C, Orrego A, et al. Effects of valganciclovir as an add-on therapy in patients with cytomegalovirus\u2010positive glioblastoma: A randomized, double\u2010blind, hypothesis\u2010generating study. Int J Cancer. 2013;133(5):1204\u201313.","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"issue":"1","key":"2826_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.28663","volume":"135","author":"C S\u00f6derberg-Naucler","year":"2014","unstructured":"S\u00f6derberg-Naucler C, Peredo I, Rahbar A, Hansson F, Nordlund A, Stragliotto G. Use of Cox regression with treatment status as a time-dependent covariate to re-analyze survival benefit excludes immortal time bias effect in patients with glioblastoma who received prolonged adjuvant treatment with valganciclovir. Int J Cancer. 2014;135(1):248\u20139.","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"issue":"10","key":"2826_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1302145","volume":"369","author":"C S\u00f6derberg-Naucl\u00e9r","year":"2013","unstructured":"S\u00f6derberg-Naucl\u00e9r C, Rahbar A, Stragliotto G. Survival in patients with glioblastoma receiving valganciclovir. N Engl J Med. 2013;369(10):985\u20136.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2826_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.3892\/mco.2015.692","volume":"4","author":"C Peng","year":"2016","unstructured":"Peng C, Wang J, Tanksley JP, Mobley BC, Ayers GD, Moots PL, et al. Valganciclovir and bevacizumab for recurrent glioblastoma: A single-institution experience. Mol Clin Oncol. 2016;4(2):154\u20138.","journal-title":"Mol Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"15","key":"2826_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4031","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-20-0369","volume":"26","author":"G Stragliotto","year":"2020","unstructured":"Stragliotto G, Pantalone MR, Rahbar A, Bartek J, S\u00f6derberg-Naucler C. Valganciclovir as Add-on to standard therapy in glioblastoma patients. Clin Cancer Res. 2020;26(15):4031\u20139.","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"issue":"10","key":"2826_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1471","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8101471","volume":"8","author":"G Stragliotto","year":"2020","unstructured":"Stragliotto G, Pantalone MR, Rahbar A, S\u00f6derberg-Naucl\u00e9r C. Valganciclovir as Add-On to standard therapy in secondary glioblastoma. Microorganisms. 2020;8(10):1471.","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"issue":"8","key":"2826_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1958","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14081958","volume":"14","author":"MR Pantalone","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pantalone MR, Rahbar A, S\u00f6derberg-Naucler C, Stragliotto G. Valganciclovir as Add-on to Second-Line therapy in patients with recurrent glioblastoma. Cancers. 2022;14(8):1958.","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"issue":"7","key":"2826_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2009.10.040","volume":"17","author":"K Barami","year":"2010","unstructured":"Barami K. Oncomodulatory mechanisms of human cytomegalovirus in gliomas. J Clin Neurosci. 2010;17(7):819\u201323.","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"},{"issue":"3","key":"2826_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-015-1734-0","volume":"123","author":"SE Lawler","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lawler SE. Cytomegalovirus and glioblastoma; controversies and opportunities. J Neurooncol. 2015;123(3):465\u201371.","journal-title":"J Neurooncol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2826_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-008-0359-1","volume":"116","author":"ME Scheurer","year":"2008","unstructured":"Scheurer ME, Bondy ML, Aldape KD, Albrecht T, El-Zein R. Detection of human cytomegalovirus in different histological types of gliomas. Acta Neuropathol. 2008;116(1):79\u201386.","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"issue":"7","key":"2826_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0159604","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0159604","volume":"11","author":"M Nevels","year":"2016","unstructured":"Nevels M, Stangherlin LM, Castro FLF, Medeiros RSS, Guerra JM, Kimura LM, et al. Human cytomegalovirus DNA quantification and gene expression in gliomas of different grades. PLoS ONE. 2016;11(7):e0159604.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2826_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/642652","volume":"2015","author":"HA Shamran","year":"2015","unstructured":"Shamran HA, Kadhim HS, Hussain AR, Kareem A, Taub DD, Price RL, et al. Detection of human cytomegalovirus in different histopathological types of glioma in Iraqi patients. Biomed Res Int. 2015;2015:1\u20137.","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"issue":"12","key":"2826_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3150","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-16-1490","volume":"23","author":"M Holdhoff","year":"2017","unstructured":"Holdhoff M, Guner G, Rodriguez FJ, Hicks JL, Zheng Q, Forman MS, et al. Absence of cytomegalovirus in glioblastoma and other High-grade gliomas by Real-time PCR, immunohistochemistry, and in situ hybridization. Clin Cancer Res. 2017;23(12):3150\u20137.","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"2826_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.29042","volume":"136","author":"KW Tang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tang KW, Hellstrand K, Larsson E. Absence of cytomegalovirus in high-coverage DNA sequencing of human glioblastoma multiforme. Int J Cancer. 2014;136(4):977\u201381.","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"issue":"7","key":"2826_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1038\/modpathol.2013.219","volume":"27","author":"Y Yamashita","year":"2014","unstructured":"Yamashita Y, Ito Y, Isomura H, Takemura N, Okamoto A, Motomura K, et al. Lack of presence of the human cytomegalovirus in human glioblastoma. Mod Pathol. 2014;27(7):922\u20139.","journal-title":"Mod Pathol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2826_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.06097-11","volume":"86","author":"P Ranganathan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ranganathan P, Clark PA, Kuo JS, Salamat MS, Kalejta RF. Significant association of multiple human cytomegalovirus genomic loci with glioblastoma multiforme samples. J Virol. 2012;86(2):854\u201364.","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2826_CR37","first-page":"10","volume":"10","author":"DA Mitchell","year":"2008","unstructured":"Mitchell DA, Xie W, Schmittling R, Learn C, Friedman A, McLendon RE, et al. Sensitive detection of human cytomegalovirus in tumors and peripheral blood of patients diagnosed with glioblastoma. Neurooncology. 2008;10(1):10\u20138.","journal-title":"Neurooncology"},{"issue":"24","key":"2826_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2031","DOI":"10.1038\/s41388-023-02709-3","volume":"42","author":"R El Baba","year":"2023","unstructured":"El Baba R, Pasquereau S, Haidar Ahmad S, Monnien F, Abad M, Bibeau F, et al. EZH2-Myc driven glioblastoma elicited by cytomegalovirus infection of human astrocytes. Oncogene. 2023;42(24):2031\u201345.","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"issue":"12","key":"2826_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6815","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00015-12","volume":"86","author":"B Bhattacharjee","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bhattacharjee B, Renzette N, Kowalik TF. Genetic analysis of cytomegalovirus in malignant gliomas. J Virol. 2012;86(12):6815\u201324.","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"7","key":"2826_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.1038\/s41417-024-00767-7","volume":"31","author":"J Guyon","year":"2024","unstructured":"Guyon J, Haidar Ahmad S, El Baba R, Le Quang M, Bikfalvi A, Daubon T, et al. Generation of glioblastoma in mice engrafted with human cytomegalovirus-infected astrocytes. Cancer Gene Ther. 2024;31(7):1070\u201380.","journal-title":"Cancer Gene Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"2826_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/2042-4280-3-3","volume":"3","author":"A Rahbar","year":"2012","unstructured":"Rahbar A, Stragliotto G, Orrego A, Peredo I, Taher C, Willems J, et al. Low levels of human cytomegalovirus infection in glioblastoma multiforme associates with patient survival; -a case-control study. Herpesviridae. 2012;3(1):3.","journal-title":"Herpesviridae"},{"issue":"1","key":"2826_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.28664","volume":"135","author":"CJ Liu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Liu CJ, Hu YW. Immortal time bias in retrospective analysis: is there a survival benefit in patients with glioblastoma who received prolonged treatment of adjuvant valganciclovir? Int J Cancer. 2014;135(1):250\u20131.","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"issue":"3","key":"2826_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-023-04503-3","volume":"165","author":"C-T Chang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chang C-T, Chen H-H, Chuang C-C, Chang S-H, Hsiao N-W. Ganciclovir as a potential treatment for glioma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neurooncol. 2023;165(3):399\u2013411.","journal-title":"J Neurooncol"},{"issue":"17","key":"2826_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5221","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11175221","volume":"11","author":"T Yang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yang T, Liu D, Fang S, Ma W, Wang Y. Cytomegalovirus and glioblastoma: A review of the biological associations and therapeutic strategies. J Clin Med. 2022;11(17):5221.","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"2826_CR45","first-page":"1664","volume":"18","author":"NL Goerig","year":"2016","unstructured":"Goerig NL, Frey B, Korn K, Fleckenstein B, \u00dcberla K, Schmidt MA, et al. Frequent occurrence of therapeutically reversible CMV-associated encephalopathy during radiotherapy of the brain. Neurooncology. 2016;18(12):1664\u201372.","journal-title":"Neurooncology"},{"issue":"20","key":"2826_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2967","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.51.8378","volume":"51","author":"Y Okita","year":"2012","unstructured":"Okita Y, Narita Y, Miyakita Y, Ohno M, Nagai S, Shibui S. Management of cytomegalovirus infection in a patient with malignant glioma treated with Temozolomide and steroids. Intern Med. 2012;51(20):2967\u201371.","journal-title":"Intern Med"},{"key":"2826_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2016.10.022","volume":"384","author":"GP Joseph","year":"2017","unstructured":"Joseph GP, McDermott R, Baryshnikova MA, Cobbs CS, Ulasov IV. Cytomegalovirus as an oncomodulatory agent in the progression of glioma. Cancer Lett. 2017;384:79\u201385.","journal-title":"Cancer Lett"},{"issue":"14","key":"2826_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4642","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-11-0414","volume":"17","author":"K Dziurzynski","year":"2011","unstructured":"Dziurzynski K, Wei J, Qiao W, Hatiboglu MA, Kong L-Y, Wu A, et al. Glioma-Associated cytomegalovirus mediates subversion of the monocyte lineage to a tumor propagating phenotype. Clin Cancer Res. 2011;17(14):4642\u20139.","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"2826_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-007-9423-2","volume":"85","author":"CS Cobbs","year":"2007","unstructured":"Cobbs CS, Soroceanu L, Denham S, Zhang W, Britt WJ, Pieper R, et al. Human cytomegalovirus induces cellular tyrosine kinase signaling and promotes glioma cell invasiveness. J Neurooncol. 2007;85(3):271\u201380.","journal-title":"J Neurooncol"},{"issue":"12","key":"2826_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e116178","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0116178","volume":"9","author":"M Nevels","year":"2014","unstructured":"Nevels M, Fiallos E, Judkins J, Matlaf L, Prichard M, Dittmer D, et al. Human cytomegalovirus gene expression in Long-Term infected glioma stem cells. PLoS ONE. 2014;9(12):e116178.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2826_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2021.05.005","volume":"513","author":"H Krenzlin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Krenzlin H, Zdioruk M, Nowicki MO, Finkelberg T, Keric N, Lemmermann N, et al. Cytomegalovirus infection of glioblastoma cells leads to NF-\u03baB dependent upregulation of the c-MET oncogenic tyrosine kinase. Cancer Lett. 2021;513:26\u201335.","journal-title":"Cancer Lett"},{"key":"2826_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2016.06.008","volume":"177","author":"Y Xing","year":"2016","unstructured":"Xing Y, Wang Y, Wang S, Wang X, Fan D, Zhou D, et al. Human cytomegalovirus infection contributes to glioma disease progression via upregulating endocan expression. Translational Res. 2016;177:113\u201326.","journal-title":"Translational Res"},{"issue":"30","key":"2826_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47221","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.9722","volume":"7","author":"H Costa","year":"2016","unstructured":"Costa H, Xu X, Overbeek G, Vasaikar S, Patro CPK, Kostopoulou ON, et al. Human cytomegalovirus May promote tumour progression by upregulating arginase-2. Oncotarget. 2016;7(30):47221\u201331.","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"issue":"3","key":"2826_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.3892\/ol.2014.2264","volume":"8","author":"T Wang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wang T, Qian D, Hu M, Li L, Zhang LI, Chen HAO, et al. Human cytomegalovirus inhibits apoptosis by regulating the activating transcription factor 5 signaling pathway in human malignant glioma cells. Oncol Lett. 2014;8(3):1051\u20137.","journal-title":"Oncol Lett"},{"issue":"5","key":"2826_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.24708","volume":"89","author":"X Wang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wang X, Hu M, Xing F, Wang M, Wang B, Qian D. Human cytomegalovirus infection promotes the stemness of U251 glioma cells. J Med Virol. 2017;89(5):878\u201386.","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"issue":"11","key":"2826_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1506","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.b23-00256","volume":"46","author":"K Cui","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cui K, Wang X, Han C, Liu S, Hu Y. Mechanism of human Cytomegalovirus-Induced Epithelial-Mesenchymal transition in glioma cells via the upregulation of RIP2 expression. Biol Pharm Bull. 2023;46(11):1506\u201311.","journal-title":"Biol Pharm Bull"},{"issue":"10","key":"2826_CR57","first-page":"2637","volume":"13","author":"X Zhu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhu X, Hu B, Hu M, Qian D, Wang B. Human cytomegalovirus infection enhances invasiveness and migration of glioblastoma cells by epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Int J Clin Exp Pathol. 2020;13(10):2637\u201347.","journal-title":"Int J Clin Exp Pathol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2826_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44705","DOI":"10.1038\/srep44705","volume":"7","author":"Q Liang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Liang Q, Wang K, Wang B, Cai Q. HCMV-encoded miR-UL112-3p promotes glioblastoma progression via tumour suppressor candidate 3. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):44705.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"16","key":"2826_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25989","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.11175","volume":"8","author":"IV Ulasov","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ulasov IV, Kaverina NV, Ghosh D, Baryshnikova MA, Kadagidze ZG, Karseladze AI, et al. CMV70-3P MiRNA contributes to the CMV mediated glioma stemness and represents a target for glioma experimental therapy. Oncotarget. 2017;8(16):25989\u201399.","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"issue":"4","key":"2826_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1671","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI123375","volume":"129","author":"H Krenzlin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Krenzlin H, Behera P, Lorenz V, Passaro C, Zdioruk M, Nowicki MO, et al. Cytomegalovirus promotes murine glioblastoma growth via pericyte recruitment and angiogenesis. J Clin Invest. 2019;129(4):1671\u201383.","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"2","key":"2826_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s11908-017-0563-z","volume":"19","author":"JR McFaline-Figueroa","year":"2017","unstructured":"McFaline-Figueroa JR, Wen PY. The viral connection to glioblastoma. Curr Infect Dis Rep. 2017;19(2):5.","journal-title":"Curr Infect Dis Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"2826_CR62","first-page":"246","volume":"14","author":"K Dziurzynski","year":"2012","unstructured":"Dziurzynski K, Chang SM, Heimberger AB, Kalejta RF, McGregor Dallas SR, Smit M, et al. Consensus on the role of human cytomegalovirus in glioblastoma. Neurooncology. 2012;14(3):246\u201355.","journal-title":"Neurooncology"},{"issue":"6","key":"2826_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1097\/CCO.0000000000000005","volume":"25","author":"CS Cobbs","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cobbs CS. Cytomegalovirus and brain tumor. Curr Opin Oncol. 2013;25(6):682\u20138.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Oncol"},{"issue":"7","key":"2826_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djp031","volume":"101","author":"K Straat","year":"2009","unstructured":"Straat K, Liu C, Rahbar A, Zhu Q, Liu L, Wolmer-Solberg N, et al. Activation of telomerase by human cytomegalovirus. JNCI J Natl Cancer Inst. 2009;101(7):488\u201397.","journal-title":"JNCI J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"issue":"15","key":"2826_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3065","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-14-3307","volume":"75","author":"L Soroceanu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Soroceanu L, Matlaf L, Khan S, Akhavan A, Singer E, Bezrookove V, et al. Cytomegalovirus Immediate-Early proteins promote stemness properties in glioblastoma. Cancer Res. 2015;75(15):3065\u201376.","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"2826_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-07-2291","volume":"68","author":"CS Cobbs","year":"2008","unstructured":"Cobbs CS, Soroceanu L, Denham S, Zhang W, Kraus MH. Modulation of oncogenic phenotype in human glioma cells by cytomegalovirus IE1\u2013Mediated mitogenicity. Cancer Res. 2008;68(3):724\u201330.","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"2826_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.20179","volume":"51","author":"K Lee","year":"2005","unstructured":"Lee K, Jeon K, Kim JM, Kim VN, Choi DH, Kim SU, et al. Downregulation of GFAP, TSP-1, and p53 in human glioblastoma cell line, U373MG, by IE1 protein from human cytomegalovirus. Glia. 2005;51(1):1\u201312.","journal-title":"Glia"},{"issue":"4","key":"2826_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.006486-0","volume":"90","author":"K Koh","year":"2009","unstructured":"Koh K, Lee K, Ahn J-H, Kim S. Human cytomegalovirus infection downregulates the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein in human glioblastoma U373MG cells: identification of viral genes and protein domains involved. J Gen Virol. 2009;90(4):954\u201362.","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2826_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/bgt292","volume":"35","author":"Z Khan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Khan Z, Yaiw K-C, Wilhelmi V, Lam H, Rahbar A, Stragliotto G, et al. Human cytomegalovirus immediate early proteins promote degradation of connexin 43 and disrupt gap junction communication: implications for a role in gliomagenesis. Carcinogenesis. 2014;35(1):145\u201354.","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"issue":"12","key":"2826_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1097\/WNR.0000000000001277","volume":"30","author":"S Liang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Liang S, Yu B, Qian D, Zhao R, Wang B, Hu M. Human cytomegalovirus ie2 affects the migration of glioblastoma by mediating the different splicing patterns of RON through HnRNP A2B1. NeuroReport. 2019;30(12):805\u201311.","journal-title":"NeuroReport"},{"issue":"7","key":"2826_CR71","first-page":"2775","volume":"12","author":"Z Rou","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rou Z, Ming H, Shuzhen L, Bin W, Bo Y, Guimei Y, et al. IE86 inhibits the apoptosis and promotes the cell proliferation of glioma cells via the HnRNP A2_B1-mediated alternative splicing of Bcl-x. Int J Clin Exp Pathol. 2019;12(7):2775\u201385.","journal-title":"Int J Clin Exp Pathol"},{"issue":"7","key":"2826_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e68176","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0068176","volume":"8","author":"I Nakano","year":"2013","unstructured":"Nakano I, Matlaf LA, Harkins LE, Bezrookove V, Cobbs CS, Soroceanu L. Cytomegalovirus pp71 protein is expressed in human glioblastoma and promotes Pro-Angiogenic signaling by activation of stem cell factor. PLoS ONE. 2013;8(7):e68176.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"4","key":"2826_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2006.03.003","volume":"9","author":"L Sun","year":"2006","unstructured":"Sun L, Hui A-M, Su Q, Vortmeyer A, Kotliarov Y, Pastorino S, et al. Neuronal and glioma-derived stem cell factor induces angiogenesis within the brain. Cancer Cell. 2006;9(4):287\u2013300.","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"issue":"2","key":"2826_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.80.2.951-963.2006","volume":"80","author":"J Trgovcich","year":"2006","unstructured":"Trgovcich J, Cebulla C, Zimmerman P, Sedmak DD. Human cytomegalovirus protein pp71 disrupts major histocompatibility complex class I cell surface expression. J Virol. 2006;80(2):951\u201363.","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2826_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.1787","volume":"5","author":"C Cobbs","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cobbs C, Khan S, Matlaf L, McAllister S, Zider A, Yount G, et al. HCMV glycoprotein B is expressed in primary glioblastomas and enhances growth and invasiveness via PDGFR-alpha activation. Oncotarget. 2014;5(4):1091\u2013100.","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"issue":"7211","key":"2826_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07209","volume":"455","author":"L Soroceanu","year":"2008","unstructured":"Soroceanu L, Akhavan A, Cobbs CS. Platelet-derived growth factor-\u03b1 receptor activation is required for human cytomegalovirus infection. Nature. 2008;455(7211):391\u20135.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"133","key":"2826_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ra58","DOI":"10.1126\/scisignal.2001180","volume":"3","author":"E Slinger","year":"2010","unstructured":"Slinger E, Maussang D, Schreiber A, Siderius M, Rahbar A, Fraile-Ramos A, et al. HCMV-encoded chemokine receptor US28 mediates proliferative signaling through the IL-6-STAT3 axis. Sci Signal. 2010;3(133):ra58.","journal-title":"Sci Signal"},{"issue":"7","key":"2826_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2861","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-08-2487","volume":"69","author":"D Maussang","year":"2009","unstructured":"Maussang D, Langemeijer E, Fitzsimons CP, Stigter-van Walsum M, Dijkman R, Borg MK, et al. The human Cytomegalovirus\u2013Encoded chemokine receptor US28 promotes angiogenesis and tumor formation via Cyclooxygenase-2. Cancer Res. 2009;69(7):2861\u20139.","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"issue":"21","key":"2826_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6643","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-11-0744","volume":"71","author":"L Soroceanu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Soroceanu L, Matlaf L, Bezrookove V, Harkins L, Martinez R, Greene M, et al. Human cytomegalovirus US28 found in glioblastoma promotes an invasive and angiogenic phenotype. Cancer Res. 2011;71(21):6643\u201353.","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"issue":"30","key":"2826_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4110","DOI":"10.1038\/s41388-018-0255-7","volume":"37","author":"R Heukers","year":"2018","unstructured":"Heukers R, Fan TS, de Wit RH, van Senten JR, De Groof TWM, Bebelman MP, et al. The constitutive activity of the virally encoded chemokine receptor US28 accelerates glioblastoma growth. Oncogene. 2018;37(30):4110\u201321.","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"issue":"35","key":"2826_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13068","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0604433103","volume":"103","author":"D Maussang","year":"2006","unstructured":"Maussang D, Verzijl D, Walsum Mv, Leurs R, Holl J, Pleskoff O, et al. Human cytomegalovirusencoded chemokine receptor US28 promotes tumorigenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2006;103(35):13068\u201373.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"issue":"798","key":"2826_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eade6737","DOI":"10.1126\/scisignal.ade6737","volume":"16","author":"ND Bergkamp","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bergkamp ND, van Senten JR, Brink HJ, Bebelman MP, den Jv B, \u00c7obano\u011flu TS, et al. A virally encoded GPCR drives glioblastoma through feed-forward activation of the SK1-S1P1 signaling axis. Sci Signal. 2023;16(798):eade6737.","journal-title":"Sci Signal"},{"issue":"42","key":"2826_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67966","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.11817","volume":"7","author":"A Wit RHd, Muji\u0107-Deli\u0107","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wit RHd, Muji\u0107-Deli\u0107 A, Senten JRv, Fraile-Ramos A, Siderius M, Smit MJ. Human cytomegalovirus encoded chemokine receptor US28 activates the HIF-1\u03b1_PKM2 axis in glioblastoma cells. Oncotarget. 2016;7(42):67966\u201385.","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"issue":"44","key":"2826_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16297","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.RA119.007796","volume":"294","author":"JR van Senten","year":"2019","unstructured":"van Senten JR, Bebelman MP, Fan TS, Heukers R, Bergkamp ND, van Gasselt P, et al. The human cytomegalovirus-encoded G protein\u2013coupled receptor UL33 exhibits oncomodulatory properties. J Biol Chem. 2019;294(44):16297\u2013308.","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"50","key":"2826_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50010","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M306530200","volume":"278","author":"P Casarosa","year":"2003","unstructured":"Casarosa P, Gruijthuijsen YK, Michel D, Beisser PS, Holl J, Fitzsimons CP, et al. Constitutive signaling of the human cytomegalovirus-encoded receptor UL33 differs from that of its rat cytomegalovirus homolog R33 by promiscuous activation of G proteins of the gq, gi, and Gs classes. J Biol Chem. 2003;278(50):50010\u201323.","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"11","key":"2826_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3441","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-12-3846","volume":"73","author":"RL Price","year":"2013","unstructured":"Price RL, Song J, Bingmer K, Kim TH, Yi J-Y, Nowicki MO, et al. Cytomegalovirus contributes to glioblastoma in the context of tumor suppressor mutations. Cancer Res. 2013;73(11):3441\u201350.","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"2826_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e25620","DOI":"10.4161\/onci.25620","volume":"2","author":"TC Hollon","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hollon TC, Price RL, Kwon C-H, Chiocca EA. Mutations in glioblastoma oncosuppressive pathways pave the way for oncomodulatory activity of cytomegalovirus. OncoImmunology. 2014;2(9):e25620.","journal-title":"OncoImmunology"},{"issue":"3","key":"2826_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1002\/cmmi.492","volume":"7","author":"S Geninatti Crich","year":"2012","unstructured":"Geninatti Crich S, Cutrin JC, Lanzardo S, Conti L, K\u00e1lm\u00e1n FK, Szab\u00f3 I, et al. Mn-loaded apoferritin: a highly sensitive MRI imaging probe for the detection and characterization of hepatocarcinoma lesions in a Transgenic mouse model. Contrast Media Mol Imaging. 2012;7(3):281\u20138.","journal-title":"Contrast Media Mol Imaging"},{"issue":"7","key":"2826_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2490","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0409883102","volume":"102","author":"T Brake","year":"2005","unstructured":"Brake T, Lambert PF. Estrogen contributes to the onset, persistence, and malignant progression of cervical cancer in a human papillomavirus-transgenic mouse model. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2005;102(7):2490\u20135.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"issue":"1","key":"2826_CR90","first-page":"273","volume":"1868","author":"H Foster","year":"2017","unstructured":"Foster H, Ulasov IV, Cobbs CS. Human cytomegalovirus-mediated immunomodulation: effects on glioblastoma progression. Biochimica et biophysica acta (BBA) -. Reviews Cancer. 2017;1868(1):273\u20136.","journal-title":"Reviews Cancer"},{"issue":"1","key":"2826_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00430-010-0177-7","volume":"200","author":"M Michaelis","year":"2010","unstructured":"Michaelis M, Baumgarten P, Mittelbronn M, Driever PH, Doerr HW, Cinatl J. Oncomodulation by human cytomegalovirus: novel clinical findings open new roads. Med Microbiol Immunol. 2010;200(1):1\u20135.","journal-title":"Med Microbiol Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2826_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2010.10.026","volume":"157","author":"L Soroceanu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Soroceanu L, Cobbs CS. Is HCMV a tumor promoter? Virus Res. 2011;157(2):193\u2013203.","journal-title":"Virus Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"2826_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/2042-4280-2-10","volume":"2","author":"CS Cobbs","year":"2011","unstructured":"Cobbs CS. Evolving evidence implicates cytomegalovirus as a promoter of malignant glioma pathogenesis. Herpesviridae. 2011;2(1):10.","journal-title":"Herpesviridae"}],"container-title":["Virology Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12985-025-02826-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12985-025-02826-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12985-025-02826-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]],"date-time":"2025-06-13T12:04:21Z","timestamp":1749816261000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/virologyj.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12985-025-02826-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]]},"references-count":93,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2826"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12985-025-02826-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1743-422X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1743-422X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2 May 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 June 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 June 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"We have got the publication licenses for Figs.\u00a0,  and  from BioRender.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}],"article-number":"194"}}