{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]],"date-time":"2026-01-24T16:46:04Z","timestamp":1769273164136,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,4]],"date-time":"2025-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754265600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,4]],"date-time":"2025-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754265600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001321","name":"National Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TTK22031652"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TTK22031652"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001321","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001323","name":"Poliomyelitis Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["23\/84"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23\/84"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001323","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Virol J"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 is associated with adverse cardiovascular-related outcomes. Subtype-specific variations in the amino acid sequences of Tat and Vpr HIV-1 proteins are associated with differential clinical outcomes in people living with HIV (PLHIV). Given the diverse clinical outcomes related to different HIV subtypes, it is crucial to evaluate the variations in the sequence of Tat and Vpr amino acids in geographical regions where subtype C predominates, such as South Africa. This study aimed to determine whether specific Tat and Vpr protein amino acid variants (alone or in combination) are associated with vascular health measures and predict incident hypertension and all-cause mortality over a five-year period.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>A cohort of <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200960 treatment-na\u00efve PLHIV at baseline and <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200935 at a five-year follow-up was investigated. Standardized vascular health measures, including carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT), cross-sectional wall area (CSWA) and carotid-radial pulse wave velocity (crPWV), as well as Sanger sequencing for Tat\/Vpr analysis, were performed. The associations of vascular health measures with Tat and Vpr amino acid variants were investigated.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>We found that the variation in amino acid sequence in Tat only (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.039) and Tat\/Vpr (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) were associated with crPWV at baseline. Variation in the Tat and Vpr amino acid sequence did not predict incident hypertension in five years or all-cause mortality.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The variants of the Tat and Vpr amino acid sequence were associated with arterial stiffness, which may be an underlying mechanism for cardiovascular disease development in PLHIV.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-025-02891-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,4]],"date-time":"2025-08-04T16:44:37Z","timestamp":1754325877000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Variation in HIV-1 Tat and Vpr protein amino acid sequences and its association with vascular health measures in a South African cohort: an exploratory study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Esm\u00e9","family":"Jansen van Vuren","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yolandi","family":"Breet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adriaan","family":"Jacobs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Iolanth\u00e9 M.","family":"Kruger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6698-8451","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monray Edward","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"2891_CR1","unstructured":"UNAIDS. The path that ends AIDS: UNAIDS global AIDS update 2023. 2023. Geneva: Joint United Nations Programme on HIV\/AIDS."},{"issue":"1","key":"2891_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1527","volume":"5","author":"F Gonz\u00e1lez-Scarano","year":"2005","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Scarano F, Mart\u00edn-Garc\u00eda J. The neuropathogenesis of AIDS. Nat Rev Immunol. 2005;5(1):69\u201381.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"issue":"11","key":"2891_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1615896","volume":"378","author":"R Yarchoan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yarchoan R, Uldrick TS. HIV-Associated cancers and related diseases. N Engl J Med. 2018;378(11):1029\u201341.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2891_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1007\/s11904-013-0168-6","volume":"10","author":"VA Triant","year":"2013","unstructured":"Triant VA. Cardiovascular disease and HIV infection. Curr HIV\/AIDS Rep. 2013;10(3):199\u2013206.","journal-title":"Curr HIV\/AIDS Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"2891_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e279","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(20)30036-9","volume":"7","author":"K So-Armah","year":"2020","unstructured":"So-Armah K, Benjamin LA, Bloomfield GS, Feinstein MJ, Hsue P, Njuguna B, et al. HIV and cardiovascular disease. Lancet HIV. 2020;7(4):e279\u201393.","journal-title":"Lancet HIV"},{"issue":"2","key":"2891_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30647-9","volume":"19","author":"J Hemelaar","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hemelaar J, Elangovan R, Yun J, Dickson-Tetteh L, Fleminger I, Kirtley S, et al. Global and regional molecular epidemiology of HIV-1, 1990\u20132015: a systematic review, global survey, and trend analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2019;19(2):143\u201355.","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"2891_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-018-1500-0","volume":"16","author":"Y Jiang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jiang Y, Chai L, Fasae MB, Bai Y. The role of HIV Tat protein in HIV-related cardiovascular diseases. J Transl Med. 2018;16(1):121.","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2891_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1038\/labinvest.3700222","volume":"85","author":"W Lewis","year":"2005","unstructured":"Lewis W, Miller YK, Haase CP, Ludaway T, McNaught J, Russ R, et al. HIV viral protein R causes atrial cardiomyocyte mitosis, mesenchymal tumor, dysrhythmia, and heart failure. Lab Invest. 2005;85(2):182\u201392.","journal-title":"Lab Invest"},{"issue":"2","key":"2891_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(89)90289-4","volume":"59","author":"B Berkhout","year":"1989","unstructured":"Berkhout B, Silverman RH, Jeang KT. Tat trans-activates the human immunodeficiency virus through a nascent RNA target. Cell. 1989;59(2):273\u201382.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"1","key":"2891_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-023-08123-0","volume":"23","author":"PT Gotora","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gotora PT, van der Sluis R, Williams ME. HIV-1 Tat amino acid residues that influence Tat-TAR binding affinity: a scoping review. BMC Infect Dis. 2023;23(1):164.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"2891_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-10-358","volume":"10","author":"A Bagashev","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bagashev A, Sawaya BE. Roles and functions of HIV-1 Tat protein in the CNS: an overview. Virol J. 2013;10:358.","journal-title":"Virol J"},{"issue":"16","key":"2891_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27569","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.15174","volume":"8","author":"E Clark","year":"2017","unstructured":"Clark E, Nava B, Caputi M. Tat is a multifunctional viral protein that modulates cellular gene expression and functions. Oncotarget. 2017;8(16):27569\u201381.","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"2891_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cafaro A, Barillari G, Moretti S, Palladino C, Tripiciano A, Falchi M et al. HIV-1 Tat protein enters dysfunctional endothelial cells via integrins and renders them permissive to virus replication. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;22(1).","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22010317"},{"issue":"1","key":"2891_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1007\/s12012-009-9035-5","volume":"9","author":"Q Fang","year":"2009","unstructured":"Fang Q, Kan H, Lewis W, Chen F, Sharma P, Finkel MS. Dilated cardiomyopathy in transgenic mice expressing HIV Tat. Cardiovasc Toxicol. 2009;9(1):39\u201345.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Toxicol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2891_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/S0741-5214(03)00770-5","volume":"38","author":"R Paladugu","year":"2003","unstructured":"Paladugu R, Fu W, Conklin BS, Lin PH, Lumsden AB, Yao Q, et al. Hiv Tat protein causes endothelial dysfunction in porcine coronary arteries. J Vasc Surg. 2003;38(3):549\u201355.","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"2891_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/17.4.909","volume":"17","author":"S Popov","year":"1998","unstructured":"Popov S, Rexach M, Zybarth G, Reiling N, Lee MA, Ratner L, et al. Viral protein R regulates nuclear import of the HIV-1 pre-integration complex. Embo J. 1998;17(4):909\u201317.","journal-title":"Embo J"},{"key":"2891_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang F, Bieniasz PD. HIV-1 Vpr induces cell cycle arrest and enhances viral gene expression by depleting CCDC137. Elife. 2020;9.","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.55806"},{"issue":"6","key":"2891_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3097","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.64.6.3097-3099.1990","volume":"64","author":"EA Cohen","year":"1990","unstructured":"Cohen EA, Dehni G, Sodroski JG, Haseltine WA. Human immunodeficiency virus Vpr product is a virion-associated regulatory protein. J Virol. 1990;64(6):3097\u20139.","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2891_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2126","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.73.3.2126-2135.1999","volume":"73","author":"X Wu","year":"1999","unstructured":"Wu X, Liu H, Xiao H, Conway JA, Hehl E, Kalpana GV, et al. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 integrase protein promotes reverse transcription through specific interactions with the nucleoprotein reverse transcription complex. J Virol. 1999;73(3):2126\u201335.","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2891_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000218546.31716.7f","volume":"20","author":"D Rajan","year":"2006","unstructured":"Rajan D, Wildum S, R\u00fccker E, Schindler M, Kirchhoff F. Effect of R77Q, R77A and R80A changes in Vpr on HIV-1 replication and CD4 T cell depletion in human lymphoid tissue ex vivo. Aids. 2006;20(6):831\u20136.","journal-title":"Aids"},{"issue":"5","key":"2891_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.1889","volume":"26","author":"R Soares","year":"2016","unstructured":"Soares R, Rocha G, Meli\u00e7o-Silvestre A, Gon\u00e7alves T. HIV1-viral protein R (Vpr) mutations: associated phenotypes and relevance for clinical pathologies. Rev Med Virol. 2016;26(5):314\u201329.","journal-title":"Rev Med Virol"},{"key":"2891_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Asia LK, Jansen Van Vuren E, Williams ME. The influence of viral protein R amino acid substitutions on clinical outcomes in people living with HIV: a systematic review. Eur J Clin Invest. 2023;53(5):e13943.","DOI":"10.1111\/eci.13943"},{"issue":"1","key":"2891_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1007\/s13365-016-0462-3","volume":"23","author":"W Dampier","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dampier W, Antell GC, Aiamkitsumrit B, Nonnemacher MR, Jacobson JM, Pirrone V, et al. Specific amino acids in HIV-1 Vpr are significantly associated with differences in patient neurocognitive status. J Neurovirol. 2017;23(1):113\u201324.","journal-title":"J Neurovirol"},{"key":"2891_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexmp.2020.104433","volume":"114","author":"M Ueno","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ueno M, Matsunaga A, Teratake Y, Ishizaka Y. Retrotransposition and senescence in mouse heart tissue by viral protein R of human immunodeficiency virus-1. Exp Mol Pathol. 2020;114:104433.","journal-title":"Exp Mol Pathol"},{"issue":"45","key":"2891_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35209","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M005197200","volume":"275","author":"BE Sawaya","year":"2000","unstructured":"Sawaya BE, Khalili K, Gordon J, Taube R, Amini S. Cooperative interaction between HIV-1 regulatory proteins Tat and Vpr modulates transcription of the viral genome. J Biol Chem. 2000;275(45):35209\u201314.","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"12","key":"2891_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e82128","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0082128","volume":"8","author":"S Lata","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lata S, Ronsard L, Sood V, Dar SA, Ramachandran VG, Das S, et al. Effect on HIV-1 gene expression, Tat-Vpr interaction and cell apoptosis by natural variants of HIV-1 Tat exon 1 and Vpr from Northern India. PLoS ONE. 2013;8(12):e82128.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"2891_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2009.04.019","volume":"158","author":"K Teo","year":"2009","unstructured":"Teo K, Chow CK, Vaz M, Rangarajan S, Yusuf S. The prospective urban rural epidemiology (PURE) study: examining the impact of societal influences on chronic noncommunicable diseases in low-, middle-, and high-income countries. Am Heart J. 2009;158(1):1\u2013e71.","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"issue":"18","key":"2891_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e144","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gku739","volume":"42","author":"D Struck","year":"2014","unstructured":"Struck D, Lawyer G, Ternes AM, Schmit JC, Bercoff DP. COMET: adaptive context-based modeling for ultrafast HIV-1 subtype identification. Nucleic Acids Res. 2014;42(18):e144.","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"2891_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jana.2009.12.003","volume":"21","author":"KW Ruud","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ruud KW, Toverud E-L, Radloff S, Srinivas SC. Antiretroviral treatment and follow-up of HIV-infected patients by health care providers in South African public primary health care. J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care. 2010;21(5):417\u201328.","journal-title":"J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"2891_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-024-02313-1","volume":"21","author":"LK Asia","year":"2024","unstructured":"Asia LK, Van Vuren EJ, Lindeque Z, Williams ME. A pilot investigation of the association between HIV-1 Vpr amino acid sequence diversity and the tryptophan-kynurenine pathway as a potential mechanism for neurocognitive impairment. Virol J. 2024;21(1):47.","journal-title":"Virol J"},{"issue":"3","key":"2891_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ofae111","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofae111","volume":"11","author":"LK Asia","year":"2024","unstructured":"Asia LK, Van Vuren EJ, Kruger IM, Williams ME. A pilot investigation of the association between Vpr amino acid substitutions and peripheral immune marker levels in people with human immunodeficiency virus: implications for neurocognitive impairment. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2024;11(3):ofae111.","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"2891_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-019-4869-9","volume":"12","author":"JS Womersley","year":"2019","unstructured":"Womersley JS, Clauss LB, Varathan O, Engelbrecht S, Hemmings SMJ, Seedat S, et al. The effect of childhood trauma, ApoE genotype and HIV-1 viral protein R variants on change in cognitive performance. BMC Res Notes. 2019;12(1):828.","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"issue":"7","key":"2891_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2936","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.27720","volume":"94","author":"ME Williams","year":"2022","unstructured":"Williams ME, Ruhanya V, Paul RH, Ipser JC, Stein DJ, Joska JA, et al. An investigation of the HIV Tat C31S and R57S mutation on peripheral immune marker levels in South African participants: A pilot study. J Med Virol. 2022;94(7):2936\u20138.","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"2891_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104701","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2019.104701","volume":"136","author":"ME Williams","year":"2020","unstructured":"Williams ME, Zulu SS, Stein DJ, Joska JA, Naud\u00e9 PJW. Signatures of HIV-1 subtype B and C Tat proteins and their effects in the neuropathogenesis of HIV-associated neurocognitive impairments. Neurobiol Dis. 2020;136:104701.","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"2891_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-012-0702-5","volume":"41","author":"L Hansen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hansen L, Parker I, Sutliff RL, Platt MO, Gleason RL. Endothelial dysfunction, arterial stiffening, and intima-media thickening in large arteries from HIV-1 transgenic mice. Ann Biomed Eng. 2013;41(4):682\u201393.","journal-title":"Ann Biomed Eng"},{"issue":"2","key":"2891_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hlc.2013.07.019","volume":"23","author":"S Botha","year":"2014","unstructured":"Botha S, Fourie CM, Van Rooyen JM, Kruger A, Schutte AE. Cardiometabolic changes in treated versus never treated HIV-infected black South Africans: the PURE study. Heart Lung Circulation. 2014;23(2):119\u201326.","journal-title":"Heart Lung Circulation"},{"issue":"213","key":"2891_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213ra164","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3007148","volume":"5","author":"N Agarwal","year":"2013","unstructured":"Agarwal N, Iyer D, Patel SG, Sekhar RV, Phillips TM, Schubert U, et al. HIV-1 Vpr induces adipose dysfunction in vivo through reciprocal effects on PPAR\/GR co-regulation. Sci Transl Med. 2013;5(213):213ra164.","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2891_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvs362","volume":"97","author":"C Marchesi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Marchesi C, Rehman A, Rautureau Y, Kasal DA, Briet M, Leibowitz A, et al. Protective role of vascular smooth muscle cell PPAR\u03b3 in angiotensin II-induced vascular disease. Cardiovascular Res. 2012;97(3):562\u201370.","journal-title":"Cardiovascular Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"2891_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1111\/hiv.12315","volume":"17","author":"LJ Rasmussen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rasmussen LJ, Knudsen A, Katzenstein TL, Gerstoft J, Obel N, J\u00f8rgensen NR, et al. Soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) is a novel, independent predictive marker of myocardial infarction in HIV-1-infected patients: a nested case-control study. HIV Med. 2016;17(5):350\u20137.","journal-title":"HIV Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"2891_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1952","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfac138","volume":"15","author":"T Benitez","year":"2022","unstructured":"Benitez T, VanDerWoude E, Han Y, Byun J, Konje VC, Gillespie BW, et al. Kynurenine pathway metabolites predict subclinical atherosclerotic disease and new cardiovascular events in chronic kidney disease. Clin Kidney J. 2022;15(10):1952\u201365.","journal-title":"Clin Kidney J"},{"issue":"3","key":"2891_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e60170","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0060170","volume":"8","author":"M Duan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Duan M, Yao H, Hu G, Chen X, Lund AK, Buch S. HIV Tat induces expression of ICAM-1 in huvecs: implications for miR-221\/-222 in HIV-associated cardiomyopathy. PLoS ONE. 2013;8(3):e60170.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"4","key":"2891_CR42","first-page":"1535","volume":"90","author":"S Dhawan","year":"1997","unstructured":"Dhawan S, Puri RK, Kumar A, Duplan H, Masson J-M, Aggarwal BB. Human immunodeficiency Virus-1\u2013Tat protein induces the cell surface expression of endothelial leukocyte adhesion Molecule-1, vascular cell adhesion Molecule-1, and intercellular adhesion Molecule-1 in human endothelial cells. Blood. 1997;90(4):1535\u201344.","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"8","key":"2891_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1111\/hiv.13111","volume":"22","author":"E Phalane","year":"2021","unstructured":"Phalane E, Fourie C, Schutte A, Kruger I, Mels C. Arterial structure and function in Africans with HIV for >\u20095 years: longitudinal relationship with endothelial activation and cardiovascular risk markers. HIV Med. 2021;22(8):650\u201361.","journal-title":"HIV Med"},{"key":"2891_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-020-02866-9","volume":"52","author":"MC Mokhaneli","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mokhaneli MC, Fourie CM, Botha-Le Roux S, B\u00f6ger RH, Schwedhelm E, Mels CM. Asymmetric dimethylarginine and L-homoarginine prospectively relate to carotid wall thickness in a South African cohort. Amino Acids. 2020;52:965\u201373.","journal-title":"Amino Acids"},{"issue":"8","key":"2891_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir497","volume":"53","author":"JV Baker","year":"2011","unstructured":"Baker JV, Henry WK, Patel P, Bush TJ, Conley LJ, Mack WJ, et al. Progression of carotid intima-media thickness in a contemporary human immunodeficiency virus cohort. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;53(8):826\u201335.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2891_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mezoh G, Lutchman N, Cave EM, Prigge K, Worsley C, Martinson N, et al. Polymorphisms in HIV-1\u2009<\u2009em\u2009>\u2009nef\u2009are associated with plasma concentration of biomarkers of endothelial activation. bioRxiv. 2022:2022.10.10.511468.","DOI":"10.1101\/2022.10.10.511468"},{"issue":"4","key":"2891_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0320150","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0320150","volume":"20","author":"AO Olumide","year":"2025","unstructured":"Olumide AO, Adebayo ES, Fonn S. Factors associated with attrition in a longitudinal study of health risk behaviours and conditions among adolescents in Ibadan, Nigeria. PLoS ONE. 2025;20(4):e0320150.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"8","key":"2891_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1002\/jid.1390","volume":"19","author":"SA Norris","year":"2007","unstructured":"Norris SA, Richter LM, Fleetwood SA. Panel studies in developing countries: case analysis of sample attrition over the past 16 years within the birth to twenty cohort in Johannesburg, South Africa. J Int Development: J Dev Stud Association. 2007;19(8):1143\u201350.","journal-title":"J Int Development: J Dev Stud Association"},{"issue":"9","key":"2891_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e107074","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0107074","volume":"9","author":"VR Rao","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rao VR, Neogi U, Eugenin E, Prasad VR. The gp120 protein is a second determinant of decreased neurovirulence of Indian HIV-1\u00a0C isolates compared to Southern African HIV-1\u00a0C isolates. PLoS ONE. 2014;9(9):e107074.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"2","key":"2891_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.121.17093","volume":"78","author":"A Kuate Defo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kuate Defo A, Chalati MD, Labos C, Fellows LK, Mayo NE, Daskalopoulou SS. Association of HIV infection and antiretroviral therapy with arterial stiffness: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hypertension. 2021;78(2):320\u201332.","journal-title":"Hypertension"}],"container-title":["Virology Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12985-025-02891-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12985-025-02891-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12985-025-02891-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]],"date-time":"2025-09-08T14:07:55Z","timestamp":1757340475000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/virologyj.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12985-025-02891-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,4]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2891"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12985-025-02891-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1743-422X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1743-422X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"30 January 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 July 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 August 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The PURE-study as well as this sub-study was approved by the Health Research Ethics Committee of the North-West University (NWU-HREC) (NWU-00016-10-A1 and NWU-00106-22-A1, respectively). Voluntary informed consent was acquired from all participants included in this study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Clinical trial registration"}}],"article-number":"266"}}