{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T20:25:38Z","timestamp":1783974338366,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,14]],"date-time":"2025-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752451200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,14]],"date-time":"2025-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752451200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32460043, 81902106"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32460043, 81902106"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004479","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20242BAB25538"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20242BAB25538"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004479","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Virol J"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The genetic diversity of HIV is significantly influenced by second-generation recombination events involving circulating recombinant forms (CRFs) and unique recombinant forms (URFs), which are crucial for the virus\u2019s evolution and dissemination. The China-Myanmar border region is recognized as a focal point for inter-subtype recombination of HIV, with recombinant strains predominating in this area.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Near full-length HIV genomes were amplified from plasma samples of eight Burmese individuals newly diagnosed with HIV in Baoshan, China, from 2006 to 2020. Phylogenetic trees were constructed using maximum likelihood methods, and Bootscan analysis was conducted to identify recombination structures.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Among the eight sequences, one (YN33F28) clustered with subtype C, and one (YN9M24) with CRF08_BC. The remaining six sequences did not cluster with any known HIV subtypes, indicating they might represent novel recombinant strains. Bootscan analysis revealed that three sequences (YN36F38, YN35F22, and YN32M22) were likely formed through second-generation recombination involving known CRFs (CRF82_cpx and CRF86_BC) and a URF (KY406739). Additionally, three sequences (YN34F21, YN7F27, and YN8F28) were identified as newly formed URFs, resulting from complex recombination events between HIV subtypes B, C, and CRF01_AE.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>These results underscore the continuous evolution of HIV via recombination in the China-Myanmar border region. The identification of second-generation recombinants and newly formed URFs highlights the importance of continuous molecular surveillance to better understand HIV diversity and to inform strategies for prevention, treatment, and vaccine development.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-025-02863-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,14]],"date-time":"2025-07-14T05:16:32Z","timestamp":1752470192000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Genetic diversity of HIV in Yunnan, China: the role of second-generation recombination involving circulating and unique recombinant forms"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Ying-Na","family":"Xie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zheng-Xu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ya-Ting","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong-Juan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhu-Qian","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zi-Xuan","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"2863_CR1","unstructured":"UNAIDS, Global HIV. & AIDS statistics \u2014 Fact sheet. 2024. https:\/\/www.unaids.org\/en\/resources\/fact-sheet. Accessed 19 Feb 2025."},{"key":"2863_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2016","volume":"15","author":"JC Plantier","year":"2009","unstructured":"Plantier JC, Leoz M, Dickerson JE, et al. A new human immunodeficiency virus derived from gorillas. Nat Med. 2009;15:871\u20132.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"2863_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100912","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(24)00151-4","volume":"5","author":"M Nair","year":"2024","unstructured":"Nair M, Gettins L, Fuller M, Kirtley S, Hemelaar J. Global and regional genetic diversity of HIV-1 in 2010-21: systematic review and analysis of prevalence. Lancet Microbe. 2024;5:100912.","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe"},{"key":"2863_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1126\/science.288.5463.55d","volume":"288","author":"DL Robertson","year":"2000","unstructured":"Robertson DL, Anderson JP, Bradac JA, et al. HIV-1 nomenclature proposal. Science. 2000;288:55\u20136.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2863_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2018.12.002","volume":"25","author":"D Sauter","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sauter D, Kirchhoff F. Key viral adaptations preceding the AIDS pandemic. Cell Host Microbe. 2019;25:27\u201338.","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"2863_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e3283522c97","volume":"26","author":"W Pang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Pang W, Zhang C, Duo L, et al. Extensive and complex HIV-1 recombination between B\u2019, C and CRF01_AE among IDUs in south-east Asia. AIDS. 2012;26:1121\u20139.","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"2863_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2023.12.009","volume":"88","author":"Y Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li Y, Chang W, Liang J, et al. Characterization of a new HIV-1 second-generation Circulating Recombinant form (CRF170_0107) among men who have sex with men in yunnan, China. J Infect. 2024;88:206\u20139.","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"2863_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9206","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00399-08","volume":"82","author":"KK Tee","year":"2008","unstructured":"Tee KK, Pybus OG, Li XJ, et al. Temporal and Spatial dynamics of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Circulating Recombinant forms 08_BC and 07_BC in Asia. J Virol. 2008;82:9206\u201315.","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2863_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2016.1226722","volume":"8","author":"X Chen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chen X, Ye M, Duo L, et al. First description of two new HIV-1 Recombinant forms CRF82_cpx and CRF83_cpx among drug users in Northern Myanmar. Virulence. 2017;8:497\u2013503.","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"2863_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2016.0188","volume":"33","author":"Y Li","year":"2017","unstructured":"Li Y, Miao J, Miao Z, et al. Identification of a novel HIV type 1 Circulating Recombinant form (CRF86_BC) among heterosexuals in yunnan, China. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2017;33:279\u201383.","journal-title":"AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses"},{"key":"2863_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2024.106383","volume":"90","author":"M Chen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Chen M, Ma Y, Chen H, et al. Characterization of the first unambiguous HIV-1 CRF07_BC\/CRF08_BC Circulating Recombinant form (CRF160_0708) in yunnan, China. J Infect. 2025;90:106383.","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"2863_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1420","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0001420","volume":"3","author":"Y Nadai","year":"2008","unstructured":"Nadai Y, Eyzaguirre LM, Constantine NT, et al. Protocol for nearly full-length sequencing of HIV-1 RNA from plasma. PLoS ONE. 2008;3:e1420.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2863_CR13","unstructured":"HIV Sequence Database. HIV BLAST. Los Alamos National Laboratory. https:\/\/www.hiv.lanl.gov\/content\/sequence\/BASIC_BLAST\/basic_blast.html. Accessed 19 Feb 2025."},{"key":"2863_CR14","first-page":"184","volume":"11","author":"Y Ma","year":"1990","unstructured":"Ma Y, Li ZZ, Zhang KX. Identification of HIV infection among drug users in China. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi. 1990;11:184\u20135. (in Chinese).","journal-title":"Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi"},{"key":"2863_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(94)92304-3","volume":"344","author":"H Cheng","year":"1994","unstructured":"Cheng H, Zhang J, Capizzi J, Young NL, Mastro TD. HIV-1 subtype E in yunnan, China. Lancet. 1994;344:953\u20134.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2863_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1038\/455609a","volume":"455","author":"L Lu","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lu L, Jia M, Ma Y, et al. The changing face of HIV in China. Nature. 2008;455:609\u201311.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2863_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkaf017","author":"Y Shu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Shu Y, Liu J, Yang C, et al. Prevalence of drug resistance mutations in low-level viremia patients under antiretroviral therapy in Southwestern china: a cross-sectional study. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jac\/dkaf017.","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"2863_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-021-05794-5","volume":"21","author":"Y Ding","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ding Y, Chen M, Wang J, et al. Increase in HIV-1-transmitted drug resistance among ART-na\u00efve youths at the China-Myanmar border during 2009\u2009~\u20092017. BMC Infect Dis. 2021;21:93.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"2863_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e124","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268823001140","volume":"151","author":"R Cao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cao R, Lei S, Chen H, et al. Using molecular network analysis to understand current HIV-1 transmission characteristics in an inland area of yunnan, China. Epidemiol Infect. 2023;151:e124.","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"2863_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2020.0234","volume":"37","author":"YN Xie","year":"2021","unstructured":"Xie YN, Li SL, Yang RR, et al. Genetic characteristics of three unique Recombinant forms of HIV-1 in yunnan, China. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2021;37:580\u20134.","journal-title":"AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses"},{"key":"2863_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2017.0013","volume":"33","author":"X Wang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wang X, Zhang M, Li J, et al. Genetic characterization of a unique Recombinant strain identified in Yunnan with genome comprising B and C. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2017;33:614\u201320.","journal-title":"AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses"},{"key":"2863_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2021.0121","volume":"37","author":"YT Chen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chen YT, Li ZX, Xie YN, et al. Genetic characterization of a novel HIV-1 Second-Generation Recombinant form originating from CRF86_BC and a unique Recombinant form in yunnan, China. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2021;37:985\u20139.","journal-title":"AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses"},{"key":"2863_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1851","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32830f4c62","volume":"22","author":"X Deng","year":"2008","unstructured":"Deng X, Liu H, Shao Y, Rayner S, Yang R. The epidemic origin and molecular properties of B\u2019: a founder strain of the HIV-1 transmission in Asia. AIDS. 2008;22:1851\u20138.","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"2863_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-14-463","volume":"14","author":"YH Zhou","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zhou YH, Liang YB, Pang W, et al. Diverse forms of HIV-1 among Burmese long-distance truck drivers imply their contribution to HIV-1 cross-border transmission. BMC Infect Dis. 2014;14:463.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"2863_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1007\/s12250-018-0038-x","volume":"33","author":"X Chen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chen X, Duo L, Ye M, Zhang C, Zheng YT. Non-Chinese immigrants: challenge faced by Yunnan of China to achieve the 90-90-90 goals. Virol Sin. 2018;33:291\u20133.","journal-title":"Virol Sin"},{"key":"2863_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2018.1496777","volume":"9","author":"X Chen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chen X, Zhou YH, Ye M, et al. Burmese injecting drug users in Yunnan play a pivotal role in the cross-border transmission of HIV-1 in the China-Myanmar border region. Virulence. 2018;9:1195\u2013204.","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"2863_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.01.026","volume":"161","author":"K Hail-Jares","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hail-Jares K, Choi S, Duo L, Luo Z, Huang ZJ. Occupational and demographic factors associated with drug use among female sex workers at the China-Myanmar border. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2016;161:42\u20139.","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"2863_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2023.04.016","volume":"87","author":"M Chen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chen M, Ma Y, Chen H, Lei S, Jia M. Identification of a new HIV-1 second-generation Circulating Recombinant form (CRF134_0185) in yunnan, China. J Infect. 2023;87:e12\u20135.","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"2863_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2024.106126","volume":"88","author":"M Chen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chen M, Ma Y, Chen H, Dai J, Dong L, Jia M. Identification of a newly emerging second-generation HIV-1 Circulating Recombinant form (CRF145_0755) among men who have sex with men in China. J Infect. 2024;88:106126.","journal-title":"J Infect"}],"container-title":["Virology Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12985-025-02863-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12985-025-02863-y\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12985-025-02863-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,7]],"date-time":"2025-09-07T07:45:32Z","timestamp":1757231132000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/virologyj.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12985-025-02863-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,14]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2863"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12985-025-02863-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["1743-422X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1743-422X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"6 March 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 July 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 July 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, and the protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of Gannan Medical University (approval number: 2019037; approval date: February 6, 2019). Written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to the collection of whole blood samples.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"All the subjects provided informed consent for inclusion before they participated in the study.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"240"}}